Turkey Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
Tom turkeys are raised to ____ lbs at ____ weeks of age for _____ meat
A
38-40 lbs at 18 weeks old for luncheon meat
2
Q
Hen turkeys are raised to ____ lbs at ____ weeks of age
A
15 lbs at 14 weeks
3
Q
Turkey poults are kept in brooder barns until ____ weeks of age, and then moved to grow out barns.
A
4-5 weeks of age
4
Q
Which six diseases are commonly found in brooder barns?
A
Rotaviral enteritis Turkey viral hepatitis Bordetellosis "Turkey Coryza" Coccidiosis Cryptosporidiosis Mycoplasma gallisepticum
5
Q
Which 5 diseases are commonly found in grow out barns?
A
"HE" - Hemorragic Enteritis Bordetellosis "Turkey Coryza" Fowl cholera (Pasturella multocida) "ORT" Ornithobacterium rhinotracheala Aspergillosis
6
Q
Hemorrhagic Enteritis of Turkeys “HE” (Adenovirus serogroup II) is a(n):
Enveloped/Non-enveloped
Single/Double stranded
DNA/RNA virus
A
Non-enveloped, double stranded DNA
“HE, NE, dsDNA”
7
Q
HE typically affects what age turkeys
A
4-12 week old
8
Q
What are the clinical signs of HE
A
Increase in mortality
+/- increase in E. coli infections
Bloody droppings
9
Q
What are the gross lesions of HE
A
Mucus, blood +/- fibrin in duodenum & proximal jejunum Enlarged spleen (smaller than Erysipelas) Hemorrhage of internal organs
10
Q
What tests are used to diagnose HE
A
Histopathology of spleen & intestine
AGID of non-vax birds
Reverse AGID (Ag detection)
Virus isolation
11
Q
What is the treatment for HE in turkeys
A
No treatment
Broad spectrum antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections (E. coli)
PREVENTION!
Vaccinate at 4 wks, biosecurity
12
Q
Is HE a reportable disease?
A
NO
13
Q
Is Newcastle Disease reportable?
A
Yes! All types
14
Q
Describe the Newcastle disease virus in turkeys
A
Maramyxovirus 1 (in Michigan) 2,3 &6 Enveloped, ssRNA
15
Q
Describe the three pathogenic types of Newcastle disease
A
“LMV”
Lentogenic: Less pathogenic (B-1, LaSota)
Mesogenic: Moderately pathogenic
Velogenic: Very pathogenic “GB” = Exotic Newcastle
16
Q
Which strain of Newcastle is aka Exotic Newcastle
A
Velogenic
17
Q
How do you diagnose Newcastle disease
A
Definitive:
Virus isolation (with pathotyping)
RT-PCR
Supportive:
- Histopathology supports diagnosis = “peripheral chromatolysis” (dissolution of Nissl bodies in axons)
- ELISA titers (but would need to test same birds weeks apart)
18
Q
What are the clinical signs of Lentogenic and mesogenic strains of Newcastle in turkeys?
A
Mild respiratory disease
Decreased egg production in breeder hens
19
Q
What are the clinical signs of velogenic Newcastle disease in turkeys?
A
High mortality
Respiratory & nervous signs, rattling breathing and paralysis of neck
20
Q
What are the gross lesions of lentogenic and mesogenic Newcastle in Turkeys?
A
Reddening of entire length of trachea (like HPAI)
Conjunctivitis
Airsacculitis
21
Q
What are the gross lesions of velogenic Newcastle disease in turkeys?
A
Hemmorhages in trachea, esophagus, proventriculus, ventriculus, intestine, cecal tonsils (again, looks like AI)
22
Q
Describe the vaccination process for Newcastle disease in turkeys
A
Given at 3 wks and 6 wks
Mass vaccination with colored spray or in water
Modified live, killed and pox-vectored vax available
23
Q
Fun Facts about Newcastle Disease
A
Exotic Newcastle seen in California fighting cocks
Capable of causing a human conjunctivitis
24
Q
What is another name for Newcastle Disease
A
Ranikhet disease
25
When should a pox vaccine be given to turkeys to avoid a rolling vaccine response?
6 weeks, avoids respiratory signs
26
Describe the Avian Influenza virus
Orthomyxovirus
Enveloped, ssRNA
Nonpath, low-path and high-path strains
27
How are different strains described? (H _ N_)
```
Hemagglutinin antigen (H) 1-16
Neuraminidase antigen (N) 1-9
```
28
What are the clinical signs of AI (high path vs. low path)
High Path: dead birds
Other path: respiratory signs, nervous signs, diarrhea, drop in egg production
Cyanotic combs, facial edema, comb blisters
29
What are the gross lesions of AI
Cyanotic combs, facial edema, comb blisters
Blood in trachea, esophagus, proventriculus, cecal tonsils
Hemorrhage on heart and small intestines
Fibrinous airsacculitis
30
How does one diagnose AI
AGID serology
Virus isolation with pathogenicity
Rapid, color change antigen capture ELISA
PCR to detect H5 & H7
31
What is the generally accepted treatment for AI
None, quarantine and eradication
32
How can a turkey producer prevent future AI outbreaks?
```
Quarantine new birds
Do not raise turkeys outside on a range
Don't let wild ducks mingle
BIOSECURITY
No vaccination for US
```
33
Extra AI Tidbits:
May cause conjunctivitis in humans
H1N1 infects birds, pigs, horses, humans
H3N2 recent turkey egg production problem
34
Is AI reportable?
Yes! Report it! So they can come kill all your birds
35
Describe the Rotaviral Enteritis virus in turkeys
Rotavirus of Reovirus family
| Non-enveloped, dsRNA
36
What are the clinical signs and gross lesions of Rotaviral Enteritis in turkeys?
```
Similar to coronavirus:
Frothy diarrhea, darkened skin of head & neck
Anorexia, weight loss, huddling
Mortality, though lower than coronavirus
Flock uniformity not affected
```
37
How do you diagnose rotaviral enteritis of turkeys?
EM of feces with clinical signs
38
How do you treat for rotaviral enteritis in turkeys?
No treatment or vaccination available
Very hardy in environment and resistant to disinfectants
Farmers use gracilic acid + diesel fuel as disinfectant in past
39
What are the clinical signs of Turkey Viral Rhinotracheitis?
Snicks (small sneezes), respiratory rales, frothy conjunctival exudate, swollen infraorbital sinuses and lower jaw (punk rock turkey/chicken)
High morbidity, varying mortality
40
What is the "Achilles heel" of turkeys?
Infraorbital sinuses
41
How do you diagnose Turkey Viral Rhinotracheitis?
ELISA, virus isolation
42
How do you prevent turkey viral rhinotracheitis?
MLV and killed vaccines, controlled exposure (like chicken pox, let the young get it and get over it)
43
Describe the Turkey Viral Hepatitis virus
Picornavirus
| Non-enveloped, ssRNA
44
What age are turkeys susceptible to Viral Hepatitis?
Less than 5 weeks of age
45
Describe the clinical signs of Turkey viral hepatitis
Often subclinical
Occasional sudden death
Morbidity up to 100%, mortality up to 25%
46
What are the gross lesions of Turkey Viral Hepatitis
White pinpoint spots on liver and pancreas
| Granulomatous hepatitis, almost pathogneumonic lesion
47
Describe the Avian Encephalomyelitis virus
AKA AE or Epidemic Tremor
Enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family
Non-enveloped, ssRNA
48
What are the clinical signs of Avian encephalomyelitis of turkeys?
<3 weeks of age
| Fine muscular temors of head & neck, ataxia, paralysis
49
Name the gross lesions of Avian encephalomyelitis
White areas in the muscle layer of proventriculus, ventriculus, heart and pancreas
50
Describe the coronaviral enteritis of turkeys
aka "Transmissible enteritis of turkeys" and "Blue Comb"
| Enveloped ssRNA
51
If you were presented with turkeys that had frothy diarrhea, darkened skin of the head and neck, anorexia, weight loss and huddling, what are your top two differentials?
Coronaviral Enteritis
and
Rotaviral Enteritis
52
You are performing necropsies on mortality from a turkey farm and find that the carcasses are dehydrated, they appear dark and have urate in the kidneys, as well as mucus, foam +/- casts in the small intestine. What do you suspect?
Coronaviral Enteritis of Turkeys
53
What are the two types of pox viral infection in turkeys
Dry (cutaneous) form - skin
| Wet (diphtheric) form - mucous membranes
54
You are presented with a turkey that has dry scabs and crusts on the skin (not feathers), with white-yellow masses and plaques on the eyelid, mouth and trachea. What is your top differential
Fowl Pox - dry form
55
What is the prevention process for Fowl Pox
MLV vaccination given in turkey's legs
| Check birds for scabs / "takes" 8-10 days post vacation. You want 95% takes
56
You are presented with turkeys from a flock with increased mortality. The turkeys present with white masses on internal organs. They appear as lymphomas or reticulum cell neoplasia on histopathology. What are your top differentials?
Reticuloendotheliosis (Mammalian C-type retrovirus)
Lymphoproliferative disease of Turkeys
57
Name the three types of Arboviral diseases turkeys are susceptible to
Eastern (EEE), Western (WEE), St. Louis Equine Encephalitis virus
58
You are presented with a flock of turkeys experiencing a decrease in egg production, and live birds are showing stupor, inability to walk, followed by death. What is your top differential?
Arbovirus!
| EEE/WEE/St Louis EE
59
Name the 4 most common diseases caused by Salmonella species in turkeys. Which is the most prevalent
Arizonosis (MOST COMMON)
Typhoid
Pullorum disease
Paratyphoid
60
You are presented with a flock of young turkeys with increased mortality. You observe twisted necks, enlarged swollen eyes and/or blindness in the live animals. On necropsy, they have white masses in the liver and spleen, and hyphema (pus in anterior chamber).
What is your top differential?
How would you diagnose and treat this
Salmonella arizonae "Arizonosis!"
Culture!
Tx: gentamicin, tetracyclines, sulfas
61
What steps are taken to prevent against Arizonosis in turkeys?
Poult inoculation with gentamicin at hatchery
| Eggs dipped in antibiotic solution - hotter temperature than eggs so air cell expands
62
You are presented with a flock of turkeys under 6 weeks of age that are exhibiting nasal discharge, raccoon eyes and sneezing or snicking. What is your top differential?
Bordetellosis or Turkey Coryza! (B. avium)
| Often infected from drinking water - chlorinate it!
63
What diagnostic tests would confirm turkey coryza?
Turkey Coryza / B. avium / Bordetellosis
Histopathology
Culture & ID
Rise in ELISA titre
64
You are examining a slide of a turkey trachea and notice a loss of cilia and colonization of the cilia clumps by bacteria with a basophilia on the "fringe". What is your top differential?
Turkey Coryza
Bordetellosis
B. avium
65
What is the process generally used to prevent Turkey Coryza
Chlorinate drinking water (3-5 ppm)
Vaccinate at hatchery plus booster at 3 weeks
Note: litter infective for 6 months
66
A flock of turkeys presents due to a rise in mortality. The live turkeys are showing a reluctance to move, oral / nasal discharge, mucoid diarrhea and cyanotic heads with swollen sinuses, wattles and eyes. On necropsy, you observe an enlarged liver and spleen, hemorrhages on the heart, fibrin in body cavities and lungs, as well as egg contents free in the body cavity. There are pinpoint areas of necrosis as well as a fibrinous pleuropneumonia. Name the top 3 differentials.
Fowl Cholera/ Pasturellosis (P. multocida) YES bipolar staining, look like dumbbells
Erysipelas (G+) - spleen really big
E. coli (G-) NO Bipolar staining
Also consider ORT
67
What form of Cholera do turkeys and waterfowl tend to suffer from, versus chickens?
Turkeys & waterfowl: acute septicemia
| Chickens - chronic form
68
What is the accepted treatment for Fowl Cholera in turkeys?
Potentiated sulfas are drug of choice "Relfenate"
| Sulfonamids, tetracycline in drinking water
69
How would you tell your farmer to prevent against Fowl Cholera?
Vaccinate with specific serotype
| NO CATS or RODENTS/Wildlife
70
You are called to a turkey farm experiencing a sharp rise in mortality, lameness, and scattered patches of dark discolored skin - especially around the tail head. Some of the wings appear blue. What is your top differential?
Gangrenous dermatitis
"Scabby Hip"
"Blue Wing"
Typically in immunosuppressed flocks (especially with HE)
71
What is the prevention and treatment typically used for a turkey flock with gangrenous dermatitis?
Penicillin and erythromycin
Proper sanitation, adequate vaccination for HE, SALT THE LITTER
72
You receive a turkey to necropsy from a flock with increased mortality. The live affected birds are showing gasping and blood in the mouth. On necropsy you find firm fibrinous lungs with fibrinous arsacculitis. What are your top two differentials
ORT Ornithobacterium rhinotracheala (G-)
Pasteurella multocida (Fowl Cholera)
Must culture to differentiate.
73
How would you treat a flock for ORT?
Tetracycline, potentiated sulfa drugs
74
Which serotypes of E. coli cause disease outbreak in turkeys
O1, O2, O78
75
What syndromes can be noted in turkeys suffering colibacillosis? How is it treated?
```
Any or all of the below:
Airsacculitis
Omphalitis (umbilicus)
Septicemia
Cellulitis
Osteomyelitis
```
Treat with sulfa drugs!
76
Name the 4 types of mycoplasmosis in turkeys
"GISM"
M. gallisepticum (Ckn, Turk)
M. iowae (Turkeys primarily)
M. synoviae (Ckn, turk)
M. meleagridis (Turk)
77
A turkey presents with swollen infraorbital sinuses filled with mucoid material and fibrinous airsacculitis. What is your top differential? How would you treat for that disease
MG! Infectious sinusitis!
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Treat with tylosin for 2 wks, followed by tetracycline for 2 wks
78
How do you culture out Mycoplasma gallisepticum for diagnosis?
Initial streak on Frye's media, then liquid media with a change in pH, PCR out of the liquid media.
Eliminate the infected breeding stock.
79
What disease is a major concern when raising chickens and turkeys together?
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
80
You are presented with turkeys for necropsy from a flock suffering increased late mortality in hatchlings. On necropsy, you observe air sacculitis.
Mycoplasma meleagridis.
Treat with tylosin followed by tetracyclines
81
You are presented with a flock of turkeys exhibiting lameness. The turkeys who have died have swollen hocks with thin joint fluid. What disease are you suspicious of?
Mycoplasma synoviae
Think synovial fluid
82
You receive turkeys at the slaughter facility with osteomyelitis. Some of the live are lame and hanging out at the perimeter of the barn. Some have not shown any signs but have osteomyelitis at slaughter. What do you suspect?
Mycoplasma iowae.
Sometimes twisted necks
Can drop leg at slaughter & keep rest of carcass
Soemtimes liquefactive necrosis of the bone
83
When you see a green liver in a turkey on necropsy what process does that indicate?
Green liver = biostasis = anorexia
84
You are inspecting a flock of turkeys who have had a dramatic increase in tom turkey deaths, who are reluctant to move before death and have swollen snoods! What are you suspicious of?
Erysipelas
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Swollen/droopy snood = Erysipelas!
85
What gross lesions would you expect in a tom turkey that died with a swollen droopy snood?
This is erysipelas!
Greatly enlarged spleen!!
Petechia & ecchymosis of myocardium
Suppurative arthritis
86
If you find a spleen the size of the turkey's heart, what are you suspicious of?
Erysipelas!
| Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
87
If a turkey presents with conjunctivitis, respiratory distress and is excreting yellow-green gelatinous feces, what is your top differential?
Ornithosis (Chlamydiosis)
| Chlamydophila psittaci
88
You necropsy a turkey with fibrinous polyserositis with pleuritis and airsacculitis, with some peri/epicarditis. On histopathology, there is light granular basophilia with necrosis spread out on the sample. What disease are you suspicious of?
Ornithosis (Chlamydiosis)
Chlamydophila psittaci
Extra: Giemsa stain shows dark blue. Diff quick stain shows small granules
89
You necropsy a turkey who has granulomas in the lungs and fungal plaques/mat in the syrinx and air sacs. It looks like pieces of rice in the lungs. What is your top differential?
Aspergillosis
Very common!
90
On histopathology, you use silver stain and see hyphae with 45 degree dichotomous branching. What does this indicate?
Aspergillosis
91
All coccidia that infect poultry are from the ______ genus
Eimeria!
No cross infection between chicken and turkeys
92
A sick flock you are examining presents with diarrhea, some bloody, and vent picking. What disease is of most concern?
Coccidiosis!
93
Name the three types of Eimeria and what part of the GI tract they inhabit most
E. meleagrimitis - jejunum
E. gallopavonis - ileum
E. adenoides - cecum
M-J
G-I
A-C
94
What drugs are used to treat coccidiosis
Sulfas or amprolium in water
95
What does the shuttle system refer to?
Coccidiostats are changed periodically throughout the year to prevent resistance. Starter vs. Grower ration. Spring vs. fall
96
What is the etiology for “blackhead”?
Histomonas meleagridis
Aka Histomoniasis
Aka Infectious enterohepatitis.
This is a parasitic protozoan
97
Describe the life cycle of Histomonas meleagridis
This protozoan is transmitted by the parasitic cecal nematode, Heterakis gallinarum. Bird ingests the Heterakis ova containing Histomonas trophozoies, or earthworms which carry Histomonas cysts.
98
Describe the gross lesions of a turkey affected by Histomoniasis
Cyanosis of the head (Blackhead)
Target-shaped lesions on liver!!! Pathognomonic
Enlarged & necrotic ceca
99
You are necropsying a turkey from a flock suffering high mortality, and find large white round necrotic foci on the liver. They look like targets. What is your top differential?
Histomoniasis!
Black head
Histomonas meleagridis
100
Name the two species of Cryptosporidium that infect turkeys, and which part of the body do they infect respectively?
C. Baileyi – Chicken, turkey duck.
Bursa of Fabricius, cloaca, respiratory tract
C. meleagridis – chicken, turkey
Small intestine
101
You are presented with a flock of turkeys that ain’t doin right. They have ocular and respiratory discharge, but no other definitive signs. On necropsy there are no gross lesions. What tests should you perform and what disease are you suspicious of?
Cryptosporidiosis. Try histopathology and fecal flotation
102
Name five non-infectious disease related syndromes in turkeys:
```
“DIRRE”
Dehydration
Impaction
Round Heart Syndrome
Rickets
Encephalomalacia
```
103
Describe the Turkey Viral Rhinotracheitis virus
TVRT
Metapneumovirus in paramyxo family
ssRNA
Serotypes A, B, C (in US), D
104
You are presented with a sick flock of turkeys. They are exhibiting snicks, respiratory rales, frothy conjunctival exudate, swollen infraorbital sinuses and lower jaw edema (punk rock turkey). What disease are you most suspicious of?
Turkey Viral Rhinotracheitis TVRT
105
You are presented with broiler chickens who have swollen faces, are depressed and disoriented with twisted necks. Birds who have died show enlarged pale kidneys. What are you suspicious of?
Swollen Head Syndrome
metapneumovirus (thought to be same as TVRT)
Broilers > Layers
Suspected transovarial transmission
