Postnatal and Child Development Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
What are the 4 main sections of the embryo at approximately 4 weeks?
A
- future forebrain
- future midbrain
- future hindbrain
- future spinal cord
2
Q
What are the 3 flexures of the embryo at approximately 4 weeks?
A
- cephalic
- pontine
- cervical
3
Q
What are the 4 main sections of the embryo brain at approximately 5 weeks?
A
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
- pons
- medulla
4
Q
What is the the structure of the brain like at 8 weeks?
A
- development of the ventricular system
3rd, 4th ventricle and the aqueduct
5
Q
What is the pre-frontal association area responsible for?
A
- executive function
- concentration
6
Q
What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?
A
skeletal muscle movement
7
Q
What is the primary somatic sensory cortex responsible for?
A
- recieving impulses from the periphery
8
Q
What is the occipital lobe responsible for?
A
vision
9
Q
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
A
- auditory sensation
- speech
10
Q
What is the anterior section of grey matter responsible for?
A
motor neurones
11
Q
What are the 2 pyramidal tracts?
A
lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts
12
Q
What do the lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts supply?
A
sacral, lumbar, thoracic and cervical nerves in the lateral corticospinal stract
13
Q
What do the extra-pyramidal tracts do?
A
co-ordination of movements and the regulation of posture and balance
14
Q
What are the components of the reflex arc?
A
- sensory receptor
- sensory neuron
- integrating center and interneuron
- motor neuron
- effector
15
Q
What are the primitive relexes?
A
- moro reflex
- standing reflex
- grasp reflex
16
Q
What is the moro reflex?
A
when the baby’s neck is suddenly extended and the arma adduct and abduct
17
Q
When does the moro reflex develop?
A
28-32 weeks gestation
18
Q
When does the moro reflex disappear?
A
3-6 months
19
Q
What does the persistence of primitive reflexes suggest?
A
impaired development
20
Q
When is the standing reflex present?
A
newborn and at 3 months
21
Q
What is the standing reflex present?
A
- extension of the lower extremities
- flexion of the hips (behind the shoulder)
22
Q
What is the grasp reflex?
A
when an object is placed in the palm of the hand of a newborn and is grasped very tightly
23
Q
When is the grasp reflex lost?
A
at around 6-9 months (due to fine motor development)
24
Q
When are protective/parachute reflexes developed?
A
6-9 months
25
What is a protective/parachute reflex?
- baby is placed in a forward tilting position (upside down)
| - protects themselves with outstretched arms
26
What is development?
- global impression of a child encompassing: growth, increase in understanding, acquisition of new skills, and more sophisticated responses and behaviour
- endows child with increasingly complex skills in order to function in society
27
How is development assessed?
- opportunistically
| - as part of a planned programme of review
28
What are the 4 domains of child development?
- speech and language skills
- social skills
- gross motor skills
- fine motor skills
29
What are the main speech and language skills assessed in development?
- vocalisation
- words
- understanding
- imaginative play
30
What are the main social skills assessed in development?
- social interaction
- stranger reaction
- eating skills
- dressing
31
What are the main gross motor skills assessed in development?
- position
- head lag
- sitting
- walking
- running
32
What are the main fine motor skills assessed in development?
- use of hands
- grasp and fine pincer
- bricks
- crayon
- puzzles
33
What causes head lag?
the lack of the maturity of neck muscles
34
What is the position of newborns generally?
limited flexed, symmetrical posture
35
Do new borns have head lag?
marked head lag on pulling up (due to lack of mature neck muscles)
36
What is the neck position that 6-8 weeks babies are capable of generally?
raise head to 45 degree in prone
37
What is the position of 6-8 months when sitting generally?
sit without support
- 6 months: round back
- 8 months: straight back
38
When do babies begin to roll?
3-5 months
39
When do babies begin to crawl?
8-9 months
40
When do babies begin to use furniture to move around using furniture?
10 months
41
Is a baby able to walk at 12 months?
- walks unsteadily
- broad gait
- hards are apart
42
When is a baby able to walk for distance, reliably?
15 months
43
What are the variations in which babies can go from sitting to walking?
- commando crawl
| - bottom-shuffling
44
When is a baby able to follow a moving object/face by turning the head?
6 weeks
45
When does a baby start to reach out for toys?
4 months
46
When does a baby develop a palmar grasp?
4-6 months
47
When is a baby able to transfer toys from one hand to another?
at around 7 months
48
What is an inferior grasp?
when something is held and grasped with the whole hand
49
When does a baby develop a mature pincer grasp?
10 months
50
What is a mature pincer grasp?
able to hold a small object with the thumb and index finger
51
When is a baby able to make marks with a crayon?
16-18 months
52
How do they assess drawing capability?
ability to copy sheets that increase in complexity
53
How do they assess cognitive and fine motor skills at 3 years old?
- build a 3 brick bridge
| - can they pass an object through the opening of the bridge?
54
What is the first sign that a baby is able to hear?
startling to loud noises
55
When do babies begin to startle to loud noises?
as a newborn
56
When does a baby begin to vocalise alone or when spoken to, coos and laughs?
3-4 months
57
When do babies begin to turn to soft sounds out of sight?
7 months
58
When do babies begin to speak?
at 7-10 months
59
How could you describe a babies first attempts at speech (7 months)?
sounds are used indiscriminately
60
How could you describe a babies babble (10 months)?
sounds are used discriminately
61
What is the basis of the hearing distraction test done at 7 months?
turning to soft sounds out of sight
62
What is polysyllabic babble?
multiple different tones
63
What does a polysyllablic babble indicated?
ability to hear, those that are HOH produce more monotone babble
64
When do babies start to speak with around 2-3 words?
12 months
65
When do babies start to speak with around 6-10 words?
18 months
66
What should babies at around 18 months be able to do in response to speech?
point to at least 2 different body parts
67
When will a baby be able to use 2 or more words to make simple phrases?
20-24 months
68
When will a baby be able to talk constantly in 3-4 word sentances?
21/2 to 3 years
69
When is a baby able to hold a spoon and get food safely to the mouth?
at around 18 months
70
When is a baby able to develop imaginative play?
18-24 weeks
71
When does a baby begin to smile in response?
6 weeks
72
When does a baby begin to put food in their mouth?
6-8 months
73
When is a baby able to wave goodbye and play peekaboo?
10-12 months
74
When is a baby able to drink from a cup with 2 hands?
12 months
75
What can prolonged bottle use cause?
- delayed speech development
| - dental cavities
76
When is a baby able to start toilet training (dry by day and pulls off some clothing)?
2 years
77
When is a baby able to partake in parallel and interactive play, and share?
21/2-3 years
78
When is a baby able to stand independently?
1 year
79
When is a baby able to walk independently?
15-18 months
80
When is a baby able to run and jump?
21/2 years
81
What are the different possible patterns of abnormal development?
- slow but steady
- plateau
- regression
82
What is the limit age for head control?
4 months
83
What is the limit age for sitting unsupported?
9 months
84
What is the limit age for standing independently?
12 months
85
What is the limit age for walking independently?
18 months
86
What indicates normal motor development of neck control?
- pushes up on arms
| - holds head up
87
What indicates abnormal motor development of neck control?
- unable to lift head
- stiff extended legs
- constant fisted head
- single stiff leg
- pushing back with head
- difficulty moving out of position
88
What indicates abnormal motor development of sitting?
- floppy trunk
- stiff arms, extended legs
- crossed legs
- flexed arms
- unable to lift head
89
What indicates abnormal motor development of pulling to stand?
- stiff legs, pointed toes
- cannot crawl
- only use one side of body to move
- unable to weight bear
90
What indicates abnormal motor development of standing independantly?
- arms stiff and bent
- excessive tiptoe gait
- sits with weight to one side
- one hand used for play
- one leg may be stiff
91
What does abnormal motor development suggest?
cerebral palsy
92
What is the limit age for fixing and following objects visually?
3 months
93
What is the limit age criteria for gross motor development?
- head control
- sitting unsupported
- standing independently
- walking independently
94
What is the limit age criteria for vision and fine motor development?
- fixes and follows visually
- reaches for objects
- transfers
- pincer grip
95
What is the limit age for reaching for objects?
6 months
96
What is the limit age for object transfers?
9 months
97
What is the limit age for pincer grip?
12 months
98
What is the limit age criteria for hearing, speech and language development?
- polysyllabic babble
- consonant babble
- saying 6 words with meaning
- joins words
- 3-word sentances
99
What is the limit age for polysyllabic babble?
7 months
100
What is the limit age for consonant babble ?
10 months
101
What is the limit age for saying 6 words with meaning?
18 months
102
What is the limit age for joining words?
2 years
103
What is the limit age for 3 word sentences?
2 1/2 years
104
What is the limit age criteria for social, emotional behaviour development?
- smiles
- fear of strangers
- feeds self/spoon
- symbolic play
- interactive play
105
What is the limit age for smiles?
8 weeks
106
What is the limit age for fear of strangers?
10 months
107
What is the limit age for feeds self/spoon?
18 months
108
What is the limit age for symbolic play?
2-2 1/2 years
109
What is the limit age for interactive play?
3-3 1/2 years
110
How does gross motor development tend to progress?
- acquisition of tone and head control
- primitive reflexes disappear
- locomotor patterns
- standing, walking, running
- hopping, jumping, peddling
111
How does vision and fine motor development tend to progress?
- visual alertness, fixing and following
- grasp reflex, hand regard
- voluntary grasping, pincer, points
- handles objects with both hands, transfers from hand to hand
- writing, cutting, dressing
112
How does hearing, speech and language development tend to progress?
- sound recognition, vocalisation
- babbling
- single words, understands simple requests
- joining words, phrases
- simple and complex conversation
113
How does social, emotional behaviour development tend to progress?
- smiling, socially responsive
- separation anxiety
- self-help skills, feeding, dressing, toileting
- peer group relationships
- symbolic play
- social/communication behaviour
114
What are the key components of the Healthy Child Programme?
- screening
- general examination and immunisation
- health education/promotion
115
What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at <12 weeks pregnancy?
- Hbopathy
- Rhesus
- infections
116
What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 12 weeks pregnancy?
US scan dating and nuchal (down syndrome)
117
What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 18-20 weeks pregnancy?
US scan detailed
118
What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at birth?
- newborn bloodspot
- hearing and physical screen
- birth visit
119
What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 2-4 weeks post birth?
10-14 day visit
120
What is involved in the health promotion aspect of the Health Child program?
- relationships
- breast feeding
- vaccination
- weaning
- injury prevention
- physical activity
- nutrition
121
What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 6-8 weeks post birth?
- physical examination
- start of immunisation
- 6-8 week review
122
What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 8-12 months post birth?
first year review
123
What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 2 years post birth?
2 year review
124
What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 3 years post birth?
end of initial immunisation program
125
What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 4-5 years post birth?
- vision
| - school entry review
126
What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 5-11 years post birth?
share information about pre-school background
127
What is involved in the health promotion aspect of the Health Child program at 5-11 years?
promoting a healthy weight
128
What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 11-16 years post birth?
- health review at school transition at 10-11 and 15-16 years
- immunisation
129
What is involved in the health promotion aspect of the Health Child program at 11-16 years?
- sexual health
| - promote a healthy weight
130
What parts of the Healthy Child program are done at 16-19 years post birth?
- share information from school with adult services
| - immunisation review
131
What is involved in the health promotion aspect of the Health Child program at 16-19 years?
- sexual health
| - encourage physical activity
132
How do you evaluate a child with abnormal development?
```
Hx:
- parental concern
- birth Hx
- family Hx
PMHx
- developmental Hx
- current skills
Examination
- developmental assessment (general and neurological)
- investigations
```
133
What is the general approach to a development assessment?
- ask
- observe
- task
134
What are the key things that need to be considered when taking a developmental assessment?
- milestones proceeding age
- expected milestones for age
- next important milestones
135
What are the factors that can cause developmental delay?
- ill health
- lack of physical/psychological stimuli
- sensory/motor impairment
- reduced inherent potential
136
What are the different types of development delay?
- global
| - specific
137
What are the different types of specific development delay?
- language
- motor
- sensory
- cognitive
138
What are the possible causes of global development delay?
- chromosomal abnormalities
- metabolic
- antenatal and perinatal factors
- environmental-social issues
- chronic illness
139
What chromosomal abnormalities can cause global development delay?
- downs syndrome
| - fragile X
140
What metabolic issues can cause global development delay?
- hypothyroidism
| - inborn errors of metabolism
141
What antenatal and perinatal factors can cause global development delay?
- infections
- drugs/toxins
- anoxia
- trauma
- folate deficiency
142
What are the possible causes of motor development delay?
- cerebral palsy
- social deprivation
- congenital hip dislocation
- muscular dystrophy (Duchenne's)
- neural tube defects (spina bifida)
- hydrocephalus
- global delay
143
What are the possible causes of language development delay?
- hearing loss
- learning disability
- autistic spectrum disorder
- lack of stimulation
- impaired comprehension of language (developmental dysphasia)
- impaired speech production (stammer, dysarthria)
144
What are the commonly used assessment tools?
- standardised tests
- schedule of growing skills (II)
- Griffith's developmental scale
- Bailey developmental scale
- Denver developmental screening tests
