Power Points Flashcards
(67 cards)
1
Q
Symptomatics
A
things we can see
2
Q
Asymptomatics
A
things we can not see
3
Q
Diseases
A
Impairment of normal state (homeostasis) of the living animal or plant body or component thereof
4
Q
What is the leading killer of humans?
A
mosquitos
5
Q
Who is the father of medicine?
A
Hippocrates
6
Q
What are the four humors of life?
A
blood
phlegm
yellow bile
black bile
7
Q
Most common way ancient people treated disease?
A
Blood letting
8
Q
Which civilization began to take public health measures?
A
Rome
9
Q
The Renaissance brought what idea to replace the humoral theory?
A
contagion
10
Q
Who came up with the idea of vaccination?
A
Edward Jenner
11
Q
Louis Pasteur
A
pasteurization
12
Q
Koch’s postulates for linking agent to a disease
A
- organism must be present in a disease
- can be grow in culture
- cause disease when injected into a healthy animal
- Can be recovered from newly diseased animal
13
Q
Joseph Lister
A
use of antiseptic procedures
14
Q
What is the current disease causation theory?
A
multiple causation
15
Q
Epidemiology
A
observation of occurrence of disease in populations
16
Q
Hyperferritinema
A
too much iron in the blood (blood letting is treatment)
17
Q
Morbidity
A
a diseased state or symptom
18
Q
Nosocomial Infections
A
infections contracted from hospital stays
19
Q
Inductive Reasoning
A
goes from the specific to the general
20
Q
Deductive Reasoning
A
reasoning which constructs or evaluates deductive arguments. Deductive arguments are attempts to show that a conclusion necessarily follows from a set of premises
21
Q
Antibiotic
A
resistance threat
22
Q
CDC
A
The U.S. Government’s lead public health agency
23
Q
-itis
A
swelling
24
Q
-iasis
A
infested with
25
-ology
the study of
26
Epidemiology
is the study of the determinants, occurrence, and distribution of health and disease in a defined population
27
Infection
the movement into and replication of organisms in host tissue(s), which may (or may not!) cause disease
28
Carrier
an individual with no overt disease who harbors infectious organisms
29
Dissemination
the spread of the organism in the environment
30
Chain of Infection
1. etiologic agent
2. the method of transmission in the environment (by contact, by a common vehicle, or via air or a vector)
3. host
31
Disease Reservoirs
the place in nature (if known, an organism or even a tissue within an organism) where a disease NORMALLY LIVES or is found in significant numbers
32
Zoonose Reservoirs
Diseases “reserved” in animals
33
Inanimate Reservoirs
secondary or accidental reservoirs (doorknob)
34
Disease Transmission
1. Direct contact (from person-to-person or reservoir-to-person)
2. Fomites/Indirect Contact (spread from an inanimate object called a fomite)
3. Vectors (spread by arthropods)
4. Carriers (can be chronic or Transient)
35
Leukocytes
(white blood cells) specific to the innate immune system
36
Phagocytosis
type of leukocyte; process by which leukocytes ingest microorganisms
37
Neutrophils
type of leukocyte; ingest microbes then die, many dead ones form pus
38
Macrophages
type of leukocyte; can kill many microbes, can detect and destroy rouge cancer cells
39
Natural Killer Cells
type of leukocyte; Identify infected cells by presence of MHC1, bind with infected cells and excrete enzymes to destroy its membrane
40
Dendritic Cells
type of leukocyte; consume pathogens and relay information about them to spleen or liver (connects innate and adaptive immune systems)
41
Antibodies
Y-shaped protein used to identify and neutralize antigens
42
B-cells
ells that produces antibodies and mature in the bone marrow
43
T-cells
produces antibodies
44
Humoral Response
antibody mediated response
45
Cell-Mediated Response
does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes
46
How are pathogens remembered/recognized?
1. Dendritic Cell Communication
2. B-Cells and T-Cells activated
3. Antibodies travel through bloodstream
4. Antibodies bind to antigens
5. Gather information and Somatic Hypermutation
6. Become Memory B and T Cells
47
Active Immunization
primary or secondary immune response
48
Passive Immunization
protection by a mother during pregnancy
49
What are the 7 NTDs hilighted in the END7 campaign?
1. Whipworm
2. Hookworm
3. Roundworm
4. Elephantiasis
5. River Blindness
6. Snail Fever
7. Trachoma
50
What disease are ballet dancers likely to get due to their lack of exposure to the sun (and therefore lack of Vitamin D)?
rickets
51
Six stages of diseases
1. Incubation
2. Prodrome
3. Clinical
4. Decline
5. Convalescent
52
Normal Flora
Microorganisms that normally reside at a given site and under normal circumstances do not cause disease (bacteria in your stomach)
53
Microbial Antagonism
belief that normal flora benefit a host by preventing overgrowth of more harmful bacteria
54
Symbiosis
close relationship between two organisms
55
Commensalism
a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
56
Mutualism
a relationship in which both organisms benefits
57
Parasitism
a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed
58
Opportunism
organisms don't cause disease unless appropriate condition exists
59
Edema
a fluid collection under the skin
60
Inflammation
reaction to injury
61
Four steps in the process of inflammation
1. Vasodilation- leads to greater blood flow to the area, causing redness and heat
2. Vascular permeability- cells lining the vessels become "leaky" either from cell injury or chemical mediators
3. Exudation- fluid, proteins, red blood cells, and white blood cells escape from the intravascular space
4. Vascular Stasis- slowing of blood in the bloodstream to allow chemical mediators and inflammatory cells to collect and respond to stimulus
62
Acute Inflammation
marked by an increase in inflammatory cells
63
Watch these on Wednesday night
https: //www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/introduction-to-immunology/v/inflammatory-response
https: //www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/introduction-to-immunology/v/types-of-immune-responses-innate-and-adaptive-humoral-vs-cell-mediated
https: //www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/introduction-to-immunology/v/how-white-blood-cells-move-around
https: //www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/introduction-to-immunology/v/role-of-phagocytes-in-innate-or-nonspecific-immunity
64
Chemokines
chemical signals that are responsible for attracting white blood cells to infection
65
Two main cells of the adaptive immune system
(lymphocytes)T cells and B cells
66
Antigen
foreign material that could potentially cause disease
67
What cells produce antibodies?
B Cells (but only after they are activated by T cells
