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power and performance Flashcards

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1
Q

what is energy?

A
  • The Capacity for Work (W)
    – A dynamic state related to change
    – Its presence emerges when a change occurs
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2
Q

what is the SI unit for energy?

A

Joule (J) = Nm = Ws

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3
Q

what is the old unit for energy?

A

Old unit: calorie (cal)

Energy required to heat 1 g of water by 1 0C1 cal = 4.184J

J and cal are used to describe energy contents of foods In technology the J derived unit Wh or kWh is often used

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4
Q

what is power?

A

Power (P) is the rate at which work is performed or energy is transmitted

P = w/s

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5
Q

what is power used for?

A

Power is used to describe performance of machines:

Cars (horse power) (~0.736 kW)Heaters (kW)Bulbs (W)but also to define workloads during fitness tests

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6
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics?

A
  • Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but is transformed from one form to another without being depleted.
  • Conservation of energy
  • Illustrated as body transforms energy in food to heat, mechanical, and chemical energy
  • Sometimes it appears as if energy is destroyed, it isn’t:– Just the ‘quality’ changes– The energy is ‘diluted’– Energy can lose it ability to ‘do’ work
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7
Q
A
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8
Q

what is kinetic energy?

A

Kinetic energy– Harnessing of potential energy

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9
Q

what is potential energy?

A

energy bound in a specific form

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10
Q

what are the forms of energy?

A
  • Chemical
  • combustions
  • batteries, fuel cells
  • Mechanical
  • moving/turning masses
    – Heat
    – Light
    – Electric
    – Nuclear
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11
Q

what is the energy-releasing process?

A

exergonic - release energy into surroundings

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12
Q

what is energy conserving process?

A

endergonic - store or absorb energy

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13
Q

what is a coupled reaction?

A

when exergonic drives endergonic

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14
Q

what is mechanical work in humans? (biologics)

A

Muscle contraction
Cell division

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15
Q

what is chemical work in humans? (biologics)

A

Synthesis of molecules

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16
Q

what is transport work in humans (biologics)

A

diffusion
active transport

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17
Q

what is electric work in human biologics?

A

transport of charged particles
Action potentials in nerves and muscles

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18
Q

what is the mode of action of enzymes?

A

*Mode of action

  • Lock and key mechanism
  • Enzyme-substrate complex
  • Enzymes allow:
  • lower temperatures
  • neutral pH
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19
Q

what is involved in hydrolysis reactions?

A
  • Catabolize complex organic molecules
  • Split chemical bonds by adding H+ and OH−
  • Digestion
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20
Q

what is oxidation?

A
  • Oxidation – loss of electrons
  • Transfer of:
  • Oxygen
  • Hydrogen
  • Electrons
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21
Q

what is reduction?

A

gain of electrons

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22
Q

what is a redox reaction

A

Oxidation and reduction are coupled

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23
Q

what supplies the body with energy?

Study These Flashcards
A

nutrients: fuel for the body

There are different nutrients used to produce energy for the metabolism:
- Carbohydrates: 16 kJ/g
- Fat: 37 kJ/g
- Protein: 17 kJ/g
- Nutrients: Fuels for the body

Carbohydrates (CHO) can be metabolized under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Proteins and fat require oxygen to be metabolised

24
Q

how does the body store energy?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • The body gains ‘energy sources’ by the all day dietary uptake…but the body even stores energy for times of starvation
  • order of energy storage:
  • Fat 79%
  • Protein 20%
  • Carbohydrates 1%
  • Most of the energy used comes from CHO
25
what is cellular oxidation
Cellular oxidation and reduction constitutes the biochemical mechanism that underlies energy metabolism
26
how does energy transfer work in terms of cellular oxidation?
Metabolic energy is generated by oxidizing different nutrients Oxidation reactions known to everybody are combustions This formula describes the overall reaction when the body ‘burns’ Glucose by aerobic glycolysis
27
what are the two metabolic energy currencies?
NADH and ATP
28
how is energy released in cells and what happens to said energy afterwards?
* In the cell the energy is released in many single portions * Controlled enzymatic reactions are used to convert and transfer the chemical energy of the oxidation to make it utilizable for the metabolism
29
how does electron transport work?
* Cellular redox reactions underlie energy metabolism. * NAD and FAD oxidized food. * Carrier molecules transport electrons. * Electrons are passed to special ‘redox complexes’. * Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor. * ATP is synthesized.
30
what is electron transfer?
Reduction equivalents are the ‘second energy currency of the cell They are used to transport electrons (e-) from the nutrient to the final oxidizing agents (in human O2) The most important reduction equivalents are: NAD <--> (+2e) NADH + H(+) FAD <--> (+2e) FADH(2)
31
how does oxidative phosphorylation work?
Synthesizes ATP by transferring electrons from NADH and FADH(2) to oxygen
32
what is the catabolic metabolism?
Catabolic metabolism is the break down or oxidation of nutrients - it releases energy - it produces intermediates that are useful for the metabolism
33
what is the anabolic metabolism?
Anabolic metabolism produces or synthesises new components or substances i.e. enzymes, fat, hormones... - This consumes energy - It requires different precursors
34
what energy is used in the anabolic system?
Energy of the catabolic metabolism is used for the anabolic metabolism
35
what is Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
* Adenosine triphosphate: The energy currency – Powers all of cell’s energy-requiring processes – Potential energy extracted from food – Energy is stored in bonds of ATP – Energy is transferred to do work
36
how do we harness ATP's potential energy?
* ATP is hydrolysed by water – Outermost phosphate is released – Catalyzed by the enzyme ATPase – Energy is released ~ 30.5 kJ/mol (7.3 kCal/mol) * Limited currency – Low ATP levels in cells create sensitivity to ATP/ADP
37
what are examples of transport work?
* Transport of vesicles * Transport of Ions * Transport of metabolites * Glucose * Amino acids
38
what is electrical work in the human body?
-Maintenance of membrane potentials - Conduction of neural signals - Excitation of muscles or heart
39
40
how does heat production work?
Every energy conversion produces heat as a by-product DE = W + Q ‘Waste’ heat can be quite substantial
41
what do all exergonic reactions in the body produce?
All exergonic reactions in the body produce ‘waste’ heat: * oxidation of nutrients * hydrolysis - of phosphate bonds (ATP) * high heat production in working muscle
42
what are the factors that determine what energy system is used?
Supply velocity fuel availability oxygen supply
43
how does phosphocreatine work?
* The working skeletal muscle has a very high ATP turn over * ATP reserves are too limited * fast regeneration of ATP from Creatine phosphate and ADP in situations with an exceeding ATP demand * Catalysed by the enzyme, creatine kinase* ADP is phosphorylated to ATP * Creatine is phosphorylated back to PCr during rest * Cells store ~ 4 – 6 times more PCr than ATP
44
what are the main energy systems in the body?
Glycolysis TCA- or Krebs-Cycle Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation The systems are not isolated, they work together and parallel to each other
45
why is pyruvate converted into lactate?
* Glycolysis is an oxidation * Oxidations need an electron acceptor * During aerobic metabolism the final electron acceptor is O2 * Without O2 the electron carrier NAD+ is recovered by a reduction of Pyruvate
46
what are the two major components of oxygen delivery?
* Alactacid oxygen debt (fast component) the portion of oxygen required toto synthesise and restore muscle phosphagen stores (ATP and CrP) * Lactacid oxygen debt (slow component)the portion of oxygen required to remove lactic acid from the muscle cells and blood
47
what does the citric acid cycle do?
* Continues oxidation of: – Carbohydrates following glycolysis – Fatty acids following beta oxidation – Some amino acids following deamination
48
what is oxidative phosphorylation?
Uses the energy from generated by the electron transport chain to produce ATPADP + Pi ->ATP NADH releases enough energy to produce 3 ATP FADH(2) for 2 ATP
49
what are the two fat storage components?
– Triacylglycerol in fat cells (adipocytes) – Intramuscular triacylglycerol
50
what is force?
a force is whatever can cause an object with mass to accelerate unit: N = newton
51
what are the different types of forces?
gravitational, electric, magnetic and mechanic.
52
what is acceleration?
Forces (gravitation, magnetic, mechanic) cause ‘changes of velocity’ of masses‘ Changes of velocity’ are acceleration acceleration can be positive or negative
53
what is velocity?
the speed of a mass. Forces are required to change velocity this is measured in: m/s km/h mph
54
what is the force humans have to work against the most?
g-force is the main force we have to work against... moving or lifting weights, kicking or throwing balls moving our body Keeping our body upright (posture)
55
what is torque?
ability of a force to rotate an object around some axis.The magnitude of a torque is defined as the product of a force and a distance.

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