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Poultry Rotation MSU > Poultry Industry & Chicken Virus > Flashcards

Poultry Industry & Chicken Virus Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the light (egg type) breeds

A

Single comb white leghorn

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2
Q

What are the heavy (meat type) breeds

A

Cornish male and white rock female

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3
Q

What are the dual purpose backyard breeds?

A

Rhode Island Red, Barred Plymouth Rock, White Plymouth Rock, New Hampshire

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4
Q

How would you sex chickens by the feathers?

A

Long primary feather = female

Short primary feather = male

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5
Q

Pullets raised in pullet houses until ____ weeks of age, and they begin laying at ___ weeks of age

A

16 weeks old, moved to layer house, 17-18 weeks begin laying

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6
Q

White leghorns produce _____ eggs/hen/year ingesting ___ feed/dozen eggs

A

220-240 eggs/hen/year

2.9 lb of feed/dozen eggs

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7
Q

Brown egg layers produce ____ eggs/hen/year ingesting ___ feed/dozen eggs

A

187 eggs/year

3.3 lb of feed/dozen

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8
Q

What is the humane way to put your chicken flock through a molt?

A

Decrease the day length and give high fiber feed

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9
Q

Goal is a 4lb male broiler chicken. How long does it take to achieve this?

A

6 weeks old with a feed efficiency of 1.7:1

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10
Q

What are the top two reasons for a chicken to be condemned at slaughter?

A

Sep/Tox and Airsacculitis

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11
Q

What are the two biggest disease concerns in the duck industry?

A

Riemerella (Pasteurella) anatipestifer

E. coli septicemia

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12
Q

What are your top two differentials for splenomegaly in chickens?

A 
#1 – Erysipelas
#2 – Adenovirus II (HE of turkeys)
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13
Q

Name the 4 diseases associated with Aviadenovirus (group I adenovirus)

A

Quail bronchitis
Inclusion Body Hepatitis (chickens)
CELO Chicken Embryo Lethal Orphan
Serogroup I Adenovirus of Turkeys

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14
Q

You are given a dead quail to necropsy. The bird is less than 8 weeks of age. It has intranuclear inclusion bodies within the tracheal epithelium, as well as karyomegaly. What is your top differential?

A

Quail Bronchitis
Aviadenovirus
<8 weeks old

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15
Q

What is very important to remember about Inclusion Body Hepatitis for the exam?

A

“Egg Transmission” or Vertical Transmission

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16
Q

You are presented with 7 week old chickens that are suffering respiratory problems followed by death. Some are showing a hemorrhagic syndrome with aplastic anemia. There is a 10% drop in egg production. What disease are you most suspicious of?

A

Inclusion body hepatitis! Aviadenovirus
3-15 wk old chickens
Secondary to immunosuppression

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17
Q

Describe the Avian Encephalomyelitis virus

A

Aka AE aka Epidemic Tremor
Picornavirus,
Non-enveloped, ssRNA

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18
Q

You are presented with young chickens under 3 weeks of age showing muscle tremors of the head and neck, ataxia, and paralysis. On necropsy, you notice the birds have cataracts, as well as white areas in the muscular layers of the proventriculus, ventriculus, heart and pancreas. What is your top differential?

A

AE! Avian Encephalomyelitis! Epidemic Tremor!

Tremors + cataracts = AE

Also diagnostic: brown central chromatolysis in brain (remember Newcastle has peripheral chromatolysis)

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19
Q

On a slide from a brain sample from a chicken, you notice brown central chromatolysis. What is your diagnosis?

A

AE
Avian Encephalomyelitis
Epidemic Tremor

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20
Q

Describe the prevention/ vaccination process for AE

A

All breeders & laying hens
Prime with MLV and then wing web injection with pox at 8-10 weeks
Water vaccination probably best
Vaccinate layer pullets 4+ weeks prior to moving to layer house

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21
Q

What is the Flu D ELISA?

A

It’s like a pregnancy test for AI
Acute infection only

Remember IgG’s more efficient with ELISA
IgM more efficient with hemagglutination inhibition / AGID

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22
Q

Describe the AI virus

A

Orthomyxovirus, Type A

Enveloped, ssRNA

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23
Q

Name the two types of genetic mutation changes

A

Genetic Drift- gradual shift driven by vaccine pressure

Genetic Shift- overnight change in antigenic structure

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24
Q

A flock has a mass die-out overnight. On necropsy there were cyanotic combs, facial edema, comb blisters, blood in the trachea, esophagus, proventriculous and cecal tonsils. There were hemorrhages on the heart and small intestines. There was a fibrinous airsacculitis present. What is your top differential?

A

High Path AI

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25
You are presented with a bird that has an irregular iris. What is your first differential?
Marek’s Disease (herpesvirus) | Lymphocytic plasmocytic iridiocyclitis
26
You are presented with a chicken with cataracts. What is your top differential?
Avian Encephalomyelitis
27
You are presented with a chicken with a cloudy cornea. What do you suspect is going on?
High concentration of ammonia in the barn.
28
If you are presented with an emaciated chicken, there are a number of possible causes, but what are your most common?
Marek’s disease and TB (mycobacterium avium)
29
Describe the Marek’s Disease virus
Aka Range paralysis aka neural lymphomatosis aka skin leucosis Cell-associated herpes virus (subfam Alphaherpesvirnae, genus mardivirus) Enveloped dsDNA
30
Name the three forms of Marek’s disease seen in poultry and their associated signs.
Nervous form: paralysis, dropped leg or wing, twisted neck Skin form: enlarged feather follicles “skin leucosis”. Shed in dander! Tumors: white masses on any internal organ
31
What would you see on histopathology of Marek’s Disease
Lymphocytic cuffing of blood vessels in brain
32
What two diseases cause caseous cecal plugs
Salmonella and Eimeria tenella
33
Compare Avian Leukosis to Marek’s Disease
Marek’s invades the Bursa and is a T cell lymphoma | AL is a B cell lymphoma
34
If you see a chicken with osteopetrosis or looks like Pop-Eye with swollen legs, what is your top differential?
Avian Leukosis Infected periosteum This is a disease of chickens over 14 weeks of age
35
What are the common presentations of Avian Leukosis
Lymphoid Leukosis “LL” most common | Also, erythroblastosis, myeloblastosis, myelocytomatosis (pale cells in liver), osteopetrosis
36
Describe the Avian Leukosis / Sarcoma Complex
Alpharetrovirus, 6 serotypes (ABCDE & J) | Enveloped, ssRNA
37
What is the most common finding in birds with Avian Leukosis
Tumors, often associated with bursal tumors and liver. Adult birds shouldn’t have bursas
38
Describe the Chicken Infectious Anemia virus
CIA aka Blue Wing Gyrovirus of Circoviridae Non-enveloped, ss circular DNA
39
You necropsy chickens from a flock experiencing increased mortality. The live birds are quite pale. On necropsy, there is fatty yellow bone marrow and hemorrhages under the skin and muscle. What is your top differential?
CIA Chicken Infectious Anemia Circoviridae
40
What cells does Chicken Infectious Anemia attack?
CIA kills T cells
41
Describe the Fowl Pox virus
Avipoxvirus of Poxviridae | Enveloped, dsDNA
42
What is the difference between the wet and dry form of Fowl Pox
Dry (cutaneous) form in crusts and scabs on skin (NOT feathers). Less problematic, decreased production parameter Wet (diphtheritic) form in the mucous membranes of mouth and eye. There is increased mortality and difficulty breathing with this form
43
You find white to yellow masses and plaques on the eyelid, mouth and trachea. They are polypoid blocking masses. What is your top differential?
Fowl Pox! +/- Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT **ILT needs break in skin. Pox makes the break, ILT enters**
44
Describe the Infectious Bronchitis virus
IB (NOT IBD) Coronavirus (different from turkey corona) Enveloped, ssRNA Only causes disease in chickens
45
You are presented with a young flock of chickens who present with snick, cough and respiratory rales. On necropsy, hyperemia and mucus were found in the caudal 1/3 of the trachea, as well as enlarged pale kidneys with uroliths. What is your top differential?
Infectious bronchitis “IB” Coronavirus Enveloped ssRNA
46
You are presented with adult layer hens who have decreased egg production with misshapen, wrinkled eggs that have runny, thin albumen. What is your top differential
Infectious bronchitis IB Coronavirus Enveloped ssRNA
47
Describe the Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) virus
IBD aka Gumboro aka Delaware disease Avibirnavirus of Birnaviridae Non-enveloped dsRNA 2 serotypes, only Type 1 is pathogenic
48
Describe what you see in a chicken <3 weeks old with IBD
Subclinical (no signs) Immunosuppression with poor response to vaccination May develop gangrenous dermatitis, inclusion body hepatitis and E. coli
49
Describe what you see in a chicken >3 weeks old with IBD
Clinically sick birds, diarrhea, vent picking. High morbidity, lower mortality.
50
You necropsy a bird with an enlarged Bursa of Fabricius. Other birds in the flock have Bursas that are gelatinous, hemorrhagic or shrunken. There is hemorrhage in muscles and the bird has swollen pale kidneys. What is your top differential?
IBD! Infectious Bursal Disease | aka Gumboro aka Delaware disease.
51
Describe the Infectious Laryngotracheitis virus
ILT aka LT Gallid herpesvirus 1 Enveloped, dsDNA Usually affected birds >4wks
52
A farmer contacts you because his flock of layer hens has an increased mortality rate and has stopped producing eggs. The live birds are showing conjunctivitis, cough, head shaking, blood on external nares, pump handle breathing and abnormal screaming vocalization. What is your top differential?
ILT | Infectious Laryngotracheitis
53
You necropsy a chicken from a flock with increased mortality and ceased egg production. You find conjunctivitis, blood on the nares, mouth, feathers and the cranial 1/2 of the trachea. There is some blood, mucus and fibrin in the larynx and trachea. There are intranuclear inclusion bodies on microscopy. What will you tell the farmer?
This is ILT, a herpesvirus. This is one disease that you can vaccinate for during an outbreak! But no treatment. Inclusions are there 12hr - 5 days post infection only Reportable disease!!!
54
What is important to remember about the ILT vaccine?
Due to vaccine virus recrudescence, it is only practiced on farms with a previous diagnosis. Depending on the state, it may not be allowed. This is administered via eye drop, water or spray
55
How is the Pox vectored vaccine administered?
In the wing web. It does not contain the entire virus
56
How is the Marek's disease vectored ILT vaccine administered?
SQ. Meat type chickens - day 1, 3 wks. Egg type: 6-10wks with booster after 10 wks
57
What is an important difference between AI, Newcastle and ILT
ILT - fibrin, blood clots and frank blood in trachea | AI & Newcastle- will also have blood in esophagus and other organs
58
Describe Newcastle Disease virus
aka Avian pneumoencephalitis Avulavirus of paramyxovirus type 1 (in chickens) (type 2,3,6 in turkeys) Enveloped ssRNA
59
What are the three different pathogenic types of Newcastle Disease and how do they affect young chickens?
LMV Lentogenic: mildly pathogenic (B-1, LaSota) Mesogenic : marked respiratory disease, neck paralysis with >50% death Velogenic: same as meso but faster and 50-100% death
60
What are the 3 different pathogenic types of Newcastle disease and how do they affect adult chickens?
LMV Lentogenic: mild to no respiratory disease, drop in egg production or soft/deformed eggs Mesogenic: depression, respiratory signs, some CNS signs, ceased egg production
61
What are the different gross lesions seen with each pathogenic type of Newcastle Disease
Lento & mesogenic: reddening of entire length of trachea, conjunctivitis, airsacculitis Velogenic: Hemorrhages of trachea, esophagus, proventriculus, ventriculus, intestine & cecal tonsils
62
Describe the vaccination schedule for Newcastle Disease in broilers, egg-type and turkeys.
Broilers: 1d, booster every 2-3 wks Egg-type: 3wks (combo with IBV), booster every 2-3 wks Turkeys: 3 & 6 wks
63
Describe the Viral Arthritis virus
aka Tenosynovitis aka ruptured gastroc tendon aka reovirus infection Reovirus (Resp Enteric Orphan virus) Nonenveloped, dsRNA
64
Which birds are most affected by Viral arthritis?
Primarily broiler chickens, some egg-type and turkeys in Midwest Chickens are resistant to infection >2wks old
65
Which diseases can be egg transmitted?
Reovirus Aviadenovirus (inclusion body hepatitis) Avian Encephalomyelitis CIA
66
You are presented with chickens that are showing lameness and swollen hocks. Some are unable to bear weight. There is non-uniformity in the flock with many stunted birds. What is your top differential
Viral Arthritis (reovirus)
67
You are necropsying a chicken and find swelling, edema, hemorrhage and discoloration of the tendons and tendon sheath of the hock joint. There is some scarring present. What is your top differential?
Viral Arthritis (reovirus) Rule out bacterial infection
68
Describe the duck viral enteritis virus
Herpesvirus (of alphaherpes) | Enveloped dsDNA
69
There is a massive die out of wild waterfowl in the area. There is evidence of bloody diarrhea and a prolapsed phallus. On necropsy, you find ulcers in the esophagus, hemorrhages on the heart and intestinal lymphoid structures, as well as bloody intestinal contents. What is your top differential?
Duck Viral Enteritis Remember ducks don't show disease from HPAI, are just carriers. Look for eosinophilic inclusion bodies on histopath Maple Leaf Farm makes its own vaccine for this
70
What are the 3 explosive hemorrhagic diseases?
AI Velogenic Newcastle Duck Viral Enteritis
71
Describe the Duck Viral Hepatitis virus
DHV 1 : picornavirus DHV 2: astrovirus in England DHV 3: picornavirus, in US, lower mortality than 1 DHepB Virus, hepadnavirus, wild & domestic ducks in US, no disease or lesions
72
You are presented with a duck for necropsy. It is 1 week old and is one of many ducklings that died. It is exhibiting opisthotonus. There is hemorrhage in the liver on necropsy. What is your top differential given the signalment and signs?
Duck Viral Hepatitis
73
You are presented with broiler chickens who have swollen faces, are depressed and disoriented with twisted necks. Birds who have died show enlarged pale kidneys. What are you suspicious of?
Swollen Head Syndrome metapneumovirus (thought same as TVRT) Transovarial transmission suspected
74
If you suspect an arboviral disease outbreak, what should the farmer do?
EEE, WEE, St. Louis EE | frequent removal and disposal of dead birds is very important to prevent spread within a flock

Poultry Rotation MSU (4 decks)

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