PP 1

Question 1

Fascia

Answer 1

surrounds muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and binding some structures together

Question 2

Aponeurosis

Answer 2

Closely packed, parallel collagenous bundles

Provide strength and support

Question 3

Retinaculum

Answer 3

hold tendons down and together

Question 4

Ligaments

Answer 4

bone to bone

Question 5

Tendons

Answer 5

Muscle to bone

Question 6

Bursae

Answer 6

Thin fluid sacs

Question 7

Type of fibrous joints and their function.

Answer 7

Sutures (synarthrosis, which is immobile)
Syndesmosis (amphiarthrosis, which is slightly movable)
Gomphosis (synarthrosis, which is immobile)

Question 8

Type of cartilaginous joints and their function.

Answer 8

Synchondrosis (synarthrosis with hyaline cartilage, which is immobile))
Symphysis (amphiarthrosis with fibrocartilage, which is slightly movable))

Question 9

Function of diarthrosis joints.

Answer 9

freely movable

Question 10

What are fibrous joints?

Answer 10

joints held tightly together by thin fibrous connective tissue

Question 11

Where do you find fibrous joints?

Answer 11

-between flat bones of the skull

Question 12

Fibrous joints type of growth?

Answer 12

Intramembranous ossification

Question 13

Anterior (frontal) fontanel
Where?
Closes when?

Answer 13

18-24 months

2 parietal and the segments of the frontal bone

Question 14

Posterior (occipital) fontanel
Where?
Closes when?

Answer 14

2 months

Between the 2 parietal and occipital

Question 15

Anteriolateral (sphenoidal) fontanel
Where?
Closes when?

Answer 15

3 months

between: frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones

Question 16

Posterolateral (mastoid) fontanel
Where?
Closes when?

Answer 16

12 months

parietal, occipital, and temporal bones

Question 17

Syndesmosis

Answer 17

Bones are bound together by relatively strong fibers of connective tissue or ligaments

Question 18

Where do you find syndesmosis?

Answer 18

Inferior tibiofibular articulation

Inferior radio-ulnar articulation

Question 19

Gomphosis

Answer 19

Peg and socket: tooth fits into alveolar process.

Question 20

How are cartilaginous joints fastened together?

Answer 20

by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

Question 21

Two types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 21

Synchondrosis

Symphysis

Question 22

How are Synchondrosis bones bound together?
What is a special feature?
Where is a permanent synchondrosis found?

Answer 22

• bands of hyaline cartilage
• these joints are temporary structures that disappear during the growth process.
• between the sternum and the first rib
• costal cartilage uniting ribs to sternum

Question 23

If ribs 2-6 do NOT have synchondrosis, what kind of joint are they?

Answer 23

gliding synovial joints

Question 24

Describe the structure of the symphysis and what are two examples?

Answer 24

• Articular surfaces are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage and interposed and securely attached is a pad of resilient fibrocartilage
• symphysis pubis, intervertebral disc

Question 25

Describe a synovial membrane?

Answer 25

lines the inner surface of the capsule and secretes synovial fluid

Question 26

Where do you find articular discs?

Answer 26

``` may be present between dissimilar surfaces such as: Ulna and carpal bones Clavicle and sternum TMJ Knee ```

Question 27

Describe synarthrodial joints.

Answer 27

- Immovable joints - Fibrous– suture, gomphosis - Cartilaginous - --Synchondrosis – temporary boundary disappears and creates a synostosis (epiphyseal plate)

Question 28

Describe amphiarthrodial joints.

Answer 28

-Slightly movable

Question 29

Examples of amphiarthrodial joints.

Answer 29

- Fibrous– syndesmosis | - Cartilaginous- symphysis

Question 30

What is the function of diarthrodial joint?

Answer 30

Freely movable and synovial

Question 31

3 types of synovial joints.

Answer 31

``` Uniaxial Biaxial: movement in two planes Gliding, condyloid, saddle Triaxial: movement in three planes Ball and socket ```

Question 32

Uniaxial synovial joint.

Answer 32

- movement in one plane | - Hinge and pivot joints

Question 33

Biaxial synovial joint.

Answer 33

- movement in two planes | - Gliding, condyloid, saddle

Question 34

Triaxial synovial joint.

Answer 34

- movement in three planes | - Ball and socket

Question 35

Types of Diarthrodial Joints

Answer 35

Hinge, Pivot, Gliding, Condyloid, Saddle, Ball and Socket

Question 36

Describe Hinge joint

Answer 36

Flexion and extension (elbow)

Question 37

Describe Pivot joint

Answer 37

Rotation around longitudinal axis (sup. radio-ulnar, atlanto-axial)

Question 38

Describe Gliding joint

Answer 38

plane surfaces (carpal and tarsal articulations)

Question 39

Describe Condyloid joint

Answer 39

ovoid head in elliptical cav. | -Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction - no rotation (wrist)

Question 40

Describe Saddle joint

Answer 40

1st CMC, flex, ext, abd, add, opposition, circumduction

Question 41

Describe Ball and Socket joint

Answer 41

Flex, ext, abd, add, horiz. add/abd, IR, ER and circumduction

Question 42

Describe Osteokinematics

Answer 42

movement of the bone around a stationary mechanical axis with the distal partner as reference

Question 43

Osteokinematics movement

Answer 43

Spin and swing

Question 44

Osteokinematics terms are:

Answer 44

abduction, rotation, flexion, etc.

Question 45

Describe Arthrokinematics

Answer 45

what happens between joint surfaces during movement

Question 46

Arthrokinematics movement

Answer 46

Make osteokinematic movements possible

Question 47

Arthrokinematics terms are:

Answer 47

spin, roll and glide (slide)

Question 48

Two fundamental shapes of Arthrokinematics.

Answer 48

Ovoid | Sellar or saddle

Question 49

Describe Arthrokinematics ovoid shape

Answer 49

Convex or concave

Question 50

Describe Arthrokinematics sellar or saddle shape.

Answer 50

Convex in one plane and concave at approximately | right angles to the convex

Question 51

Describe Arthrokinematics spin movement? | Which areas do you see this?

Answer 51

Rotation around a stationary mechanical axis similar to the spin in osteokinematics, like a top. Humerus/scapula Femur/pelvis Humerus/radius

Question 52

Concave-Convex Rule of Joint Movement | All synovial joints...

Answer 52

may be classified as either concave or convex. Cartilage alters the surfaces that appear to be flat. More will be on the center to make the convex surface and conversely more lines the perimeters in the concave.

Question 53

Concave-Convex Rule of Joint Movement | Roll always...

Answer 53

...follows the direction of the bone movement.

Question 54

When the concave surface is stationary and the convex surface is moving, the gliding movement in the joint occurs in the _____ direction to the roll, and consequently opposite to the direction of the bone.

Answer 54

opposite

Question 55

When the convex surface is stationary and the concave surface is moving, the gliding movement in the joint occurs in the _____ direction as the roll and the bone.

Answer 55

same