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Porcine pathogens Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five zoonotic porcine pathogens?

A
  1. Brachyspira pilosicoli
  2. Clostridioides difficile
  3. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
  4. Salmonella species
  5. Streptococcus suis
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2
Q

What are eight general predisposing stressors to infection?

A
  1. Drafts
  2. Inappropriate temperature for age and temperature fluctuations
  3. Inadequate ventilation parameters
  4. Excessive humidity (NH3 and CO2)
  5. Overcrowding and fighting
  6. Diet inadequacies
  7. Mixing of pig sources, ages, or sizes
  8. Secondary to major pathogens (PPRSV, SIV, PCV2, etc.)
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3
Q

Which bacteria causes ‘diamond skin disease’?

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (zoonotic)

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4
Q

What are the three ‘suisidal’ bacteria in pigs?

A
  1. Streptococcus suis (zoonotic)
  2. Glaesserella parasuis
  3. Actinobacillus suis
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5
Q

What are the six common clinical manifestations or pathological lesions of the ‘suisides’?

A
  1. Septicemia (all three)
  2. Arthritis (all three)
  3. Meningitis (all three)
  4. Pericarditis (all three)
  5. Polyserositis (all three)
  6. Vegetative valvular endocarditis (only Streptococcus suis)
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6
Q

Which presentation does Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus most commonly cause in pigs?

A

Septicemia

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7
Q

Which presentation does Mycoplasma hyorhinis most commonly cause in pigs?

A

Polyserositis and arthritis

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8
Q

Which bacterial agents commonly cause systemic disease in nursery piglets?

A
  1. Glaesserella parasuis
  2. Streptococcus suis
  3. Mycoplasma hyorhinis

Necropsy Findings: Polyserositis and/or arthritis

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9
Q

Which bacterial agents commonly cause systemic disease in grower-finisher pigs?

A
  1. Actinobacillus suis
  2. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
  3. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Tend to be more pneumonic agents

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10
Q

What is the most common necropsy finding in a pig that died from systemic disease?

A

Polyserositis and/or arthritis

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11
Q

What are three characteristics of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A
  1. Gram-positive rod
  2. Worldwide
  3. Pigs are an important reservoir
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12
Q

Where does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae replicate in pigs?

A

In the tonsils and intestinal tract

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13
Q

What are two virulence factors of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A
  1. Neuraminidase (provides nutrients, aids in adhesion and tissue invasion)
  2. Capsular polysaccharides (resistance to phagocytosis by leukocytes and intracellular killing by macrophages)
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14
Q

How is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae transmitted?

A
  • Direct contact with infected animals
  • Indirect contact with environmental fomites shed in excretions (urine, feces) and secretions (saliva, nasal mucus)
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15
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A
  1. Oral exposure with initial infection of the tonsils or gastrointestinal mucosa
  2. Bacteria survive and replicate in macrophages
  3. Bacteremia develops within 24 hours
  4. Septicemia results in distribution of bacteria throughout the body
  5. Bacteremia causes widespread vasculitis, fibrinous thrombosis, diapedesis, and necrosis
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16
Q

What are the three clinical forms of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A

Acute, subacute, and chronic

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17
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute diamond skin disease?

A

Clinical signs: Septicemia, abortions, depression, lethargy, pyrexia, stiff gait (painful joints), inappetence, sudden death

Characterized by pink/red/purple raised firm rhomboid/squared ‘diamond skin’ lesions

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18
Q

What are the clinical signs of sub-acute diamond skin disease?

A

Less severe than acute.
Clinical signs: Temperature may or may not be high, animals may eat less
Skin lesions may be few or absent

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19
Q

What are the clinical signs of chronic diamond skin disease?

A

Follows acute, subacute or subclinical infections.
Clinical signs: Chronic arthritis (3 weeks after initial outbreak), reduction in feed intake, respiratory distress, lethargy, cyanosis or sudden death
Main lesion seen is vegetative valvular endocarditis

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20
Q

What are ‘erysipelas’?

A

Classic diamond shaped lesions found in diamond skin disease (sometimes it looks like they also called the disease itself ‘erysipelas’)

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21
Q

Which samples should you collect for testing for diamond skin disease?

A
  • Joint tissue
  • Skin biopsy
  • Liver
  • Spleen
  • Kidney
  • Heart valves
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22
Q

What laboratory tests should you use to diagnose diamond skin disease in pigs?

A
  1. Culture and susceptibility
  2. Serotyping
  3. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
  4. in situ Hybridization (ISH)
  5. PCR testing
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23
Q

What are three differential diagnosis for erysipelas?

A
  1. Acute septicemia and/or sudden death in grower-finishers (ex. Salmonella, Actinobacillus suis, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Glaesserella parasuis, Streptococcus suis)
  2. Skin lesions caused by classical swine fever virus or porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)
  3. Vegetative valvular endocarditis caused by Streptococcus suis
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24
Q

Is Streptococcus suis Gram-positive or Gram-negative?

A

It is a Gram-positive cocci

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25
What are two virulence factors of Streptococcus suis?
1. Capsular polysaccharides (anti-phagocytic) 2. Hemolysin suilysin (toxic to epithelial, endothelial and phagocytic cells)
26
How is Streptococcus suis transmitted?
- Direct contact and aerosolization - Vertical transmission (post-weaned piglets = most susceptible)
27
What is the pathogenesis of Streptococcus suis?
1. Colonization of the tonsils/upper respiratory tract 2. Invasion of respiratory mucosa (uptake or adherence to monocytes) 3. Capsule resists phagocytosis and causes a bacteremia 4. Release of inflammatory cytokines leads to septic shock 5. Invades endothelial cells and multiples in subarachnoid space 6. Induced inflammation increases permeability of BBB causing cerebral edema 7. Increased intracranial pressure causes impaired circulation 8. Finally, we see CNS clinical signs
28
What are the three forms of Streptococcus suis?
1. Per-acute (found dead due to septic shock) 2. Acute (septicemia, meningitis, polyserositis, polyarthritis) 3. Chronic (arthritis, vegetative valvular endocarditis)
29
What are the clinical signs of Streptococcus suis (non-specific, septicemic, and neurologic)?
Non-specific: Fever, inappetence, depression, weakness Septicemic: Sudden death, dyspnea, cyanosis, swollen joints, lameness Neurologic: Listlessness, incoordination, dog-sitting, paddling, opisthotonos, convulsions, nystagmus
30
What lesions do we see with Streptococcus suis?
Lymphadenopathy, meningitis, arthritis, vegetative valvular endocarditis, polyserositis, splenomegaly, petechial hemorrhages
31
What samples should you collect to test for Streptococcus suis in pigs?
- Fibrinous exudate - Brain - Synovium and joints - Heart valves - Lung - Liver - Spleen - Kidney
32
What laboratory tests should you use to diagnose Streptococcus suis in pigs?
1. Culture and susceptibility 2. Serotyping
33
What are some differential diagnosis for Streptococcus suis in pigs?
- Polyserositis (G. parasuis, M. hyorhinis) - Meningitis (G. parasuis) - Endocarditis (E. rhusiopathiae) - Septicemia (G. parasuis, A. suis, E. coli, E. rhusiopathiae, Salmonella) - Polyarthritis (M. hyorhinis, M. synoviae, E. coli, A. suis)
34
Which bacteria causes Glässer's disease?
Glaesserella parasuis
35
Is Glaesserella parasuis Gram-positive or Gram-negative?
It is a Gram-negative rod
36
How is Glaesserella parasuis transmitted?
Direct contact with carrier or diseased pigs
37
What are two virulence factors of Glaesserella parasuis?
1. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (induces disseminated intravascular coagulation producing microthrombi) 2. Capsular polysaccharide (helps to prevent macrophage phagocytosis)
38
What is the pathogenesis of Glaesserella parasuis?
1. Nasal cavity and trachea are the primary sites of colonization 2. Stress induced or secondary to viral infection 3. Epithelial invasion, replication, and dissemination (septicemia)
39
What are the clinical signs of Glässer's disease in pigs?
1. 4 to 8-week-old piglets: incubation period of < 24 hours to 4-5 days post-infection 2. Peracute: short course (< 48 hours) causes sudden death without gross lesions 3. Acute: high fever (41.5°C), coughing, abdominal breathing, swollen joints with lameness, CNS signs (lateral recumbency, paddling, trembling) 4. Chronic: rough hair, reduced growth rate, lameness
40
What are the three types of lesions seen with Glässer's disease in pigs?
1. Peracute (no characteristic gross lesions, may show petechial hemorrhages in some organs) 2. Acute (fibrinous to fibrinopurulent polyserositis, polyarthritis and meningitis) 3. Chronic (severe fibrosis of the pericardium, pleura, and/or peritoneum, chronic arthritis)
41
What samples should you collect if you want to test for Glässer's disease in pigs?
- Lung - Heart - Liver - Spleen - Kidney - Brain - Synovium and joints
42
What laboratory tests should you use to diagnose Glässer's disease in pigs?
1. Culture and susceptibility 2. Serotyping 3. PCR testing 4. IHC / ISH
43
True or False: Clinical signs and lesions are not pathognomonic for Glässer's disease in pigs
True. Other bacterial agents should be on your list!
44
Glaesserella parasuis is said to be fastidious. What does this mean?
It means it is difficult to grow and it also dies quickly because it's easily overgrown by other bacteria!
45
What are some characteristics of Actinobacillus suis?
1. Gram-negative rod 2. Opportunistic pathogen (normally colonizes tonsils and respiratory tract)
46
What are three virulence factors of Actinobacillus suis?
1. Capsular Polysaccharides (anti-phagocytic) 2. OmpA (adhesion to brain microvascular endothelial cells) 3. RTX toxins (haemolytic and cytotoxic, impairs phagocytic function of macrophages)
47
How is Actinobacillus suis transmitted?
Direct contact or aerosolization
48
When is the prevalence of Actinobacillus suis the highest?
It is greater in new herds before animals develop immunity
49
What are the clinical signs of Actinobacillus suis?
Sudden death, lameness, fever, neurological signs
50
What are the three forms of Actinobacillus suis and which specific clinical signs are seen in each?
1. Acute fulminant septicemia in suckling and recently weaned pigs (found dead) 2. Respiratory disease in grower and finisher pigs (cough, fever, anorexia) 3. Septicemia in adult pigs (lethargy, anorexia, fever, and rhomboid skin lesions resembling Erysipelas)
51
What lesions are seen in each of the three forms of Actinobacillus suis?
1. Acute fulminant septicemia: - Petechial to ecchymotic hemorrhages in multiple organs - Serous to serofibrinous exudates in the thoracic and abdominal cavities - Pleuritis, pericarditis, arthritis 2. Respiratory disease: - Multifocal or diffuse hemorrhagic and necrotizing pneumonia or pleuropneumonia - Petechial hemorrhages on serosa organs, +/- fibrinous peritoneal exudate 3. Septicemia: - Multifocal petechial hemorrhages, serofibrinous exudate, +/- small foci of hepatic necrosis - Rhomboid skin lesions
52
What samples should you collect to test for Actinobacillus suis in pigs?
- Lung - Heart - Spleen - Liver - Kidney - Brain - Synovium and joints
53
What laboratory tests should you use to diagnose Actinobacillus suis in pigs?
Culture and susceptibility testing
54
What are the key differences between all the 'suisides'?
Honestly these are all basically exactly the same so you have to rely on the culture results, not the gross lesions. The only difference appears to be that Streptococcus suis causes endocarditis and the other two don't. The other clue you might have is that Actinobacillus suis affects grower-finisher pigs and Glaesserella parasuis and Streptococcus suis affect nursery piglets more
55
What three virulence factors does Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus have?
1. Capsular polysaccharides (anti-phagocytic) 2. Hyaluronidase (promotes tissue dissemination) 3. Streptolysin S (beta-hemolysis)
56
How is Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus transmitted?
Direct contact and aerosolization
57
What lesions are seen with Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus?
- Splenomegaly - Fibrinous peritonitis - Petechial hemorrhages - Hemorrhagic lymphadenopathy
58
What samples should you collect to test for Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus?
- Liver - Kidney - Heart - Lung - Spleen - Brain
59
What laboratory tests should you use to diagnose Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus in pigs?
Culture and susceptibility testing
60
True or False: Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus lesions are pathognomonic
False, they are not pathognomonic so other pathogens must be on your list too!
61
What is unique about Mycoplasma hyorhinis?
It lacks a cell wall and is enclosed in a plasma membrane
62
What age of pig does Mycoplasma hyorhinis mostly affect?
Young nursery pigs
63
What virulence factors does Mycoplasma hyorhinis have?
Lipoproteins (stimulates cytokine production by macrophages)
64
How is Mycoplasma hyorhinis transmitted?
Direct contact with nasal secretions
65
What is the pathogenesis of Mycoplasma hyorhinis?
1. Bacterium binds to ciliated respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity and conducting airways 2. Lipoproteins embed themselves into the cell membrane 3. Systemic invasion occurs from sites of mucosal colonization (mechanism of invasion is unknown)
66
What are the clinical signs in nursery pigs with Mycoplasma hyorhinis (non-specific, respiratory, arthritis)?
Non-specific: Fever, lethargy, anorexia Respiratory: Dyspnea Arthritis: Swelling of one or more joints, lameness
67
What lesions do you see in nursery pigs with Mycoplasma hyorhinis?
- Fibrinous serositis (pleura, pericardium, and/or peritoneum) - Synovial membranes are edematous with fibrinosuppurative exudate
68
What samples should you collect to test for Mycoplasma hyorhinis?
1. Fibrin or swabs of serosal surfaces 2. Fibrin, swabs or fluid of joints 3. Fluid from pleura, pericardial, peritoneal cavities
69
What laboratory tests should you use to diagnose Mycoplasma hyorhinis in piglets?
PCR testing (remember, this dude doesn't have a cell wall so you can't Gram-stain him)
70
What are some differential diagnosis for Mycoplasma hyorhinis in piglets?
- Polyserositis/polyarthritis caused by G. parasuis, S. suis, A. suis - Arthritis caused by Mycoplasma synoviae
71
Which pathogens cause systemic lesions in pigs?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, all three 'suisides', Streptococcus zooepidemicus, and Mycoplasma hyorhinis
72
What are the general characteristics of Actinobaculum suis?
- Gram-positive rod - Anaerobic - Normal flora of boar prepuce ## Footnote Do not get this confused with Actinobacillus suis
73
Actinobaculum suis is classified as a ________________ pathogen
Urogenital (remember, most of the others are systemic!)
74
What are the three clinical manifestations of Actinobaculum suis most commonly seen in sows or gilts?
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, and metritis
75
What are the virulence factors of Actinobaculum suis?
Adhesion and production of urease
76
How is Actinobaculum suis transmitted?
Direct transmission via mating with an infected boar (females develop infection 1-3 weeks later)
77
What is the pathogenesis of Actinobaculum suis?
1. Increase in urine pH (estrus) enhances bacterial growth and migration 2. Inadequate water supply leads to crystalluria 3. Urease production 4. Damage to bladder defences 5. Infection by ascending route (bladder, ureters, kidneys) 6. Requires alkaline conditions for growth
78
What are the three phases of the clinical signs of Actinobaculum suis?
1. Acute: Hematuria 2. Later: Weight loss, uremic, bloodstained, purulent urine +/- vaginal discharge 3. Mild: Inappetence and vaginal discharge
79
What lesions do you see with infection by Actinobaculum suis?
Urinary mucosa: inflamed fibrinopurulent exudate Kidneys/ureters: dilated renal pelvis containing mucopurulent fluid, dilated ureters filled with reddish purulent urine
80
What samples should you collect to test for Actinobaculum suis?
- Urine - Bladder - Kidneys - Purulent fluid - Vaginal discharge - Semen
81
What laboratory tests should you use to diagnose Actinobaculum suis?
Bacterial culture - Anaerobic!
82
What are the two primary porcine respiratory pathogens?
- Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (pleuropneumonia) - Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (pneumonia)
83
What are the five secondary porcine respiratory pathogens?
- Pasteurella multocida (atrophic rhinitis, pneumonia) - Bordetella bronchiseptica (atrophic rhinitis, pneumonia) - Actinobacillus suis (pneumonia) - Glaesserella parasuis (fibrinous pleuritis, pneumonia) - Streptococcus suis (pneumonia)

Bacteriology (19 decks)

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