Posterior Segment

Question 1

What is the typical shape of the disc?

Answer 1

Slightly oval/round
Slightly more tall than wide.

Question 2

What is the typical shape of the cup?

Answer 2

Slight oval/round
More tall than wide

Question 3

What is the average horizontal size of the disc?

Answer 3

1.77 mm

Question 4

What is the average vertical size of the disc?

Answer 4

1.88 mm

Question 5

What is considered a small vertical disc size?

Answer 5

<1.5 mm

Question 6

What is considered a large vertical disc size?

Answer 6

> 2.2 mm

Question 7

How do you measure the disk using your slip lamp?

Answer 7

Adjust beam to match the length inside eye. Look at size of the beam and multiply it by the image magnification (dependent on what lens you are using)

Question 8

Image mag for 60D lens

Answer 8

1.15x

Question 9

Image mag for 78D lens

Answer 9

0.93x

Question 10

Image mag for 90D lens

Answer 10

0.76x

Question 11

What are the two types of crescents? How do they appear?

Answer 11

Scleral crescent- lighter ring around disk
Choroidal crescent- more dark ring around disk

Question 12

How big is the macula?

Answer 12

3-4 DD (5500 micrometers)

Question 13

How big is the fovea?

Answer 13

1DD (1500micrometers)

Question 14

What do you look for when looking at the macula?

Answer 14

Discolorations, lesions, flatness

Question 15

When looking in the eye of a diabetic, you see arteries that are more straightened out and narrowed, what is this called?

Answer 15

Artery attenuation

Question 16

When looking in the eye of a patient, you only see artery vessels (could be just veins vessels), what is this called?

Answer 16

Venous and arterial tortuosity

Question 17

When looking in the eye of a patient, you see arteries that are hardened and putting pressure on other veins, what are you accessing

Answer 17

crossing changes

Question 18

What do you assess when observing the arcades? (3)

Answer 18

1) AV ration
2) ALR
3) Curvature of vessels

Question 19

Is it common for the peripheral retina to be darker?

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

Where would you find short posterior ciliary nerves?

Answer 20

6 and 12 oclock. Never 3 and 9.

Question 21

Where would you find long ciliary nerves?

Answer 21

located temporarily and nasally

Question 22

What is syneresis?

Answer 22

Aging of vitreous. Creates floaters in vitreous.

Question 23

What is white without pressure(WwoP)?

Answer 23

In about 30% of people. Hyperreflective photoreceptor integrity line that reflects more light.

Question 24

If you see pigmentation on the retina or discoloration, use the red-free filter to see if it disappears. If it does disappear, what layer is that hyperpigmentation in?

Answer 24

Choroid. Could be choroidal nevus

Question 25

If you see pigmentation on the retina or discoloration, use the red-free filter to see if it disappears. If it does NOT disappear, what layer is that hyperpigmentation in?

Answer 25

In the RPE or retina. Could be retinal hyperplasia.

Question 26

What is choroidal nevus? Does it disappear with red-free filter? What do you examine with a nevus?

Answer 26

Hyperpigmented (dark grey/green) lesion in choroid.
Disappears with red-free.
Examine for melanoma characteristics

Question 27

List the directions from thickest to thinnest when referring to optic disc thickness.

Answer 27

Superior (thickest)
Inferior
Nasal
Temporal (thinnest)

Question 28

What does an increased AV ratio indicate?

Answer 28

vascular disease

Question 29

What does an increased ALR indicate?

Answer 29

cholesterol or vascular disease