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PP1 Flashcards

1
Q

Investigation of Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Water deprivation test - no drink for 8hrs

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2
Q

Water deprivation test: on Psychogenic polydipsia, DI, central DI, Nephrogenic DI

A 
Psychogenic polydipsia = increase in urine osmolality (normal response to dehydration)
DI = failure to concentrate urine (no increase)
Central DI (after desmopression - vasopressin analogue) = increase in urine osmolality 
Nephrogenic DI (after desmopressin) = no increase in urine osmolality
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3
Q

What infection causes Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)

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4
Q

First aid related complication of HIV pts

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

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5
Q

Paracetamol overdose antidote

A

IV n-acetylcysteine

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6
Q

Opiate overdose antidote

A

Naloxone

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7
Q

Benzodiazepine overdose antidote

A

Flumezanil

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8
Q

Organophosphate poisoning antidote

A

atropine

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9
Q

aspirin overdose antidote

A

sodium bicarbonate

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10
Q

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome triad of problems

A

microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (MAHA), Acute renal failure, thrombocytopaenia

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11
Q

What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

Widespread clotting cascade activation

- low platelets, low Hb,low fibrinogen, high APTT/ PT

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12
Q

Atypical pneumonia (malaise, headache,diarrhoea) 3 causes

A 
legionella pneumophila (bodies of water - AC/ ass. confusion)
mycoplasma pneumoniae (red cell agglutination/ ass.transverse myelitis)
chalmydia psittaci (found in birds)
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13
Q

Staging of prostate cancer?

A

GLEASON staging

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14
Q

Prognostic indicator for melanoma

A

Breslow thickness

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15
Q

Staging of colorectal cancer

A

Duke’s staging

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16
Q

Tx of non-pregnant women with uncomplicated UTI

A

Trimethoprim or Nitrofurantoin

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17
Q

Grades of haemorrhoids

A

1) No prolapse
2) Prolapse on defecation + reduce spontaneously
3) Prolapse needs manual reduction
4) persistently prolapsed + cannot be reduced

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18
Q

Grades of rectal prolapse

A

1) only rectal mucosea protrudes through anus

2) all layers of rectum protrude through anus - concentric muscular rings

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19
Q

2 main causes of rectal prolapse

A

lax anal tone, prolonged straining

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20
Q

What is dressler’s syndrome

A

type of pericarditis arising 2-10 wks after MI

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21
Q

What is intermittent claudication

A

cramping pain in lower limbs on exercise, relieved by rest

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22
Q

What is critical limb ischaemia

A

pain in lower limbs on exercise and at rest (night pain) and tissue loss (ulcers)

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23
Q

What is leriche syndrome

A

type of intermittent claudication: bum claudication, erectile dysfunction, weak distal pulses

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24
Q

what causes leriche syndrome?

A

aortoiliac stenosis

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25
Q

How is PVD diagnosed?

A

ABPI: 0.5-0.9 = PVD, <0.5 = critical limb ischaemia

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26
Q

Cause of infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)

A

epstein-barr virus

27
Q

What is a direct and indirect inguinal hernia

A

Direct hernia (through weakness of posterior wallof inguinal canal), Indirect hernia (through deep inguinal ring). Both leave inguinal canal into groin/ scrotum

28
Q

inguinal hernia test

A

place finger on deep inguinal ring (above midpoint) + cough –> direct

29
Q

What is an austin-flint murmur

A

when aortic regurgitation (early diastolic murmur) is severe, the regurgiated blood puts pr on mitral valve causing mitral stenosis (mid-diastolic murmur)

30
Q

Pulmonary regurgitation murmur

A

Graham-steall murmur

31
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus

A

Gibson murmur

32
Q

Mitral valve prolapse

A

Graham steel murmur

33
Q

GCS criteria

A 
Eyes = 1 (x), 2 (pain), 3 (verbal command), 4 (spontaneous)
Verbal = 1 (x), 2 (incomprehensible), 3 (wrong response), 4 (confused conversation), 5 (orientated)
Motor = 1 (x), 2 (extension pain), 3 (flexion pain), 4 (withdrawal pain), 5 (purposeful movement to pain), 6 (obey command)
34
Q

ECG heart MI’s
ST elevation every wall
ST depression posterior wall

A 
Anterior = L ant.desc = V1-4 
Lateral = L circumflex = 1, aVL, V5-6
Inferior = R coronary = 2, 3, aVF
Posterior = Post desc. = V1-4
35
Q

Nephrotic syndrome in YOUNG

A

minimal change disease

36
Q

Nephrotic syndrome in ADULTS

A

membranous glomerulonephritis

37
Q

Causes of Nephritic syndrome

A

IgA + HSP

38
Q

Microcytic haematuria causes

A

nephritic syndrome/ urinary tract calculi

39
Q

Macrocytic haematuria causes

A

bladder cancer

40
Q

Reactive arthritis triad of problems

A

uveitis, arthritis,urethritis

41
Q

test for acute pancreatitis

A

serum amylase

42
Q

test for chronic pancreatitis

A

faecal elastase

43
Q

test for peptic ulcer disease

A

OGD

44
Q

test for pancreatic cancer

A

CA19-9

45
Q

pancreatic cancer red flags

A 
palpable GB (courvoisier's law)
painless jaundice
46
Q

Haemochromatosis features

A

bronze skin, hepatomegaly, dm

47
Q

test for haemochromatosis

A

iron studies: high serum iron, high ferritin, low transferrin,high transferrin saturation, low TIBC

48
Q

Causes of osteoporosis

A 
primary = unknown
secondary = cushings syndrome, hypogonadism, hyperthyroidism
49
Q

test for Osteoporosis

A

DEXA scan t value= -1- -2.5 = osteopaenia, -2.5/worse =osteoporosis

50
Q

what is the CHA2DS2-VASc score

A

risk of stroke in AF –> benefit of long term anticoagulation
score greater than 2 = anticoag
Congestive HF, HTN, >75, DM, Stroke/ TIA, Vasc disease (PVD), 65-74, sex (female)

51
Q

what is the QRISK2 score

A

risk of CVD based on normal Rx –> suitable for primary prevention (statins)

52
Q

what is the ABCD2 score

A

risk of stroke after TIA

53
Q

what is the GRACE score

A

triage of ACS pts

54
Q

What is CURB-65

A

community acquired pneumonia

2 = hospital, >3 = ITU

55
Q

Diabetic retinopathy stages

A

Background = hard exudates, microaneurysms, blot haemorrhages
pre-proliferative = soft exudates, retinal ischaemia
proliferative = new blood vessels due to retinal ischaema
(maculopathy - hard exudates near macula = loose vision)

56
Q

important to asses in Guillian Barre syndrome

A

FVC

57
Q

main cause of CKD

A

Diabetes Mellitus

58
Q

Appendicitis signs

A

psoas sign = extend R hip = retrocaecal appendicits
rosving’s sign = palpate L pain on R
Cope’s sign = Flex/internally rotate hip –> appendix close to obturator internus
Aaron’s sign = referred epigastric pain when pr over mcburneys point

59
Q

squamous cell carcinoma features

A

ulcerated centre, keratotic core

60
Q

basal cell carcinoma features

A

most common

raised pearly edges, telangiesctasia

61
Q

melanoma features

A

most dangerous

assymetrical pigmented skin + irregular border

62
Q

surveillance of AAA

A

3-4.5 cm = every yr

4.5 - 5.5cm = every 3 months

63
Q

measurements for surgery of AAA

A

> 5.5cm/ >1cm per yr

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