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1
Q

3 types of research approaches

A
  1. exploratory
  2. correlational
  3. experimental
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2
Q

exploratory research

A

gives a sense of variables you should explore more

ex: interviewing people who grow plants in their dorm rooms

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3
Q

correlational research

A

can show correlation between variables

ex: survey people who grow plants in their room about specific factors

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4
Q

experimental research

A

can show that one variable causes another

ex: buy plants and conduct experiments on them

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5
Q

negative control

A

condition we know will produce a negative result

OR condition that will have no change

ex: all plants die

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6
Q

postive control

A

condition we know will produce a positive result

ex: all plants grow

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7
Q

what do positive and negative controls do?

A
  1. ensure that assay is working

2. establish a range of possible results

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8
Q

1 mL =

A

1000 µL

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9
Q

What must you ALWAYS do before plating microbes?

A

VORTEX

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10
Q

What must be in each lab notebook entry?

A

Title, date, names

Purpose

Methods

Data

Conclusions

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11
Q

What side of the plate do you label?

A

the ager side

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12
Q

What should you label a plate with?

A

Name

Lab day/time

Date

What is plated (species)

Experimental variables that differ between plate (dilution, treatment)

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13
Q

Dilution formula

A

C1V1=C2V2

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14
Q

Fold dilution formula

A

Fold = C1/C2 = V2/V1

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15
Q

Why use a serial dilution?

A

it is more accurate and saves resources

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16
Q

What is a spot on an ager plate?

A

a colony

thousands of yeast growing from 1 cell that you plated

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17
Q

How many yeast colonies do you ideally want on a plate?

A

30-300

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18
Q

Techniques for repairing UV damaged DNA

A
  1. photolyase repair

2. nucleotide exision repair

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19
Q

Photolayse repair

A

specific enzyme senses bulge in DNA and repairs it

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20
Q

Nucleotide excision repair

A

enzymes cut out the damaged region of DNA

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21
Q

Which technique of DNA repair did placental mammals loose?

A

photolayse repair

can only use nucleotide excision repair

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22
Q

Qualities to consider when selecting a model organism

A
  1. How well they model the organism we are studying
  2. Ethics
  3. Ease of growing in lab
  4. Cost
  5. Generation time
  6. Size
  7. Ease of genetic manipulation
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23
Q

Baker’s yeast scientific name

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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24
Q

Why use baker’s yeast as a model organism?

A

easy to grow in lab

2 hours per cell division

30% yeast genes shared with humans

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25
Properties of baker's yeast
single-celled eukaryote fungi can be grown as haploid or diploid used since egyptians to bake bread
26
rad1 yeast
lack nucleotide excision repair
27
What happens to humans without nucleotide excision repair?
suffer from xeroderma pigmentosum need to take extreme precautions to avoid sunlight
28
Why store yeast agar plates face side down?
Keeps yeast in the dark photolayse repair mechanism cannot work
29
4 research ethics
1. honesty 2. objectivity 3. carefulness 4. openness
30
Animal use ethics
use lowest organism and fewest animals as possible practice proper care and respect for animals get IACUC approval
31
Human subjects ethics
respect dignity, privacy, and autonomy strive to distribute benefits and burdens fairly informed consent must have IRB approval
32
Standardizing data rough example
make positive control 100% survival make percents based off of this this is an example
33
systematic error
error in a particular direction affects the average
34
random error
fluctuation in measurement in either direction affects the spread around the mean reduce by repeating trials
35
What should a scientific poster do?
summarize the main finding
36
What should a figure caption have?
descriptive title that summarizes the results of the figure specific information on how the figure was made should include what error bars represent and how many replicates were averaged for each point
37
Steps to using the microscope
1. turn on power and lights 2. set magnification to 10x 3. adjust oculars 4. focus on c. elegan 5. adjust mirror and lense 6. increase magnification
38
Information on c. elegans
eukaryotes hermatphrodites eat bacteria
39
hermatphodites
can self fertilize or mate with male
40
How many cells are total in each c. elegan?
1000
41
What percent of genes of c. elegans are homologous to human genes?
40%
42
What is the lifespan of c. elegans?
3 weeks
43
Positive control of choosy worm choice assay
food source (bacteria) on one side of the plate all the worms should move towards this food source
44
Negative control of choosy worm choice assay
same food source (bacteria) on both sides of the plate all the worms should move towards both ends of the plate
45
Positive control of choosy worm survival assay
provide known food source, like OP50
46
Negative control of choosy worm survival assay
provide known pathogen or no food
47
What do dead worms look like?
straight line
48
General steps of plating worms (video goes more in depth)
1. wash c. elegans off plate with 1000µL of M9 buffer 2. spin to remove dirty M9 3. repeat and wash 2x with 1000µL each time 4. add 1000µL fresh M9 5. check and adjust concentration to around 40 worms/5µL
49
Why do we have to wash worms multiple times?
to remove excess waste and bacteria
50
Supernatant
the excess liquid above the worms
51
How to mix worms without killing them?
flick them do not vortex worms
52
null hypothesis for a choosy worm choice assay
worms will have no preference (50% on each side)
53
Two numbers needed to perform stats tests
number of successes | number of trials (successes + failures)
54
p-value
probability of obtaining your (or more extreme) data if the null hypothesis is true
55
What test do you use to compare results between 2 experiments (groups?)
2x2 contingency table
56
Standard deviation
measures variation to mean
57
standard error
measures variation to true value/population mean
58
What values does systematic error effect?
average and standard deviation
59
Where should glass slides by disposed?
glass waste only
60
What goes in bio waste?
everything except for paper towels
61
Random error can be reduced by
replicates
62
Systematic error can be reduced by
normalization
63
The lights are not working in a bulb give hypothesis + prediction
Hypothesis: the batteries are dead Predicition: if I replace the batteries, the light will work

Bio 141L (3 decks)

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