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Skulls- Reptiles Birds And Fish Flashcards

(97 cards)

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1
Q

What is the cladistic tree

A

Common ancestor -> jaws-> lungs-> amniotic egg -> hair-> no tail -> bipedal

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2
Q

What are the four orders of living reptiles

A

Squamata
Chelonia
Crocodylia
Rhynchocephalia

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3
Q

What animals belong to the Squamata order

A

Snakes and lizards (scaled reptiles)

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4
Q

What animals belong to the Chelonia order

A

Turtles (have shells)

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5
Q

What animals belong to the crocodylia order

A

Crocodilians

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6
Q

What animals belong to the rhynchocephalia order

A

An order of lizard- like reptiles that includes only 2 living species of tuatara

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7
Q

Reptilia are poikilothermic, what does this mean

A

Having a body temp. that varies with them temp of the surroundings

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8
Q

Do reptilia have internal or external fertilisation

A

Internal

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9
Q

How many heart chambers to reptilia have

A

3 or 4

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10
Q

What are the different environments reptilia live in

A

Aquatic, semi- aquatic, terrestrial, arboreal reptiles

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11
Q

Is there a huge range of morphologies in reptiles? If so how big

A

Yes, python up to 33 feet long

Dwarf gecko only about 1.3 inches long

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12
Q

How are snake skulls joined

A

Loosely joined = kinetic

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13
Q

How would you describe a crocodile skull

A

Robust solid skull

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14
Q

Do reptiles have a smaller or larger brain case compared to mammals

A

Smaller

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15
Q

What is the difference between the lower jaw of a reptile compared to a mammals

A

Reptiles have several bones mammals only have 1

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16
Q

Differences in the bony palate between reptile and mammals

A

Mammals - complete

Reptiles - incomplete

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17
Q

What is the only order involved with rhynchocephalia

A

Sphenodontida

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18
Q

What is the only surviving family in the rhynchocephalia

A

Sphenodontidae

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19
Q

What is the only surviving genus in the sphenodontidae family

A

Sphenodo or tuatara

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20
Q

What are the two species of tuatara

A

Punctatus and Guntheri

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21
Q

What are the differences between rhynchocephalia and lizards

A

Rhynchocephalia lack external ears, parietal eye more formed and lack of hemipenes or even a penis in general

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22
Q

What do rhynchocephalia and lizards have in common

A

1) Caudal autotomy
2) parietal eye
3) no hemipenis

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23
Q

What is the parietal eye used for

A

all lizards have it but it is much better in tuatara, not necessarily for vision. Used to let light in, believed to be useful in absorbing UV light and setting circadian and seasonal cycles. It does have a retina lens, cornea, nerves but not for vision.
Visible in hatchlings- covered in scales and pigments 4-6 months

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24
Q

Saltwater can produce ___psi of pressure

A

3700

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25
Approximately how many socketed teeth do crocodilians have
72
26
What enables a crocodilian to snap its jaw shut without damaging teeth
Unlike other reptiles crocodiles dentition fits within jaw
27
What do the large neck muscles within crocodilians allow
Huge attachment area for muscle
28
The huge neck muscles in crocodilians help with what
The close the mouth not open
29
Muscles cannot ______ they ______. Therefore crocodilians sleep with their mouth ____
Push, pull, open
30
Describe the jaw and snout of a crocodilian
Long and narrow
31
What are the advantages of morphology within a crocodilian
Lends itself to a rapid closure
32
What muscles within the crocodilian are weak
Antagonistic masticatory muscles which open jaw
33
What is the type of environment crocodilians live in
Semiaquatic
34
What shaped palate do alligators have and what does this allow
U- shaped, easier to eat turtles. | Upper jaw wider so hides lower teeth
35
What shaped palate does a crocodile have and what does this allow
V- shaped, easier to catch fish. Jaw ear similar width so all teeth are exposed
36
What are Gharial/ gavial
Fish eating crocodiles (India), one of the longest crocs
37
What is a caiman
A smaller croc (south/central America), straight, wide jaws. Upper jaw covers lower jaw, so are technically alligators
38
Approx how many species of Squamata are there
5700
39
What type of temperature conditions do Squamata prefer
Prefer temperate to tropical climates, but found on all continents except Antarctica
40
What is the suborder of lizards
Lacertilia
41
What is the suborder of snakes
Serpentes
42
What is the sister group of Squamata
Tuatara
43
What are the differences between tuatara and Squamata
Bone between skull and lower jaw (quadrate) is loosely attached by ligaments (streptostyly) Beak becomes jaws- wide open, faster, stronger bite
44
Joints of the skull and jaws help to distinguish what with the Squamata group
They help distinguish members of the order Squamata (lizards and snakes) from one another and from members of the closely related Oder rhynchocephalia
45
The skull of a tuatara is relatively what?
Relatively rigid
46
What is streptostyly
Freedom of movement
47
Many Squamata have additional joints in the skull that enables what
Enables the muzzle to flex upward and downward.
48
In most lizard where is the joint that enables the muzzle to flex
Behind the eye (mesokinesis)
49
In snakes where is the joint that allows the muzzle to flex located
In front of the eyes (prokinesis)
50
What else can a viper do to its jaw other than open or close it
It can rotate its upper jaw bones that hold the fangs
51
Do snakes have a loose or tight TMJ
Tight
52
A snakes' loose jaw allows what
Mandible to move freely = chewing inefficient
53
How do snakes teeth meet
They meet unpredictably - do not occlude
54
Loose jaw would not support what
Masticatory musculature
55
Can a snake detach its jaw from cranium
No
56
What way to a snakes teeth point
Backwards
57
Dorsal and lateral bones with the exception of supra occipital are bones of the what
Splanchnocranium
58
In Chelonia The posterior brain case articulates with what
Cervical vertebrae
59
I'm Chelonia what forms the vertebrae
Vertebral body or centrum | Dorsal arch elements c1-c4
60
How many occipital condyles does a Chelonia have
1
61
The lower jaw of a Chelonia is composite of what
Dentary, angular, surangular, prearticular; splenial and articulate bones
62
The cartilaginous portion is what cartilage
Meckels cartilage
63
How many ossicles does a reptile have
1
64
How many orders of avian are there
28
65
List a few orders of avian
``` Anserine Columbine Falconine Gallinaceous Strigine ```
66
Give a example of a anserine
Ducks | Geese
67
Give an example of a columbine
Pigeon | Dove
68
Give an example of a falconine
Eagles | Hawks
69
Give an example of a gallinaceous
Grouse Quail Pheasants
70
Give an example of a strigine
Owl
71
What is the closest living reptile to dinosaurs
Birds
72
What are the 5 major bones in a bird skull
1) frontal 2) parietal 3) premaxillary 4) nasal 5) mandible
73
How many occipital condyles do birds have
1
74
Describe a birds dentition
Is no dentition
75
What are bird beaks covered in
Keratin
76
What is a sclerotic ring
A moveable bony ring surrounding the eyeball of birds
77
What animals is a sclerotic ring found
Found in several groups of vertebrates except mammals and crocodilians. Common in dinosaurs
78
What do sea birds secrete
Ions in a salty solution released into the nostril
79
Fish are what type of group
Paraphyletic
80
Are tetrapods fish
No
81
What are the 3 groups of fish
Agnatha, chrondrichthyes, Osteichthyes
82
Describe Agnatha fish
Jaws absent | Bony scales and skin plates present in ancient species BUT absent in living species
83
What type of fish are chrondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fish
84
Examples of Agnatha fish
Hagfish and lamprey
85
Examples of chrondrichthyes
Sharks, skates, rays
86
Chrondrichthyes have what features calcified
Teeth rarely the vertebrae
87
How many species of Osteichthyes are there
300
88
What shape are Osteichthyes
Spindle shape, oval in section and flattened, protective scales
89
What does operculum mean
Bone on the side of the fish and protects the chambers that house the gills
90
How do bony fish fertilise their eggs
Internally or externally
91
What are the two types of eggs to do with bony fish
Float or sink
92
Name all the parts of the bony fish from left (middle) going anti-clockwise
Upper jaw, lower jaw, pectoral girdle, pectoral fin rays, pelvic girdle, pelvic fin rays, rib, anal fin rays, Hemel spine, hypural, caudal fin rays, neural spine, dorsal fin rays, vertebra, operculum, skull, orbit
93
Ray finned fish
Thin, flexible skeletal rays
94
Lobe finned fish
Muscular fins supported by bone
95
What's an example of lobe finned fish
Coelacanth
96
What type of joint do coelacanth have in the skull
Hinged joint
97
What does the hinged joint in the skull in coelacanth fish help
Allows the front part of the head to be lifted while feeding

Comparative (8 decks)

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