Post Classical Vocab Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Silk Roads
A
collection of trade routes between China and
2
Q
Black Death
A
epidemic that swept Eurasia. combination of bubonic plague, anthrax
3
Q
Srivijaya
A
Malay kingdom that dominated Indian Ocean trade. kingdom had a lot of gold/spices
4
Q
Borobudur
A
most famous Buddhist monument in Java, mountain structure of 10 levels, largest monument
5
Q
Angkor Wat
A
Hindu temple complex in the kingdom of Angkor in SE Asia, dedicated to Hindu god Vishnu, used by Buddhist monks and officials
6
Q
Swahili
A
East African civilization, blending of Bantu Islamic and Indian Ocean trade elements. impact was felt in coastal cities of East Asia
7
Q
Great Zimbabwe
A
powerful state in SA interior that emerged as result of growing trade in gold
8
Q
Sand Roads
A
term used to describe the routes of trans- sahara trade in Africa
9
Q
Ghana
A
kingdom which developed in WA in response to economic opportunities of trans-Saharan trade, blended Islam with traditional African religious beliefs
10
Q
Mali
A
empire that developed in West Africa in response to economic opportunities of trans-Saharan trade. Islamic state led by Sundiata and Mansa Musa
11
Q
Songhay
A
empire in west Africa in response to economic opportunities of trans-Saharan trade. Islamic state led by Sonni Ali
12
Q
Thorfinn Karlsfeni
A
well born merchant and seaman of Viking background who led expedition to establish a colony on the coast of Canada
13
Q
Pochteca
A
professional merchants among Aztecs
14
Q
Sui
A
ruling dynasty of China, reunited the country after several centuries of political fragmentation, grand canal and buddhist monasteries
15
Q
Tang
A
ruling dynasty of China from 618-907, openness to foreign cultural influence
16
Q
Song
A
ruling dynasty of china from 960-1279, rapid economic growth and innovation
17
Q
Grand Canal
A
1,100 mile waterway linking the yellow and yangzi rivers. began in Han and completed during the Sui empire
18
Q
equal field system
A
this Chinese system alloyed land to individuals and families according to the lands fertility and persons needs. tang wanted to avoid the concentration of land in the wealthy hands
19
Q
Kowtow
A
Chinese custom in which a person demonstrates deep respect shown by kneeling/bowing to have head touch the ground. show respect to elders
20
Q
Chang’an
A
capital of Sui, tang, and part of Song Dynasty. center of communication and trade, 1 million ppl
21
Q
Hangzhou
A
China’s capital during the Song Dynasty, more than a million ppl
22
Q
Jurchen
A
nomadic ppl who established a state that included parts of northern china
23
Q
foot binding
A
Chinese practice of binding feet, started in the Tang Dynasty
24
Q
Silla Dynasty
A
first ruling dynasty to bring political unity to Korean Peninsula
25
Hangul
a phonetic alphabet developed in Korea in the 15th century
26
Trung Trac
Vietnamese women who urged her people to rebel against the Chinese. led an army of 80,000 soldiers against china
27
chu nom
variation in Chinese writing developed in Vietnam that became the basis for an independent national literature
28
Shotoku Taishi
Japanese statesman who launched the drive to make Japan into a centralized bureaucratic state modeled on china. best know for 17th article of constitution which laid out reform principles
29
Bushido
code of conduct for samurai, military virtue, loyalty, death over surrender
30
Murasaki Shikibu
one of the first successful female writers in Japan. Takes of Genji
31
Wendi
Chinese emporer of Sui Dynasty who supported Buddhism. construction of buddhist monasteries
32
Quran
Islamic holy book, beloved to contain divine relations of Allah presented to Muhammad
33
umma
refers to community of Islamic believers, community replaces all tribal, ethnic, or racial identities. community is bound with ties of morality and justice rather than political or social consideration
34
Hegira
Muhammad's move to Medina. Start of Islamic calendar
35
Pillars of Islam
five basic practices of this religion.
36
Sharia
Islamic holy law that is based on the Quran and other accounts of Muhammad's life
37
Jizya
per capita tax levied on Islamists states non-Muslims subjects. the tax was collected by adult makes. if paid you could. practice your faith, enjoy a measure of communal autonomy
38
Caliph
leader of Islamic world after death of Muhammad. disagreements about replacements led to split of Sunnis and Shiities
39
Umayyad
dynasty that ruled Islamic caliphate. secular government, oversaw expansion, condemned for focus on wealth and power. eventually overthrown and replaced
40
Abbasid
dynasty that ruled Islamic caliphate after Umayyad. moved capital from Damascus to Baghdad. increased trade
41
Shia
Islamic minority who believe that leadership should descend from Ali
42
Imam
leader within Shia communities who exercised religious and civil authority
43
Sunni
Islamic majority who believe in the selection of caliphs from the whole of the Islamic community
44
Ulama
religious scholars whose expertise in matters involving the Quaran served as the basis of religious authority for Shia communities and the Umayyad caliphate
45
Sufism/ Sufis
Islamic mystics who often placed more emphasis on an inspirational and emotional qualities of faith than strictly following the rules. devotion helped to spread islam among many non-Arab people
46
Sikhism
a religious tradition that is in India which blended monotheism of Islam and Hindu concepts of Karma and Rebirth
47
Ibn Battuta
Moroccan traveler and Islamic scholar who visited and worked in various governments within the dar-al-Islam extending from NA, WA, SE, EE. he basically went everywhere
48
Timbuktu
city in west Africa which was a trade center for kingdom of Mali and later Songhai empire. center of Islamic learning with universities.
49
Mansa Musa
King of Mali who is renowned for his wealth and power. he travels to Egypt and Arabia, caused inflation bc gold
50
Madrassas
Islamic colleges which first emerged when Quran and Islamic law were generally the main focus of education. many also provided instruction, medics, philosophy, math.
51
Ibn Sina/ Avicenna
Persian scholar whose works on the human body and medicine were widely circulated. he was a writer during philosophy. best leader during Islamic golden age
52
Justinian
Byzantine emperor from 527-565 CE. During his reign old Roman Empire territory came under his control (Italy, Spain, North Africa). Responsible for codification of laws, Hagia Sophia was constructed during his reign
53
Caesaropapism
Emperor of the Byzantine Empire and head of Eastern Orthodox Church. Could call for church councils and determine church doctrine. Appointed patriarch who administered the Orthodox Church according to the interests of Byzantine emperor.
54
Icons
Popular paintings of saints and religious scenes, painted on wooden panels. Considered aid to worship, "window on heaven", associated with miracles. Byzantine attempted to do away with icons, condemning them as idols. Idols were reinstated and became popular again
55
Charlemagne
Ruler of Carolingian Empire from 768-814 CE. Reign focused of expansion and education. At its height empire included territory that is now present day France, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy and Germany. After his death empire was split between 3 sons
56
Prince Vladimir
Ruler of Kiev who adopted Orthodox Christianity for his kingdom and established this religion as the dominant church in Russia for the next 1000 years
57
Holy Roman Empire
First established under Otto in 962, this government worked to unite the German states as a platform for uniting Europe. Did not include Rome, early leaders wanted it to become a great successor to Roman Empire. Never fully able to unite the German states under a centralized government.
58
Horse Collars
Agricultural innovation the enabled horses to pull heavy plows. Harness placed burden on horses chest. Increased land cultivation and food production which also increased population
59
Hanseatic League
Northern European trade network from Novgorod to London. Most cities were ports on Baltic or North Seas. Grain, fish, furs, timber, pitch were primary goods. Linked to Mediterranean trade networked through Rhine and Danube Rivers
60
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Ruler of an important kingdom wing France. She supported entertainers, used her influence to encourage good manners and refinement among knights or Europe. European code of chivalry developed partly because of this.
61
Guilds
Trade organizations set up by merchants artisans and craftsmen to regulate the production and sale of goods in Europe. Set manufacturing standards and prices for goods and provided a social infrastructure in medieval towns
62
Sacraments
Roman Catholic belief, holy rituals that grind spiritual blessings on those who observe these as practices. 1) baptism 2) confirmation 3) matrimony 4) last rites 5) Eucharist 6) penance 7) ordination. all of these enhanced role of priests
63
Leif Ericsson
Viking explorer who established a Viking settlement in modern day Newfoundland around 1000 CE. Vikings called this land. Vinland bc of all the grapes. Viking communities disappeared from North America after a few decades
64
Teutonic Knights
Military and religious order that was devoted of the struggle against Muslims and pagans. Successful in efforts to bring Catholic beliefs to Slavic peoples in the Baltic region. Many regions become Catholic because of their efforts
65
Reconquista
Reconquest of Spain by Christian forces 1060-1492. To drive islamic rulers from Iberia, Christian rulers waged a series of campaigns against caliphate of Cordoba. Soldiers from England and France helped the Spanish Christians in this crusade. Completed under leadership of Ferdinand and Isabella when the last islamic state in the peninsula fell
66
Urban II
Pope who launched the Crusades in 1095. He promised salvation for those who fought to bring the holy land under Christian control.
67
Sarah al-Din (Saladin)
Sultan of Egypt and islamic leader who recaptured Jerusalem from Christian forces, defeated 3rd crusade. Renowned for knightly courtesy and made peace with Richard I of England in 1193.
68
Almoravid Empire
Islamic empire that controlled what is now the modern countries of Morocco and South Spain. Rose and fell within 100 years, this Berber government dominated west African gold trade and fought successfully against Christian efforts to drive the Muslims out of Europe. Capital: Marrakesh (very beautiful, Islamic)
69
Hulegu
first il-kan of Persia whose conquests led to the fall of Abbasid caliphate by destroying Baghad. His rule was characterized by slaughter of population and damage to agricultural production. qnats irrigation was neglected and sheep turned farms into pastures
70
Karakorum
was early capital of Mongol empire by order of Ogodei Khan. Served as the seat of the Great Khan until Kubilai Khan established Shangdu as the new mongol capital
71
Yurts
tents used by Mongols and other nomadic people in Central Asia. constructed with wooden framework and felt. setting up took 2 hours and made it easy to move locations
72
Shamans
religious leaders in nomadic societies who were believed to posses supernatural powers due to their power to communicate with gods and spirits
73
Khan
title taken by some rulers of nomadic confederations among the Turks and Mongols
74
Sultan
title conferred on various Turkish leaders by Abbasid caliphs. Mahmud of Ghazni, Saljuq leaders, ottoman leaders help title in succession from 11th-20th century. the person who bore this title was recognized as primary military champion of Islamic world.
75
Manzikert
Saljuq Turks defeated the Byzantine forces at this battle in 1071 CE and took control of Anatolia soon thereafter
76
Mahmud of Ghanzni
he was the leader of the Turkish people in Afghanistan from 997-1030. his forces began their incursions into India for plunder but eventually began to carry out an Islamic conquest of north India. he destroyed Hindu temples and built mosques in the same place. his raids contribute to the decline of Buddhism in northern India
77
Temujin
original name for Chinggis Khan who unified the mongols. his idea of empire required tribute and trade rather than bureaucratic reform and religious conversion
78
Khubilai Khan
grandson of Chinggis Khan who ruled china as the most successful emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. He supported all religion at the expense of Confucian scholars
79
Marco Polo
Venetian merchant who visited the Yuan court during the reign of Khubilai Khans who he reportedly served as a bureaucrat. his travels were the primary source of information about the Far East for Europeans
80
Kamikaze
Japanese name given to the typhoons which destroyed Khubilai Khans forces
81
Ilkhan Ghazan
Mongol leader in Persia whose conversion to Islam ended mongol plans to destroy Islamic power in the Middle East. Many other mongols followed his lead
82
Tamerlane
He was a leader of the Turkish forces who viewed Chinggis khan's success as a model for his own conquests. He devoted many resources to the construction of a magnificent capital for his empire at Samarkand
83
Osman
leader of small Turkish band in Anatolia whose success in taking territory from the declining Byzantine Empire allowed him to challenge the Saljuq leadership of the Turks, and ultimately led to his founding of the Ottoman Empire
84
Mehmed II
ottoman sultan who is most famous for his conquest of Constantinople. His success contributed to the continued growth and wealth of the Ottoman Empire
85
Ain Jalut
battle in which the Egyptian Mamluk forces defeated a mongol army in Palestine. the effect of this victory was to stop the spread of Mongol control in the Middle East and preserve Islamic power
86
Igbo
WA people who lived in the forest region east of the Niger River and did not develop a centralized government. no wide rage of social classes, cities, or practice the seclusion of women. more interested in fostering trade that political control
87
Iroquois
Native American people of North America who created a confederacy of tribes but no centralized government. homeland included what is now new york
88
Fulbe
these were pastoral people who originally loved along the upper Senegal river in west Africa. gradually mitigated to the east and adopted Islam. originally a stateless society that migrated to find a pasture land for their heard, their impact was felt in more urban society's bc many of the settled and became Islamic clerics
89
Ming Dynasty
Chinese family that led a successful rebellion against Yuan dynasty and mongol culture. winning control of china they restored Confucian philosophy. the leaders also worked to glorify aspects of Chinese culture
90
Zheng He
leader of several Chinese maritime expeditions. his "treasure" included array of large, medium, or small ships. his voyages brought direct Chinese contact with SE Asia, India, Arabia and East Africa.
91
Malacca
community in present day Indonesia that transformed from a small village to large commercial port through growth in grade through spices. located along the straight of Malya and Sumatra
92
Quipus
technique used by Inca government officials in South America for keeping tax and legal records using a series of colored string and knots. this was the basis of record keeping because they did not have writing
93
Tenochtitlan
Aztec capital that was established on middle of lake Texcoco. Aztec legends says that the site was selected based on a prophecy that called for their capital to be built at the location where an eagle was observed eating a snake. Farmers developed Chinampas to plant crops on the surface of the lake which led to a greater food supply and population growth
94
Pochtecca
professional merchants in Aztec society. although most came from the lower classes, some became more wealthy than the nobles and acquired land along with a higher status as landowners
95
Gender Parallelism
society in which men and women develop authority and roles within two separate but equivalent spheres. Aztec and Inca societies that followed this system generally valued the roles of women more highly than patriarchal societies, the status was still not equal. As these societies expanded their empires the status of make warriors rose at the expense of women
96
Sundiata
founder of the Mali empire whose reign promoted peace and trade in West Africa. As a Muslim he enforced Islamic law in a empire that replaced Ghana as the dominate power in West Africa
97
Bantu
people whose gradual migration from W Africa to southern and Eastern Africa spread agricultural and iron metallurgy to the areas where they settled
98
Kongo
prosperous kingdom that arose in the Congo river basin. by the 1300 it dominated most of the territory within modern day rebellion of Congo and Angola. it's wealth was largely based in trade networks in copper, raffia, cloth and nzimbu shells from the Atlantic coast
99
Koumbei- Saleh
capital of the kingdom of Ghana. Muslims built many mosques here to covert people. principle trading center for gold, ivory, slaves
100
Timbuktu
a camel caravan center located on the fringe of the sahara. served as the major trading centers for the kingdom of Mali and later the Songhay empire. also the Islamic study center if west Africa. production of books was a major industry
101
Mansa Musa
grand nephew of Sundiata who ruled the Mali empire. his Islamic beliefs prompted him to build many mosques and schools. his journey to Mecca brought Mali and reputation for wealth and generosity
102
Swahili
Arabic term means "coasters", referring to those who engage in trade along East African Coast. this term also refers to the Bantu languages in east Africa that adopted Arabic words and ideas. primary exports included gold slaves and ivory
103
Kilwa
city-state on East African coast. during it's greatest prosperity it had 12,000 residents, and many mosques and stone buildings. imports included porcelain, pearls, silk, cotton textiles
104
Great Zimbabwe
city in central Africa that's wealth and power was derived largely from trade with East African city states. constructed stone towers and places inside huge stone walls 16 ft thick, 32 ft high
105
Ibn Battuta
Moroccan traveller and Islamic scholar whose journeys in Africa Europe and Asia were intended to bring about consistent Islamic practices throughout Dar-al-Islam
106
Ghana
Kingdom in West Africa that was the principal state in West Africa at the time of Muslim arrival and was transformed into a wealthy powerful state through it's role as the center of the gold trade for Islamic merchants
107
Mali
west African empire that fostered a larger scale trade than earlier kingdom of Ghana. From it's capital at Niani, rulers Sundiata and Mansu Musa controlled much of the territory of the modern day countries of Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone
