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PP1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Investigation of Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Water deprivation test - no drink for 8hrs

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2
Q

Water deprivation test: on Psychogenic polydipsia, DI, central DI, Nephrogenic DI

A 
Psychogenic polydipsia = increase in urine osmolality (normal response to dehydration)
DI = failure to concentrate urine (no increase)
Central DI (after desmopression - vasopressin analogue) = increase in urine osmolality 
Nephrogenic DI (after desmopressin) = no increase in urine osmolality
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3
Q

What infection causes Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)

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4
Q

First aid related complication of HIV pts

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

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5
Q

Paracetamol overdose antidote

A

IV n-acetylcysteine

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6
Q

Opiate overdose antidote

A

Naloxone

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7
Q

Benzodiazepine overdose antidote

A

Flumezanil

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8
Q

Organophosphate poisoning antidote

A

atropine

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9
Q

aspirin overdose antidote

A

sodium bicarbonate

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10
Q

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome triad of problems

A

microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (MAHA), Acute renal failure, thrombocytopaenia

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11
Q

What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

Widespread clotting cascade activation

- low platelets, low Hb,low fibrinogen, high APTT/ PT

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12
Q

Atypical pneumonia (malaise, headache,diarrhoea) 3 causes

A 
legionella pneumophila (bodies of water - AC/ ass. confusion)
mycoplasma pneumoniae (red cell agglutination/ ass.transverse myelitis)
chalmydia psittaci (found in birds)
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13
Q

Staging of prostate cancer?

A

GLEASON staging

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14
Q

Prognostic indicator for melanoma

A

Breslow thickness

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15
Q

Staging of colorectal cancer

A

Duke’s staging

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16
Q

Tx of non-pregnant women with uncomplicated UTI

A

Trimethoprim or Nitrofurantoin

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17
Q

Grades of haemorrhoids

A

1) No prolapse
2) Prolapse on defecation + reduce spontaneously
3) Prolapse needs manual reduction
4) persistently prolapsed + cannot be reduced

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18
Q

Grades of rectal prolapse

A

1) only rectal mucosea protrudes through anus

2) all layers of rectum protrude through anus - concentric muscular rings

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19
Q

2 main causes of rectal prolapse

A

lax anal tone, prolonged straining

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20
Q

What is dressler’s syndrome

A

type of pericarditis arising 2-10 wks after MI

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21
Q

What is intermittent claudication

A

cramping pain in lower limbs on exercise, relieved by rest

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22
Q

What is critical limb ischaemia

A

pain in lower limbs on exercise and at rest (night pain) and tissue loss (ulcers)

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23
Q

What is leriche syndrome

A

type of intermittent claudication: bum claudication, erectile dysfunction, weak distal pulses

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24
Q

what causes leriche syndrome?

A

aortoiliac stenosis

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25
How is PVD diagnosed?
ABPI: 0.5-0.9 = PVD, <0.5 = critical limb ischaemia
26
Cause of infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
epstein-barr virus
27
What is a direct and indirect inguinal hernia
Direct hernia (through weakness of posterior wallof inguinal canal), Indirect hernia (through deep inguinal ring). Both leave inguinal canal into groin/ scrotum
28
inguinal hernia test
place finger on deep inguinal ring (above midpoint) + cough --> direct
29
What is an austin-flint murmur
when aortic regurgitation (early diastolic murmur) is severe, the regurgiated blood puts pr on mitral valve causing mitral stenosis (mid-diastolic murmur)
30
Pulmonary regurgitation murmur
Graham-steall murmur
31
Patent ductus arteriosus
Gibson murmur
32
Mitral valve prolapse
Graham steel murmur
33
GCS criteria
``` Eyes = 1 (x), 2 (pain), 3 (verbal command), 4 (spontaneous) Verbal = 1 (x), 2 (incomprehensible), 3 (wrong response), 4 (confused conversation), 5 (orientated) Motor = 1 (x), 2 (extension pain), 3 (flexion pain), 4 (withdrawal pain), 5 (purposeful movement to pain), 6 (obey command) ```
34
ECG heart MI's ST elevation every wall ST depression posterior wall
``` Anterior = L ant.desc = V1-4 Lateral = L circumflex = 1, aVL, V5-6 Inferior = R coronary = 2, 3, aVF Posterior = Post desc. = V1-4 ```
35
Nephrotic syndrome in YOUNG
minimal change disease
36
Nephrotic syndrome in ADULTS
membranous glomerulonephritis
37
Causes of Nephritic syndrome
IgA + HSP
38
Microcytic haematuria causes
nephritic syndrome/ urinary tract calculi
39
Macrocytic haematuria causes
bladder cancer
40
Reactive arthritis triad of problems
uveitis, arthritis,urethritis
41
test for acute pancreatitis
serum amylase
42
test for chronic pancreatitis
faecal elastase
43
test for peptic ulcer disease
OGD
44
test for pancreatic cancer
CA19-9
45
pancreatic cancer red flags
``` palpable GB (courvoisier's law) painless jaundice ```
46
Haemochromatosis features
bronze skin, hepatomegaly, dm
47
test for haemochromatosis
iron studies: high serum iron, high ferritin, low transferrin,high transferrin saturation, low TIBC
48
Causes of osteoporosis
``` primary = unknown secondary = cushings syndrome, hypogonadism, hyperthyroidism ```
49
test for Osteoporosis
DEXA scan t value= -1- -2.5 = osteopaenia, -2.5/worse =osteoporosis
50
what is the CHA2DS2-VASc score
risk of stroke in AF --> benefit of long term anticoagulation score greater than 2 = anticoag Congestive HF, HTN, >75, DM, Stroke/ TIA, Vasc disease (PVD), 65-74, sex (female)
51
what is the QRISK2 score
risk of CVD based on normal Rx --> suitable for primary prevention (statins)
52
what is the ABCD2 score
risk of stroke after TIA
53
what is the GRACE score
triage of ACS pts
54
What is CURB-65
community acquired pneumonia | 2 = hospital, >3 = ITU
55
Diabetic retinopathy stages
Background = hard exudates, microaneurysms, blot haemorrhages pre-proliferative = soft exudates, retinal ischaemia proliferative = new blood vessels due to retinal ischaema (maculopathy - hard exudates near macula = loose vision)
56
important to asses in Guillian Barre syndrome
FVC
57
main cause of CKD
Diabetes Mellitus
58
Appendicitis signs
psoas sign = extend R hip = retrocaecal appendicits rosving's sign = palpate L pain on R Cope's sign = Flex/internally rotate hip --> appendix close to obturator internus Aaron's sign = referred epigastric pain when pr over mcburneys point
59
squamous cell carcinoma features
ulcerated centre, keratotic core
60
basal cell carcinoma features
most common | raised pearly edges, telangiesctasia
61
melanoma features
most dangerous | assymetrical pigmented skin + irregular border
62
surveillance of AAA
3-4.5 cm = every yr | 4.5 - 5.5cm = every 3 months
63
measurements for surgery of AAA
>5.5cm/ >1cm per yr

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