Post-cranial Skeleton

Question 1

What is the post-cranial skeleton

Answer 1

Everything other than the cranium

Question 2

What does the axial skeleton consist of

Answer 2

Skull (cranium)
Vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum

Question 3

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of

Answer 3

Fins

Limbs

Question 4

What are the functions of the vertebrae

Answer 4

Protects spinal cord and dorsal vessels
Provides muscle attachment
Suspend body
Locomotion

Question 5

What is the notochord

Answer 5

A fluid filled, callagneous rod

Question 6

Where does the notochord run from

Answer 6

Runs along the longitudinal axis of the body

Question 7

What does the vertebral column develop around

Answer 7

Notochord

Question 8

Where is the notochord located

Answer 8

Ventral to the developing spinal cord

Question 9

What do fish vertebrae look like

Answer 9

Similar all the way down

Question 10

What are the two regions of fish vertebral column

Answer 10

Trunk and caudal

Question 11

Why are fish vertebral columns undifferentiated

Answer 11

Due to not supporting body

Question 12

Fish vertebrae are tall and thin allowing what

Answer 12

Undulating movement and preventing telescoping

Question 13

The centrum in fish vertebrae are typically what

Answer 13

Amphicoelous

Question 14

In fish what does the heterocercal tail do

Answer 14

Generates lift

Question 15

Where would you find a heterocercal tail

Answer 15

Chrondrichthyes

Question 16

Where would you find a homocercal tail

Answer 16

Osteichthyes

Question 17

Where is the heterocercal tail directed

Answer 17

Vertebrae directed dorsally

Question 18

Where are homocercal tail directed

Answer 18

Neural spines and central directed dorsally, he also spine elongate and match them ventrally

Question 19

What is regionalisation

Answer 19

Progression from water to land

Question 20

What does regionalisation increase

Answer 20

Impact of gravity and force of locomotion

Question 21

How many cervical vertebrae do amphibians have

Answer 21

One single

Question 22

What does an amphibians cervical vertebrae articulate with

Answer 22

The skull

Question 23

What is the name for the amphibian centrum

Answer 23

Ossified opistocoelus centrum

Question 24

What does the Ossified opistocoelus centrum in amphibians allow for

Answer 24

Strength for weight-bearing on land

Question 25

Name the 4 vertebrae in amphibians

Answer 25

Cervical, thoracolumbar, sacral and caudal

Question 26

What does the single cervical vertebrae articulate with in amphibians

Answer 26

Skull

Question 27

How many sacral vertebrae do amphibians have

Answer 27

1

Question 28

The craniovertebral joint allows for what

Answer 28

Dorsoventral rocking (nodding)

Question 29

What are the benefits of the craniovertebral joint in amphibians

Answer 29

Protects sense organs | Navigate terrain better

Question 30

Describe reptilian vertebrae

Answer 30

Procoelous | Ball and socket intervertebral articulation

Question 31

What are all the parts to the reptilian vertebral column

Answer 31

8 cervical Thoracolumbar 2 sacral Caudal

Question 32

How many cervical vertebrae do aves have

Answer 32

High amount

Question 33

Cervical vertebrae articulate in what way

Answer 33

Saddle shaped articulations

Question 34

Are the thoracic vertebrae fused or not fused in aves

Answer 34

Fused

Question 35

What parts of the vertebral are fused to the synsacrum

Answer 35

Thoracic, lumbar, sacral, proximal caudal vertebrae

Question 36

What does the fused synsacrum in abes allow for

Answer 36

Provides rigidity for flight, indirectly reduces muscle bulk (makes bird lighter)

Question 37

Where are the ribs found in a mammalian

Answer 37

Thoracic region

Question 38

How many cervical vertebrae do Mammals have

Answer 38

7

Question 39

How many thoracic vertebrae mammals have

Answer 39

15-20

Question 40

How many sacral vertebrae do mammals have

Answer 40

2-3 fused

Question 41

How many sacral vertebrae do humans have

Answer 41

5 fused

Question 42

What does the intervertebral disc in mammals consist of

Answer 42

A central gel (nucleus pulposus), remains of notochord

Question 43

When is the neural spine weaker and stronger

Answer 43

Bone is weak under tension/ torque forces | Stronger under compression

Question 44

How do neural spines orientate themselves

Answer 44

Parallel to forces from cranial and caudal musculature

Question 45

To increase force in neural spine what do you need to increase

Answer 45

Increase muscles or increase height of neural spine

Question 46

What are ribs associated with in fish

Answer 46

The trunk region

Question 47

What are the two sets of ribs in fish called

Answer 47

Ventral and dorsal

Question 48

At amphibians ribs short or long? What is the exception

Answer 48

Short. Except in limbless amphibians where they play a locomotor role

Question 49

Are reptilian ribs long or short

Answer 49

Long

Question 50

What region to reptilians have ribs in

Answer 50

Cervical and thoracic

Question 51

What type of ribs do "Draco" have

Answer 51

Extended ribs in the mid-thoracic region that assist in gliding

Question 52

Describe avian ribs

Answer 52

Thin and broad

Question 53

What purpose do ribs provide in an avian

Answer 53

Support muscle attachment needed for flight

Question 54

What is the unicate process

Answer 54

Reinforces the rib cage aid in flight and breathing mechanics

Question 55

What is unique about the first thoracic ribs in avians

Answer 55

They are floating

Question 56

What do ribs attach to in mammals

Answer 56

The centrum and transverse process of vertebrae

Question 57

Name the three parts to the sternum

Answer 57

Manubrium Body of sternum Xiphoid process