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MAR 250 > Poriferans, Cnidarians, and Ctenophores > Flashcards

Poriferans, Cnidarians, and Ctenophores Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

WHat are the cell layers of poriferans?

A

Totipotent cells
* Pinacoderm
* Pinacocytes
* Choanoderm
* Choanocytes
* Mesohyl

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2
Q

What are totipotent cells?

A

cells that can form all types of
cells in body

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3
Q

What are pinacoderm cells?

A

outer surface** layer**

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4
Q

What are pinacocytes?

A

outer surface cells

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5
Q

What are choanoderms?

A

inner surface layer

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6
Q

What are choanocytes?

A

inner surface cells, flagellated

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7
Q

What is the mesohyll?

A

the layer inbetween the outer and inner layers

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8
Q

What are the tissue layers of poriferans?

A

They have no real tissue. Their whole body is a single tissue

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9
Q

What are ostita?

A

pores

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10
Q

What are amebocytes?

A

Pick up and **distribute **nutrient particles from
water flow through the
epithelium

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11
Q

What are choanocytes?

A

Move water into
epithelium (outside
protective layer)

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12
Q

What is an osculum?

A

where water exits

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13
Q

What are organic poriferan skelletons made of

A

collagen

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14
Q

What are in-organic poriferan skelletons made of

A

hydrated silicon dioxide or calcium** c**arbonate

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15
Q

What are spicules?

A

Skeletal elements made of Calcium-carbonate
or silicon dioxide, and/or collagen
* Produced by mesohyl cells

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16
Q

What are the functions of spicules?

A

Provide support
* Regenerate
* Defense against predators

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17
Q

What are coral reefs?

A

Cnidarians:Anthozoa

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18
Q

What are Neumatocysts?

A

stinging tentacles with cells for capturing prey

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19
Q

What are sessile polyps?

A

attached form with mouth and
tentacles positioned upwards

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20
Q

What are medusa polyps?

A

free-swimming form that is
transported by water currents, mouth with
surrounding tentacles positioned
downwards

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21
Q

What are corals?

A

Single or colonial polyps without a medusa

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22
Q

What do corals often contain?

A

symbiotic zooxanthellae, symbiotic dinoflagellates

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23
Q

How do corals feed?

Study These Flashcards
A

The coral zooxanthellae produce organic matter through photosynthesis.
* Some of this organic matter is passed to the coral.
* They also use their neumatocysts
* **mesenterial **filaments

24
Q

What are coral reefs?

Study These Flashcards
A

an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals. Reefs are formed of colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate.

25
What type of coral makes coral reefs?
Hermatypic (hard corals)
26
What type of coral doesn't make coral reefs?
Ahermatypic(soft corals)
27
What do corals eat?
plankton and other small prey
28
What are mesenterial filaments?
**filiments **that **secrete** digestive **enzymes** allow coral to feed and digest outside body
29
What are the types of coral reefs?
**Fringing** Reefs **Barrier** reefs **A**tolls
30
What are atolls?
ring-shaped island, including a coral rim that encircles a lagoon.
31
What are barrier reefs?
a reef that is separated from the main coast by a deep channel or lagoon
32
What are fringing reefs?
grow near the **coastline** around islands and continents. **separated** from the shore by **narrow, shallow lagoons**. **most common** type of reef.
33
What are ideals for coral growth?
1. Hard substrate 2. Narrow temperature range 3. Narrow salinity range 4. Optimal light for zooxanthellae 5. Low sediment load in water 6. Calm water 7. Low pollution levels 8. pH
34
What is coral bleaching
expulsion of zooxanthellae due to global warming
35
How do hydroids reproduce
**Sperm** are **released** into the sea and **eggs** are **fertilized** within the female **gonophores** where the** embryos develop** into **planulae**.
36
What are aqueous systems in proferians?
Water channels * **Transports** food, oxygen, waste products, reproductive products, hormones * **Filters** its own **volume** every **10- 20 second**
37
How do proiferans reoroduce asexually?
buds break off and grow into a new sponge
38
How do poriferans reproduce sexually?
**sperm** are** released **into the **water** (broadcast spawning) to be **picked up** by a nearby** sponge** and **directed** to **egg**. * Most** sponges** are **hermaphrodites** (produce both sperm and eggs).
39
What are the classes of poriferans?
Class **C**alcarea Class **H**exactinellida Class **D**emospongiae
40
What is class calcera
spicules made of **Calcium carbonate**
41
What are Class Hexactinellida
spicules made of **slicon dioxide**, **6-rayed**
42
What is Class Demospongiae
spicules made of **slicon dioxide**, **not 6-rayed,** sometimes **collagen**
43
How do cnidarians reproduce asexually?
Polyps reproduce by budding
44
How do cnidarians reproduce sexually?
In some cnidarians: medusa is the sexual stage, releasing eggs and sperm. – Fertilized egg results in a zygote, which develops into a swimming larva, the planula. * The planula settles on the bottom to form a colony of polyps. – New medusae are formed by mature colony
45
What are hydroids?
Most consist of colony of polyps, with small reproductive medusa.
46
What are Siphonophores?
**hydrozoans** that form **drifting colonies** of **polyps;** Colonies of polyps that all **work together** and play different roles for survival
47
What are class cubozoa?
Cubomedusae: – **Small medusae** with **tentacles** armed with very **powerful nematocysts** that may **cause death** in humans
48
What are scyphozoa?
large jelly fish: * Weak swimmers * Contract and pulsate bell (body) * Tentacles
49
What are geological importance of coral reefs?
often massive physical structures
50
What are the biological importance of coral reefs?
biological structure, High diversity
51
What are the ecological importance of coral importance?
shoreline protection, harbors, fishing, tourism
52
What is white band disease?
affects acroporid corals, perhaps gram negative bacterium, not isolated yet
53
What is white plague?
rapid degradation of corals, gram negative bacterium, cultured in lab and infects corals
54
What is black band dsease?
affects, non- acroporid corals, consortium of microorganisms, leads to sulfide accumulation and toxicity to corals
55
What are ctenophora?
comb jellies: – 8 rows of ciliary combs that beat continuously – Radial symmetry – No nematocysts – Long sticky tentacles used to capture prey – About 100 species, all marine, mostly planktonic

MAR 250 (9 decks)

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