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Forensic MBBS > Post mortem techniques and mechanical injuries > Flashcards

Post mortem techniques and mechanical injuries Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Types of autopsy

A 
1. Medicolegal autopsy:
 done by forensic pathologist
 whole body PM
2. Pathological autopsy:
 Academic purpose
 Consent of relatives
 Part of body
3. Negative autopsy:
4. Obscure autopsy
5. Virtual autopsy: non invasive methods
6. Psychological autopsy
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2
Q

Causes of negative autopsy

A
  1. Vagal inhibition
  2. Laryngospasm
  3. Thyrotoxicosis
  4. Adrenal insufficiency
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3
Q

Difference between negative and obscure autopsy

A 
Negative autopsy:
 2-5% of whole PM 
 No cause of death even after various types of medical investigations
Obscure autopsy:
 No definite cause of death after PM
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4
Q

Psychological autopsy

A

Done in suicide cases
Questions asked to family members and friends to know mental status of the person at the time of committing suicide or before that

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5
Q

Types of incisions used in PM

A
  1. I shape: most common
  2. Y shape:
    acromian process to
    in females
  3. Modified Y shaped:
    Suprasternal notch
    To preserve neck (hanging,…)
  4. Inverted Y shape:
    Infant
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6
Q

Methods of post mortem

A
  1. Virchow’s method
  2. Rokitansky method
  3. Ghon’s method
  4. Lettule’s method
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8
Q

Virchow’s method

A

Most common method of post mortem

One by one organ removal

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9
Q

Rokitansky method

A

In situ method of PM examination
In infants
If infected with HIV, HBV,…

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10
Q

Ghon’s method

A

A method of PM examination
Separate organ blocks
En block dissection (cervical, thoracic,…)

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11
Q

Stomach PM dissection

A

Opened from greater curvature

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12
Q

Spinal cord PM dissection

A

Best technique is posterior technique

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13
Q

Brain PM examination

A

Started from frontal area
1 cm slice is taken, starting from coronal plane
Then fixed in 40% formalin

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14
Q

Liver PM dissection

A

2 cm slice is made along with long axis

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15
Q

Heart, coronary artery PM examination

A

RA ➡️ RV ➡️ LA ➡️ LV

Coronary artery: 2-3 mm sections are made

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16
Q

Lettule method

A

En masse method of PM examination

All organs taken simultaneously in a mass

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17
Q

Antemortem thrombus

A
  1. Striae of Zahn
    White lines of fibrin
  2. Coralline platelet thrombi
    Platelet + fibrin
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18
Q

Post mortem clot

A

Red current jelly and chicken fat appearance

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19
Q

Skull is opened via the methods

A

Beneke method:
2 halves
Barr method:
4 quarters

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20
Q

First cavity to be opened during post mortem

A

Head
Especially during:
1. poisoning cases (brain gives better smell than other organs)
2. Traumatic head injury
3. Air embolism
4. Asphyxia (neck is last so that we can get a bloodless field)

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21
Q

Cases in which the first cavity to be opened during PM is not the head

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A 
1. Infant: abdomen
 To observe the position of the diaphragm
2. Pulmonary air embolism: thorax
 Test used are:-
  1. Water test bubble
  2. Pyrogallol test
22
Q

Undertaker fracture

Study These Flashcards
A

Fracture of the invertebral disc between C6 and C7

Post mortem fracture

23
Q

In an embalmed body the best specimen for toxicology analysis is

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A

Skeletal muscle from buttocks

24
Q

Exhumation on the request of magistrate is according to

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A

176 CRPC
Done in day light, started early in the morning
No time limit
6 samples of soil (6 parts/sides of body) compared with control soil sample

25
Q

Samples preserved to rule out any poisoning

26
Types of mechanical injuries
1. Gravel rash/ abrasion | 2. Contusion/ bruise
27
Gravel rash/ abrasion
``` Epidermis, dermis involved Types: 1. Grazed abrasion: By sliding due to friction- friction burn 2. Scratch abrasion- by nail, thorn, pin Linear 3. Patterned abrasion: • Pressure • Imprint/ impact ```
28
Brush burn abrasion
Special type of grazed abrasion | When you slide on road, a v-shaped abrasion with burning sensation happens
29
Types of patterned abrasion
``` 1. Pressure: crushing 90° Eg., ligature mark in hanging, bite mark 2. Imprint/Impact abrasion Moving objects with a rough surface Eg., tyre marks ```
30
Age of abrasion
``` Using scab- dried lymph or blood after 12-24 hours Brown- 2-3 days Black - epithelia covers and grows in 4-7 days Falls after 7 days ```
31
PM abrasion
No vital reaction Yellow Common on bony prominences
32
Contusion/ Bruise
By blunt trauma causing clotted blood in dermis due to blood vessel rupture Swelling is seen Irregular margins More visible in children and females and also in thin skin Less visible on thick skin (palm, sole and abdomen)
33
Large bruises are seen in
Face Vulva and scrotum These organs are soft and vascular
34
Colour changes of bruises or contusions
Starts from periphery and goes to the centre ``` R. Red due to Hb V. Blue- deoxy Hb for a few hours to 3 days I. Blue B. Brown Hemosiderin on day 4 G. Green Hematoidin 5-6 days Y. Yellow Bilirubin 7-13 days O. Original and skin colour for >14 days ```
35
Pattern bruising / contusion
1. Butterfly bruise: Battered baby syndrome (child abuse) 2. Six penny bruise: Coin shaped bruise Eg., Throttling and child abuse 3. Tramline bruise/ Railway line bruise Hitting with rod
36
Bruise where no colour change is present
Sub conjunctival haemorrhage is the only bruise where no colour change is present
37
Ectopic bruise/ migratory bruise
Impact and bruise are seen in different locations 1. Raccoon’s sign/ black eye: In anterior cranial fossa fracture, bruise is seen in peri orbital 2. Battle sign: In middle cranial fossa fracture, bruise is seen in mastoid tip
38
Artificial bruise is produced by
Plants like: P. Plumbago S. Semecarpus anacardium / Marking nut/ Bhilwanol M. Madar/ Calotropis/ Akar
39
Characteristics of artificial bruise
``` Produced by plant products and not by injury No colour changes- just brown Only over accessible parts of body Regular margins Itching present Chemical test can be done to confirm ```
40
Test done for the confirmation of bruise
Incision test Incise the skin and pour water The clotted blood of bruise is not washed away
41
Laceration
Medical terminology for tear Caused by heavy blunt force ➡️ splitting of epidermis/ dermis / subcutaneous tissue Irregular margins Crushed tissue bridges or fibres and crushed hair follicles are seen: confirmation
42
Types of laceration
1. Stretch laceration: tangential force 2. Shearing laceration: acute angle • skin tissue separated: avulsion (eg., degloving) • tissue is separated but attached with margin: flaying 3. Tear: normal laceration with bruised margins 4. Cut laceration/ chop/ slash wound: Spindle shaped gaping wound 5. Split laceration: force perpendicular to bony prominences
43
Incision
Parallel to skin surface by a sharp weapon Longer than deep Margins: clean cut Confirmation: lens examination- cut tissue and hair follicle Tailing phenomenon
44
Tailing phenomenon
At the end of an incision, the depth is less | Tailing decides the direction of weapon
45
Lacerated looking incised wound
In sites like scrotum and axilla (soft and relaxed), because of the rugosity the margins look irregular, leading to lacerated looking incised wound. Confirm with lens. Note: incised wound on genitalia: homicidal
46
Hesitational/ tentative/ trial cuts
Multiple superficial incised wound in wrist | Suicidal in nature
47
Age of incised wound
``` In hours: 12. Edges are red, swollen 24. Endothelial cells seen 36. Capillary network 48. Fibroblasts 3-5 days: collagen fibres 1-2 weeks: scar formation ```
48
Delayed bruise
Bruise occurs much later after impact Seen in deep bruise Infra red photography is used to see them
49
Grievous hurt
Emasculation Permanent privation of sight of either eye Privation of any member or joint Permanent destruction of power of any member or joint Permanent disfigurement of head out face Fracture or dislocation of a bone or tooth Any hurt which endanger life or which causes the victim to be in severe bodily pain, or which prevents the person from doing ordinary activities for a minimum period of 20 days

Forensic MBBS (7 decks)

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