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AP World History Vocab > Post Classical Vocab > Flashcards

Post Classical Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Silk Roads

A

collection of trade routes between China and

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2
Q

Black Death

A

epidemic that swept Eurasia. combination of bubonic plague, anthrax

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3
Q

Srivijaya

A

Malay kingdom that dominated Indian Ocean trade. kingdom had a lot of gold/spices

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4
Q

Borobudur

A

most famous Buddhist monument in Java, mountain structure of 10 levels, largest monument

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5
Q

Angkor Wat

A

Hindu temple complex in the kingdom of Angkor in SE Asia, dedicated to Hindu god Vishnu, used by Buddhist monks and officials

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6
Q

Swahili

A

East African civilization, blending of Bantu Islamic and Indian Ocean trade elements. impact was felt in coastal cities of East Asia

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7
Q

Great Zimbabwe

A

powerful state in SA interior that emerged as result of growing trade in gold

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8
Q

Sand Roads

A

term used to describe the routes of trans- sahara trade in Africa

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9
Q

Ghana

A

kingdom which developed in WA in response to economic opportunities of trans-Saharan trade, blended Islam with traditional African religious beliefs

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10
Q

Mali

A

empire that developed in West Africa in response to economic opportunities of trans-Saharan trade. Islamic state led by Sundiata and Mansa Musa

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11
Q

Songhay

A

empire in west Africa in response to economic opportunities of trans-Saharan trade. Islamic state led by Sonni Ali

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12
Q

Thorfinn Karlsfeni

A

well born merchant and seaman of Viking background who led expedition to establish a colony on the coast of Canada

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13
Q

Pochteca

A

professional merchants among Aztecs

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14
Q

Sui

A

ruling dynasty of China, reunited the country after several centuries of political fragmentation, grand canal and buddhist monasteries

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15
Q

Tang

A

ruling dynasty of China from 618-907, openness to foreign cultural influence

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16
Q

Song

A

ruling dynasty of china from 960-1279, rapid economic growth and innovation

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17
Q

Grand Canal

A

1,100 mile waterway linking the yellow and yangzi rivers. began in Han and completed during the Sui empire

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18
Q

equal field system

A

this Chinese system alloyed land to individuals and families according to the lands fertility and persons needs. tang wanted to avoid the concentration of land in the wealthy hands

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19
Q

Kowtow

A

Chinese custom in which a person demonstrates deep respect shown by kneeling/bowing to have head touch the ground. show respect to elders

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20
Q

Chang’an

A

capital of Sui, tang, and part of Song Dynasty. center of communication and trade, 1 million ppl

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21
Q

Hangzhou

A

China’s capital during the Song Dynasty, more than a million ppl

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22
Q

Jurchen

A

nomadic ppl who established a state that included parts of northern china

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23
Q

foot binding

A

Chinese practice of binding feet, started in the Tang Dynasty

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24
Q

Silla Dynasty

A

first ruling dynasty to bring political unity to Korean Peninsula

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25
Q

Hangul

A

a phonetic alphabet developed in Korea in the 15th century

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26
Q

Trung Trac

A

Vietnamese women who urged her people to rebel against the Chinese. led an army of 80,000 soldiers against china

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27
Q

chu nom

A

variation in Chinese writing developed in Vietnam that became the basis for an independent national literature

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28
Q

Shotoku Taishi

A

Japanese statesman who launched the drive to make Japan into a centralized bureaucratic state modeled on china. best know for 17th article of constitution which laid out reform principles

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29
Q

Bushido

A

code of conduct for samurai, military virtue, loyalty, death over surrender

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30
Q

Murasaki Shikibu

A

one of the first successful female writers in Japan. Takes of Genji

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31
Q

Wendi

A

Chinese emporer of Sui Dynasty who supported Buddhism. construction of buddhist monasteries

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32
Q

Quran

A

Islamic holy book, beloved to contain divine relations of Allah presented to Muhammad

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33
Q

umma

A

refers to community of Islamic believers, community replaces all tribal, ethnic, or racial identities. community is bound with ties of morality and justice rather than political or social consideration

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34
Q

Hegira

A

Muhammad’s move to Medina. Start of Islamic calendar

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35
Q

Pillars of Islam

A

five basic practices of this religion.

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36
Q

Sharia

A

Islamic holy law that is based on the Quran and other accounts of Muhammad’s life

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37
Q

Jizya

A

per capita tax levied on Islamists states non-Muslims subjects. the tax was collected by adult makes. if paid you could. practice your faith, enjoy a measure of communal autonomy

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38
Q

Caliph

A

leader of Islamic world after death of Muhammad. disagreements about replacements led to split of Sunnis and Shiities

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39
Q

Umayyad

A

dynasty that ruled Islamic caliphate. secular government, oversaw expansion, condemned for focus on wealth and power. eventually overthrown and replaced

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40
Q

Abbasid

A

dynasty that ruled Islamic caliphate after Umayyad. moved capital from Damascus to Baghdad. increased trade

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41
Q

Shia

A

Islamic minority who believe that leadership should descend from Ali

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42
Q

Imam

A

leader within Shia communities who exercised religious and civil authority

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43
Q

Sunni

A

Islamic majority who believe in the selection of caliphs from the whole of the Islamic community

44
Q

Ulama

A

religious scholars whose expertise in matters involving the Quaran served as the basis of religious authority for Shia communities and the Umayyad caliphate

45
Q

Sufism/ Sufis

A

Islamic mystics who often placed more emphasis on an inspirational and emotional qualities of faith than strictly following the rules. devotion helped to spread islam among many non-Arab people

46
Q

Sikhism

A

a religious tradition that is in India which blended monotheism of Islam and Hindu concepts of Karma and Rebirth

47
Q

Ibn Battuta

A

Moroccan traveler and Islamic scholar who visited and worked in various governments within the dar-al-Islam extending from NA, WA, SE, EE. he basically went everywhere

48
Q

Timbuktu

A

city in west Africa which was a trade center for kingdom of Mali and later Songhai empire. center of Islamic learning with universities.

49
Q

Mansa Musa

A

King of Mali who is renowned for his wealth and power. he travels to Egypt and Arabia, caused inflation bc gold

50
Q

Madrassas

A

Islamic colleges which first emerged when Quran and Islamic law were generally the main focus of education. many also provided instruction, medics, philosophy, math.

51
Q

Ibn Sina/ Avicenna

A

Persian scholar whose works on the human body and medicine were widely circulated. he was a writer during philosophy. best leader during Islamic golden age

52
Q

Justinian

A

Byzantine emperor from 527-565 CE. During his reign old Roman Empire territory came under his control (Italy, Spain, North Africa). Responsible for codification of laws, Hagia Sophia was constructed during his reign

53
Q

Caesaropapism

A

Emperor of the Byzantine Empire and head of Eastern Orthodox Church. Could call for church councils and determine church doctrine. Appointed patriarch who administered the Orthodox Church according to the interests of Byzantine emperor.

54
Q

Icons

A

Popular paintings of saints and religious scenes, painted on wooden panels. Considered aid to worship, “window on heaven”, associated with miracles. Byzantine attempted to do away with icons, condemning them as idols. Idols were reinstated and became popular again

55
Q

Charlemagne

A

Ruler of Carolingian Empire from 768-814 CE. Reign focused of expansion and education. At its height empire included territory that is now present day France, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy and Germany. After his death empire was split between 3 sons

56
Q

Prince Vladimir

A

Ruler of Kiev who adopted Orthodox Christianity for his kingdom and established this religion as the dominant church in Russia for the next 1000 years

57
Q

Holy Roman Empire

A

First established under Otto in 962, this government worked to unite the German states as a platform for uniting Europe. Did not include Rome, early leaders wanted it to become a great successor to Roman Empire. Never fully able to unite the German states under a centralized government.

58
Q

Horse Collars

A

Agricultural innovation the enabled horses to pull heavy plows. Harness placed burden on horses chest. Increased land cultivation and food production which also increased population

59
Q

Hanseatic League

A

Northern European trade network from Novgorod to London. Most cities were ports on Baltic or North Seas. Grain, fish, furs, timber, pitch were primary goods. Linked to Mediterranean trade networked through Rhine and Danube Rivers

60
Q

Eleanor of Aquitaine

A

Ruler of an important kingdom wing France. She supported entertainers, used her influence to encourage good manners and refinement among knights or Europe. European code of chivalry developed partly because of this.

61
Q

Guilds

A

Trade organizations set up by merchants artisans and craftsmen to regulate the production and sale of goods in Europe. Set manufacturing standards and prices for goods and provided a social infrastructure in medieval towns

62
Q

Sacraments

A

Roman Catholic belief, holy rituals that grind spiritual blessings on those who observe these as practices. 1) baptism 2) confirmation 3) matrimony 4) last rites 5) Eucharist 6) penance 7) ordination. all of these enhanced role of priests

63
Q

Leif Ericsson

A

Viking explorer who established a Viking settlement in modern day Newfoundland around 1000 CE. Vikings called this land. Vinland bc of all the grapes. Viking communities disappeared from North America after a few decades

64
Q

Teutonic Knights

A

Military and religious order that was devoted of the struggle against Muslims and pagans. Successful in efforts to bring Catholic beliefs to Slavic peoples in the Baltic region. Many regions become Catholic because of their efforts

65
Q

Reconquista

A

Reconquest of Spain by Christian forces 1060-1492. To drive islamic rulers from Iberia, Christian rulers waged a series of campaigns against caliphate of Cordoba. Soldiers from England and France helped the Spanish Christians in this crusade. Completed under leadership of Ferdinand and Isabella when the last islamic state in the peninsula fell

66
Q

Urban II

A

Pope who launched the Crusades in 1095. He promised salvation for those who fought to bring the holy land under Christian control.

67
Q

Sarah al-Din (Saladin)

A

Sultan of Egypt and islamic leader who recaptured Jerusalem from Christian forces, defeated 3rd crusade. Renowned for knightly courtesy and made peace with Richard I of England in 1193.

68
Q

Almoravid Empire

A

Islamic empire that controlled what is now the modern countries of Morocco and South Spain. Rose and fell within 100 years, this Berber government dominated west African gold trade and fought successfully against Christian efforts to drive the Muslims out of Europe. Capital: Marrakesh (very beautiful, Islamic)

69
Q

Hulegu

A

first il-kan of Persia whose conquests led to the fall of Abbasid caliphate by destroying Baghad. His rule was characterized by slaughter of population and damage to agricultural production. qnats irrigation was neglected and sheep turned farms into pastures

70
Q

Karakorum

A

was early capital of Mongol empire by order of Ogodei Khan. Served as the seat of the Great Khan until Kubilai Khan established Shangdu as the new mongol capital

71
Q

Yurts

A

tents used by Mongols and other nomadic people in Central Asia. constructed with wooden framework and felt. setting up took 2 hours and made it easy to move locations

72
Q

Shamans

A

religious leaders in nomadic societies who were believed to posses supernatural powers due to their power to communicate with gods and spirits

73
Q

Khan

A

title taken by some rulers of nomadic confederations among the Turks and Mongols

74
Q

Sultan

A

title conferred on various Turkish leaders by Abbasid caliphs. Mahmud of Ghazni, Saljuq leaders, ottoman leaders help title in succession from 11th-20th century. the person who bore this title was recognized as primary military champion of Islamic world.

75
Q

Manzikert

A

Saljuq Turks defeated the Byzantine forces at this battle in 1071 CE and took control of Anatolia soon thereafter

76
Q

Mahmud of Ghanzni

A

he was the leader of the Turkish people in Afghanistan from 997-1030. his forces began their incursions into India for plunder but eventually began to carry out an Islamic conquest of north India. he destroyed Hindu temples and built mosques in the same place. his raids contribute to the decline of Buddhism in northern India

77
Q

Temujin

A

original name for Chinggis Khan who unified the mongols. his idea of empire required tribute and trade rather than bureaucratic reform and religious conversion

78
Q

Khubilai Khan

A

grandson of Chinggis Khan who ruled china as the most successful emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. He supported all religion at the expense of Confucian scholars

79
Q

Marco Polo

A

Venetian merchant who visited the Yuan court during the reign of Khubilai Khans who he reportedly served as a bureaucrat. his travels were the primary source of information about the Far East for Europeans

80
Q

Kamikaze

A

Japanese name given to the typhoons which destroyed Khubilai Khans forces

81
Q

Ilkhan Ghazan

A

Mongol leader in Persia whose conversion to Islam ended mongol plans to destroy Islamic power in the Middle East. Many other mongols followed his lead

82
Q

Tamerlane

A

He was a leader of the Turkish forces who viewed Chinggis khan’s success as a model for his own conquests. He devoted many resources to the construction of a magnificent capital for his empire at Samarkand

83
Q

Osman

A

leader of small Turkish band in Anatolia whose success in taking territory from the declining Byzantine Empire allowed him to challenge the Saljuq leadership of the Turks, and ultimately led to his founding of the Ottoman Empire

84
Q

Mehmed II

A

ottoman sultan who is most famous for his conquest of Constantinople. His success contributed to the continued growth and wealth of the Ottoman Empire

85
Q

Ain Jalut

A

battle in which the Egyptian Mamluk forces defeated a mongol army in Palestine. the effect of this victory was to stop the spread of Mongol control in the Middle East and preserve Islamic power

86
Q

Igbo

A

WA people who lived in the forest region east of the Niger River and did not develop a centralized government. no wide rage of social classes, cities, or practice the seclusion of women. more interested in fostering trade that political control

87
Q

Iroquois

A

Native American people of North America who created a confederacy of tribes but no centralized government. homeland included what is now new york

88
Q

Fulbe

A

these were pastoral people who originally loved along the upper Senegal river in west Africa. gradually mitigated to the east and adopted Islam. originally a stateless society that migrated to find a pasture land for their heard, their impact was felt in more urban society’s bc many of the settled and became Islamic clerics

89
Q

Ming Dynasty

A

Chinese family that led a successful rebellion against Yuan dynasty and mongol culture. winning control of china they restored Confucian philosophy. the leaders also worked to glorify aspects of Chinese culture

90
Q

Zheng He

A

leader of several Chinese maritime expeditions. his “treasure” included array of large, medium, or small ships. his voyages brought direct Chinese contact with SE Asia, India, Arabia and East Africa.

91
Q

Malacca

A

community in present day Indonesia that transformed from a small village to large commercial port through growth in grade through spices. located along the straight of Malya and Sumatra

92
Q

Quipus

A

technique used by Inca government officials in South America for keeping tax and legal records using a series of colored string and knots. this was the basis of record keeping because they did not have writing

93
Q

Tenochtitlan

A

Aztec capital that was established on middle of lake Texcoco. Aztec legends says that the site was selected based on a prophecy that called for their capital to be built at the location where an eagle was observed eating a snake. Farmers developed Chinampas to plant crops on the surface of the lake which led to a greater food supply and population growth

94
Q

Pochtecca

A

professional merchants in Aztec society. although most came from the lower classes, some became more wealthy than the nobles and acquired land along with a higher status as landowners

95
Q

Gender Parallelism

A

society in which men and women develop authority and roles within two separate but equivalent spheres. Aztec and Inca societies that followed this system generally valued the roles of women more highly than patriarchal societies, the status was still not equal. As these societies expanded their empires the status of make warriors rose at the expense of women

96
Q

Sundiata

A

founder of the Mali empire whose reign promoted peace and trade in West Africa. As a Muslim he enforced Islamic law in a empire that replaced Ghana as the dominate power in West Africa

97
Q

Bantu

A

people whose gradual migration from W Africa to southern and Eastern Africa spread agricultural and iron metallurgy to the areas where they settled

98
Q

Kongo

A

prosperous kingdom that arose in the Congo river basin. by the 1300 it dominated most of the territory within modern day rebellion of Congo and Angola. it’s wealth was largely based in trade networks in copper, raffia, cloth and nzimbu shells from the Atlantic coast

99
Q

Koumbei- Saleh

A

capital of the kingdom of Ghana. Muslims built many mosques here to covert people. principle trading center for gold, ivory, slaves

100
Q

Timbuktu

A

a camel caravan center located on the fringe of the sahara. served as the major trading centers for the kingdom of Mali and later the Songhay empire. also the Islamic study center if west Africa. production of books was a major industry

101
Q

Mansa Musa

A

grand nephew of Sundiata who ruled the Mali empire. his Islamic beliefs prompted him to build many mosques and schools. his journey to Mecca brought Mali and reputation for wealth and generosity

102
Q

Swahili

A

Arabic term means “coasters”, referring to those who engage in trade along East African Coast. this term also refers to the Bantu languages in east Africa that adopted Arabic words and ideas. primary exports included gold slaves and ivory

103
Q

Kilwa

A

city-state on East African coast. during it’s greatest prosperity it had 12,000 residents, and many mosques and stone buildings. imports included porcelain, pearls, silk, cotton textiles

104
Q

Great Zimbabwe

A

city in central Africa that’s wealth and power was derived largely from trade with East African city states. constructed stone towers and places inside huge stone walls 16 ft thick, 32 ft high

105
Q

Ibn Battuta

A

Moroccan traveller and Islamic scholar whose journeys in Africa Europe and Asia were intended to bring about consistent Islamic practices throughout Dar-al-Islam

106
Q

Ghana

A

Kingdom in West Africa that was the principal state in West Africa at the time of Muslim arrival and was transformed into a wealthy powerful state through it’s role as the center of the gold trade for Islamic merchants

107
Q

Mali

A

west African empire that fostered a larger scale trade than earlier kingdom of Ghana. From it’s capital at Niani, rulers Sundiata and Mansu Musa controlled much of the territory of the modern day countries of Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone

AP World History Vocab (3 decks)

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