Post-processing Flashcards

Lecture 9 (18 cards)

1
Q

What is post-processing?

A

Post-processing is a set of techniques used to modify or enhance the image after the 3D scene has been rendered.

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2
Q

How is post-processing applied in rendering?

A

It is applied over the whole screen, often in a separate full-screen rendering pass using fragment shaders.

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3
Q

What are some examples of post-processing effects?

A

Examples are: blur, color grading, bloom, tone mapping, anti-aliasing and chromatic aberration.

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4
Q

What is Gaussian blur?

A

Gaussian blur is a type of blur effect that smooths an image by averaging nearby pixels using a Gaussian distribution of weights.

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5
Q

How is Gaussian blur implemented in shaders?

A

The shader samples neighbouring pixels, multiplies them by a weight and sums the results. The weights come from a Gaussian function.

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6
Q

Why is Gaussian blur done in two passes?

A

Gaussian blur is separable, so it can be done in two 1D passes (horizontal and vertical) instead of one 2D pass. This improves performance.

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7
Q

What is a kernel in Gaussian blur?

A

A kernel is a set of weights and positions used to calculate the blur from surroundining pixels.

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8
Q

What is HDR (High Dynamic Range) in games?

A

HDR allows for storing and rendering a wider range of brightness levels , keeping more detail in both dark and bright areas.

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9
Q

Why do we need tone mapping in HDR rendering?

A

Tone mapping is used to convert HDR values to a 0-1 range for display, preserving important visual detail.

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10
Q

How does exposure affect tone mapping?

A

High exposure brightens the image but may lose detail in bright areas. Low exposure darkens the image and may lose details in shadows.

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11
Q

How can exposure be made dynamic in games?

A

Dynamic exposure adjusts the brightness by averaging pixel luminance and blending with previous frames for smooth transitions.

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12
Q

What is aliasing in graphics?

A

Aliasing is the jagged appearance of edges when resolution is too low to represent a smooth line.

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13
Q

What is anti-aliasing?

A

Anti-alsiasing is any technique that reduces aliasing artifacts, especially at object edges.

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14
Q

What is super sampling?

A

Super sampling renders the scene at a higher resolution and then downsamples it, but it uses a lot of memory and performance.

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15
Q

What is MSAA and how does it work?

A

MSAA (Multi-Sample Anti-Aliasing) stores multiple depth samples per pixel and averages results, improving quality with less cost than full supersampling.

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16
Q

What is morphological anti-aliasing and name a few types.

A

Morphological Anti-Aliasing detects and smooths edges in the final image. Examples are: FXAA (Fast approximate), MLAA (Morphological)m SMAA (Subpixel Morphological).

17
Q

What is temporal anti-aliasing (TAA)?

A

TAA (Temporal Anti-Aliasing) accumulates samples over mulitple frames by jittering sampling positions and blending results. It handles static scenes well.

18
Q

What is DLSS or FSR in anti-aliasing?

A

DLSS (NVIDIA) and FSR (AMD) use AI based upscaling to simulate high-res rendering from lower-res images, reducing workload and aliasing. (50-series)