Respiratory Tract Infection and Immunity Flashcards
(50 cards)
What are the symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection?
- cough
- sneezing
- runny or stuffy nose
- sore throat
- headache
What are the symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection?
- a productive cough : phlegm
- muscle aches
- wheezing
- breathlessness
- fever
- fatigue
What are the symptoms of pneumonia?
- chest pain
- blue tinting of lips
- severe fatigue
- high fever
What is Disability-adjusted Life Year?
sum of Years of Life Lost (YLL) and Years Lost to Disability (YLP)
What is the impact of age on mortality?
dramatically increases mortality once age is greater than 70 years
What is the leading cause of death in those younger of 5?
malaria, then lower respiratory infections
What are the risk factors of pneumonia?
- age (<2,>65)
- smoking
- excess alchol consumption
- poverty
- overcrowding
- contact with those <15
- inhaled corticosteroids
- immunosuppresants
- PPIs
- COPD, Asthma
- CVD
- Lung disease
- Liver disease
- diabetes
What are the different forms of pneumonia?
- community acquired pneumonia
- hospital acquired pneumonia
- ventilator associated pneumonia
What are the main causes of community acquired pneumonia?
- streptococcus pneumoniae (40-50%)
- myxoplasma pneumoniae
- staphlococcus aureus
- chlamydia pneumoniae
- haemophilus influenzae
What are the main causes of hospital acquired pneumonia?
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Klebsiella species
- E. Coli
- Acinetobacter spp.
- Enterobacter spp.
What are the main causes of ventilator associated pneumonia?
- pseudomonas aeruginosa (20%)
- staphylococcus aureus (20%)
- enterobacter
What strains present as ‘walking’ (atypical) pneumonias?
- mycoplasma pneumoniae
- chlamydia pneumoniae
- legionella pneumophilia
What are the mechanisms of damage of pneumonia?
- bronchitis
- bronchiolitis
- pneumonia
How do you grade potential bacterial pneumonia?
- using the CRB/CURB-65 scoring system
What does CRB/CURB-65 mean?
- Confusion
- Respiratory rate (>30 breaths/min)
- Blood pressure (<90 systolic and/or 60mmHg diastolic)
- 65 (>65 years or older)
In hospital, add: - Urea (7mmol/L)
What is the difference between CRB and CURB-65?
CURB-65 is used in hospital, add Urea (7mmol/L)
What are the different classifications for CRB and CURB-65?
0 - low severity (home treatment, anitbiotics)
1-2 - moderate severity (hospital referral)
3-4 - high severity (urgent admission, empirical antibiotics)
What are the treatments for bacterial pneumonia?
- supportive therapies
- antibiotics
What are the different supportive therapies are used to treat pneumonia?
- oxygen (for hypoxia)
- fluids (for dehydration)
- analgesia (for pain)
- nebulised saline (for expectoration)
- chest physiotherapy
What is the impact of the time of administration on survival rate?
the earlier the better (<8hours) after admission
Is bacterial pneumonia infectious/contagious?
- most of the bacteria is present in the oropharynx, nose, oral cavity
What is an opportunistic pathogen?
a microbe that takes advantage of a change in conditions (often immunosuppression)
What is a pathobiont?
a microbe that is normally commensal, but found in the wrong environment can cause pathology
What does cloudiness on the x-ray indicate?
fluid in the lungs
