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NMSK 2 - upper limb > posture > Flashcards

posture Flashcards

1
Q

what is posture?

A

-position or alignment of body parts

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2
Q

what is a bipedal stance?

A

locomotion by which a person moves on their 2 legs

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of posture?

A

-static
-dynamic

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4
Q

describe static posture

A

-how you hold yourself when you are not moving eg sitting, standing or sleeping
-the body segments are aligned and maintained in fixed positions

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5
Q

where is the COG in a static posture?

A

-COG is within the base of support

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6
Q

describe dynamic posture

A

-how you hold yourself when you are moving eg walking, running , throwing , lifting etc

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7
Q

what is the spine like in a newborn?

A

-spine is flexed, forming a long C curve posteriorly

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8
Q

what develops in the spine of a child when head control and standing is achieved?

A

-head control causes the counter curve cervical spine
-‘secondary curvatures’
-standing - second counter curve in the lumbar spine

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9
Q

what are the curves of the spine?

A

-cervical - convex forward - ‘lordosis’
-thoracic - convex posteriorly - ‘kyphosis’
- lumbar - convex forward - ‘lordosis’
-sacral - convex posteriorly

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10
Q

what is the good / ideal posture?

A

-body’s alignment is balanced so that stress applied to the body segments is minimal
-shouldn’t take much energy / effort at all
-posture should be painless

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11
Q

what is poor posture?

A

bodys alignment is out of balance causing exaggerated stress to various body segments

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12
Q

describe a balanced upright posture in terms of muscle activity in the head and trunk

A

-head - anterior atlanto - occipital joint - a little bit of flexion, so the posterior cervical muscles contract to hold it
-trunk - curves are balanced

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13
Q

describe balanced posture in an upright position in the hip

A

-hip -posterior movement
-iliposoas will contract to bring forward a bit
-iliofemoral ligaments provide stability
-if there is anterior movement - the hip extensors contract

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14
Q

describe the movements of the knee joint in balanced upright posture

A

– knee in extension
-stability from ACL
-no muscle support required

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15
Q

what muscle provides stability to the ankle joint in a balanced upright posture?

A

the soleus muscle

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16
Q

what would analysis of posture in a standing position involve?

A

-subject must be barefoot
-looking at three dimensions - anterior, posterior and lateral
-compare alignment of body parts with an imaginary vertical line
-using the posterior check lkist

17
Q

what are you looking at in an anterior view / assessment of posture?

A

-head alignment
-shoulders
-pelvis
-ASIS
-feet
-patellae
-2 sides of the body must be symmetrical
-little or no muscle activity is required

18
Q

what would you be looking at in a postural assessment of a patient from a lateral view?

A

-head alignment
-shoulders
-thoracic spine
-lumbar spine
-pelvis
-hip position
-knee position

19
Q

what should you be looking for during a postural assessment of a patient from a posterior view?

A

-head alignment
-acromion processes
-looking at the thoracic spine
-looking at the lumbar spine
-looking at the iliac crests
-looking at the sacro-iliac joint - dimples
-looking at the knee creases
-feet - pronation ? etc

20
Q

what is the ideal sitting position?

A

-feet flat on ground
-hips & knees 90 degrees flexed
-arms should be able to rest on arm rest / table etc
-sitting on ischial tuberosities

21
Q

why would you need to assess someone lying down?

A

-if someones sleep is affected - seeing how they lie down
-neurological patients
-people who are bed bound
-someone post surgery

22
Q

what would you be looking out for during analysis of posture in a lying position?

A
  • -comfort & relaxation
    -neutral alignment of head and spine
    -does the body adapt to the surface ie do they relax on it?
23
Q

what factors can affect posture?

A
  1. genetic / hereditary - gender, body type, congenital defects etc
  2. environmental -the matters, bed , chair , footwear, occupation etc
  3. physiological - age , growth, pregnancy, auditory / visual function
  4. disease - eg MSK, neurological , vestibular diseases
24
Q

at what age do arches in the feet develop?

A

until approx 6 years of age

25
Q

what is a swayback posture?

A

-forward head
-increase in posterior tilt of the pelvis & the trunk (thoracic kyphosis)
-hamstrings are shortened and tight and iliopsoas are lengthened

26
Q

what is a kypholordotic posture?

A

-rounded part of upper back
-increase in lumbar lordosis
-increase in thoracic kyphosis
-knees hyperextended

27
Q

what is a flatback posture?

A

-lumbar spine is flat
-decrease in thoracic kyphosis
-flat upper back

28
Q

what is scoliosis?

A

lateral curvature of the spine

29
Q

what are the 2 types if scoliosis?

A

-idiopathic - 80%- cannot be straightened on bending forwards
-postural - disappears on bending forwards

30
Q

how are scoliosis curves named?

A

named by the direction of the convexity and in location

31
Q

what can be seen in posture with relation to the knees?

A

-genu valgum
-genu varum

32
Q

what does valgus mean?

A

-lateral deviation in the frontal plane - eversion or abduction
- angling knees of knees towards each other

33
Q

what does varum mean?

A

-medial deviation in the frontal place - inversion or adduction
-bowling of the knees outwards

34
Q

what is pes planus?

A

-referred to as ‘flat feet’
-loss of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot
-weight bearing on navicular bone

35
Q

what is pes cavus?

A

-a foot with abnormally high plantar longitudinal arch
-people who have this condition may place too much weight on the ball or heel of the foot when walking

36
Q

what is hammer toe?

A

-curled due to a bend in the middle joint of the toe.
-may be caused by shoes that dont fit the foot well

37
Q

what are the implications of poor posture?

A

-changes in 1 segment will cause changes in others
-changes in normal alignment - increase force per unit area
-muscles could be in an elongated , shortened , weakened
-ligaments - elongated, more lax etc

38
Q

what are the effects of incorrect posture?

A

-increased tension of soft tissue which may lead to pain
-prolonged low grade stretch
-compression
-increased chance of injury

39
Q

what are the general management guidelines of managing posture for physios?

A

-making the patient aware of their incorrect posture in a gentle way
-relief of pain
-stretching programme for weak structures
-increase ROM
-education
-increased strength and muscle balance

NMSK 2 - upper limb (16 decks)

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