Position of Papacy by 1118

Question 1

Evidence crusade strengthened papacy

Answer 1

Papacy had shown its ability to be able to summon thousands to crusade

Question 2

Leadership

Answer 2

Bishop Adhemar acting on behalf of the pope maintained authority over crusade (until Antioch - died)

Question 3

Did it achieve its immediate aim?

Answer 3

It successfully retook Jerusalem from muslims

Question 4

Did the papacy re assert control over the Eastern church?

Answer 4

Yes, Latin patriarchs were established in Antioch and Jerusalem - widened Latin influence
–> Catholic crusaders ousted Greek Orthodox patriarchs and replaced them with Latin Catholic ones

Question 5

Evidence the crusade weakened/ had no impact on pope Urban II’s position

Answer 5

• Not a completely ‘spiritual crusade’ - some crusaders went for materialistic reasons such as Baldwin and Bohemond - not complete success for church
• Jerusalem became a secular state rather than papal state - king had ultimate authority not the pope