Post-Midterm EPI

Question 1

Validity is reduced by:

Answer 1

systematic bias/error

Question 2

Reliability is reduced by:

Answer 2

random error

Question 3

What is the pre-test probability?

Answer 3

Pre-test liklihood

Question 4

What is the post-test likelihood? + & -

Answer 4

+: PPV

-: 1-NPV (prob pt. has disease despite neg. test)

Question 5

Snout / Spin

Answer 5

If sensitivity is high, and you get a negative test, rule out disease

If specificity is high, and you get a positive test, rule in the disease

Question 6

Calculate + likelihood ratio

Answer 6

Sens / (1 - spec)

Question 7

Calculate - likelihood ratio

Answer 7

(1-Sens)/Spec

Question 8

Reinforcement/Punishment/Extinction

Answer 8

Reinforcement: inc behavior
Punishment: dec behavior

Question 9

What are discriminative stimuli?

Answer 9

Environmental cues

Question 10

What is shaping?

Answer 10

Creating new behaviors through positive reinforcement

Question 11

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Answer 11

Classical: involuntary behavior
Operant: voluntary behavior

Question 12

Parallel testing increases two things:

Answer 12

Sensitivity, negative predictive value

Question 13

Serial testing increases two things:

Answer 13

Specificity, positive predictive value

Question 14

Differentiate between cumulative incidence and incidence density.

Answer 14

CI: risk = new cases/total at risk

I-density: person time = new cases/person-time

Question 15

Prevalence = (equation)

Answer 15

P = I * duration

Question 16

Differentiate between a screening test and a diagnostic test with respect to +/- predictive value

Answer 16

Screening: want a high NPV
Diagnosistc: want a High PV

Question 17

Differentiate between ratio, proportion, rate

Answer 17

Ratio: one quantitity divided by other
Proportion: % (numerator part of denominator)
Rate: change in one quantity per unit time

Question 18

Describe how a 2X2 table is set-up for epi studies.

Answer 18

Columns: disease/no disease
Rows: exposed/not exposed

Question 19

Describe the study design hierarchy

Answer 19

Obs (descriptive–case series, cross-sectional vs. analytical–cohort/case-control) /Experimental (RCT, field study)

Question 20

Differentiate between CS/US

Answer 20

CS: learned stimulus (i.e. tone)
US: meat (follows the CS)
CS can provoke the CR/UR

Question 21

T/F Drugs can have direct and opposite effects

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Define lead time

Answer 22

Early detection of disease is confused with increased survival

Question 23

Define length time

Answer 23

Slow developing conditions more likely to be picked up in screening

Question 24

Define over-diagnosis

Answer 24

Over interpretation in tests as positive when FP

Question 25

What is rational emotive therapy?

Answer 25

A--B--C (B, our interpretation that causes C, not A)

Question 26

Sensate focus

Answer 26

Pair arousal with relaxation

Question 27

Covert sensitization

Answer 27

Imagine an aversive stimulus

Question 28

Lower the event rate in the control group, larger/smaller difference between RRR and ARR

Answer 28

Larger

Question 29

If NNT is large, you need to treat many/few patients to observe benefit

Answer 29

Few

Question 30

Differentiate between efficacy and effectiveness

Answer 30

Efficacy: highly controlled Effectiveness: real-world

Question 31

Differentiate between intention-to-treat and explanatory.

Answer 31

Intention-to-treat: analyze using initial treatment assignments Explanatory: analyze according to treatment actually received

Question 32

What are the 4 components of a motivational interview?

Answer 32

1. Roll with resistance 2. Develop discrepency 3. Express empathy 4. Enhance self-efficacy

Question 33

What are the 5 components to a treatment approach to nicotine addiction?

Answer 33

1. Determine readiness (pre-c, c, prep, action, maintenance) 2. Assess physical dependence 3. Psyco-social determinants 4. Comprehensive intervention strategy 5. Prevent relapse