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Path EOY - AOP > Post Mortem > Flashcards

Post Mortem Flashcards

1
Q

pluck

A

tongue
thyroids
trachea
oesophagus
lunds
heart
thymus

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2
Q

morphological diagnosis

A

pathological process
distribution
severity
timescale
organ or tissue

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3
Q

colour

A

red/dark red/red-black/pink - blood - hyperemia, congestion, haemorrhage, erythrocyte lysis, haemoglobin inbibition

red-black - haemorrhage and necrosis

yellow - icterus

blue-green-black - pseudomelanosis

brown-black - melanosis, melanoma

white-grey-green - necrosis, fibrosis (chronic)

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4
Q

agonal change

A

normal change around time of death

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5
Q

blood cysts

A

red lump at mitral valve
incidental
young ruminants

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6
Q

encocardiosis

A

thickened, cream mitral valve
age related
incidental

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7
Q

age related incidental calcification

A

multifocal gritty areas in lungs
widespread - renal failure from vitamin D toxicity

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8
Q

paralaphenstrongylus tenuis

A

multifocal nematodes - brain and eye
incidental in deer
neurologic disease in ruminants

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9
Q

ascarid migration

A

multifocal white to pale tan foci in liver
incidental unless heavy load

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10
Q

nodular hyperplasia

A

focal expanded parenchyma of spleen
benign but can rupture
could be hemangiosarcoma, lymphoma or hystiocystic sarcoma

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11
Q

splenic trauma

A

focally divided parenchyma of spleen
previous trauma - not cause of death
omental adhesions - previous rupture

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12
Q

siderotic plaques

A

raise cream multifocal gritty plaques on spleen
accumulation of debris from erythrocyte turnover

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13
Q

renal cysts

A

incidental or pathological depending on signs and how many

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14
Q

animal models of disease

A

comparing human disease with animal models

spontaneous models - eg NOD mouse (non-obese diabetic) - inbred

induced - chemical or genetic
chemical - streptozotocin given to mice, toxic to pancreatic cells - induces type 1 diabetes
genetic - knock in, knock out, or transgenic - mouse model with upregulated HER2 to model breast cancer development

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15
Q

models for arthrosclerosis

A

arthrosclerosis = narrowing of vessels, lipid, fibrous and clacium deposits in vessle walls
cause of heart attack in humans

rabbit models -
cholesterol fed
watanabe heritable hyperlipemdemic rabbits
genertically modified rabbits

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16
Q

COVID-19 models

A

hamsters - naturally susceptible to covid-19

syrian - moderate self limiting disease - respiratory tract inflammation and age dependence

roborovski dwarf - mimics disease in highly suscpetible patients - frequently lethal, diffuse alveolar damage and coagulopathy

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17
Q

duchenne’s muscular dystophy models

A

progressive muscle wasting, mutations in dystophin gene

mouse - no clinical signs, shorted life span

golden retriever with muscular dystophy - show signs but different signs from humans and a lot of variation between dogs

rabbit - created using cAS9 - clear signs like humans, easier to breed

18
Q

stages in drug development

A

show target is similar to disease being studies

investigate pharmacokinetics

investigate toxicity

investigate tolerability - adverse behavioural effects

pharmacodynamic effect in target organ

19
Q

humanised mouse

A

immunodeficient mouse grafted with human cells and tissue

SCID mouse -
athymic due to genetic mutation - impaired t and b cell development
models tumour microenvironment and contribution of immune system eradicating tumour cells

20
Q

surveillance aims

A

animal health and welfare
human health
environment
international trade

21
Q

hazard groups of zoonotic disease

A

1 - unlikely to cause human disease
2 - can cause human disease, may be hazard to employees but unlikely to spread to community - chlamydia abortus, toxoplasma gondii
3 - severe human disease, but there is effective prophylaxis or treatment - TB, anthrax, BSA
4 - severe human disease with no treatment - ebola, herpesvirus B in primates, hendra virus

22
Q

sample taking at post mortem

A

serology - antigen detection preferable to antibody, need to know what you’re looking for - maedi visna and CAE

histology/cytology -
10% buffered formalin, <1cm thick, edge of affected tissue, 10x formalin to tissue volume

bacteriology/microbiology -
live bacteria, avoid contamination
charcoal swab, sterile sampling
consider previous antibiotic treatment
selective media - anaerobic vs aerobic
staining

virology -
PCR, virus culture (not usually useful), histo + inclusion bodies + IHC

parasitology -
helminths - worm egg count, worm count from washing abomasum and small intestine contents
ectoparasites - skin scrapings, histopath, gross visualisation
protozoa - PCR (toxoplasma and neospora), histopath (histomonas), scrapings, worm egg counts, floatation, smear
blood borne parasites - PCR - post mortem not test of choice

biochem/toxicology -
histo + stains + IHC
haematology and biochem not useful
glucose - urine
tissue analysis for liver and kidney - toxins
eye fluid analysis - aqueous humour for hypocalcemia, vitreous humour for hypomagnesia
plant poisons - slow acting may show histo effects

23
Q

samples taken in suspected poisoning

A

stomach and intestinal contents
liver
kidney
post mortem blood
urine
fat
brain

24
Q

sudden death organ systems

A

cardiovascular
respiratory
nervous

25
Q

grouping of causes of sudden death

A

infectious
metabolic/feed related
toxic
traumatic/accidental/miscellaneous

26
Q

manheima haemolytica

A

sheep
histophilus somni
fibrinous bronchopneumonia and pleuritis

disgnosis - bacterial culture - mid lesion, edge and normal lung

27
Q

fatal penumonia

A

cattle - IBR, BRSV, PI3, BVD, fog fever
sheep - OPA
Pigs - swine influenza virus, PRRS, pCV-2

diagnosis - PCR for respiratory viruses (lung sample), PCR for systemic viruses (Spleen)
histopath and IHC for PCV-2

28
Q

fog fever

A

cows
acute bovine pulmonary oedema and emphysema - interstitial emphysema is also a common agonal change in cattle

diagnosis - history, gross findings, histopathology

29
Q

septicemia/bacteremia - causes by species and diagnosis

A

systemic infection by bacteria or bacterial products

neonates - e coli

cattle - associated with mastitis
sheep - bibersteinia trehalosi

widespread haemorrhage (petechaie), fibrin effusions, congestion

diagnosis - culture from at least 2 systemic sites

30
Q

clostridial diseases

A

clostridium perfringens

pig - C - necrotising enteritis
sheep - D - pulpy kidney
goats - D - necrotising enteritis
cattle - clostridium chauvoei - blackleg

diagnosis -
commensal that naturally increases post mortem, needs supporting history and gross findings, histology, high numbers of bacteria and toxin detection

31
Q

pulpy kidney

A

sheep
clostridrium perfringens D

pericardial fibrinous effusion
cerebellum coning
advanced kidney autolysis
widespread haemorrhage
glucosuria
toxin elisa - ileum content
histopath of brain

32
Q

parasites

A

haemonchus - anemia, wasting, no diarrhoea - abomasum, grossly visible

ostertagia, trichostrongylus - wasting and diarrhoea - abomasum or small intestine

nematodirus - diarrhoea, wasting, sudden death - small intestine

diagnosis - egg count on intestinal contents, gross visualisation, total wotm count from washing abomasum and small intestine

33
Q

metabolic/feed related conditions

A

hypomagnesemia (grass staggers) - vitreous humour

hypocalcemia (milk fever) - aqueous humour

vitamin E/selenium -
white muscle disease - multifocal muscle necrosis
mulberry heart disease - pericardial effusion, stripey haemorrhage in heart
massive hepatic necrosis
diagnosis -n histolohu, liver selenium levels, cohort blood biochem

thiamine -
ovine chlamidiosis
flourescence of brain under UV
histopath of brain
ddx - sulphut, lead toxicity, salt poisoning

34
Q

caudal vena cava syndrome

A

sudden death
pool of blood around nose - looks like anthrax
thrombus in pulmonary vessel - thromboembolism from vena cava

ruminal acidosis –> liver abscesses –> thrombus –> caudal vena cava syndrome

35
Q

copper poisoning

A

anemia, jaundice

diagnosis - tissue biochem on kidney

36
Q

lead poisoning

A

tissue biochem on kidney

37
Q

miscellaneous/traumatic causes

A

lightening strike
electrocultion
hardware disease
jejunal haemorrhage syndrome

38
Q

rigor mortis

A

stiffening

39
Q

algor mortis

A

cooling

40
Q

pseudomelanosis

A

staining due to accumulation of iron sulfide - decomposition

Path EOY - AOP (7 decks)

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