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Project Development & Documentation > PPD > Flashcards

PPD Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most secure type of lockset and why?

A

Mortise Locks

because the mechanism is concealed within the leaf of the door

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2
Q

Means of egress consists of what 3 things?

A

exit, exit access, and exit discharge

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3
Q

Important considerations when designing a fire rated ceiling

A

hold down clips & composition of the floor/ceiling assembly

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4
Q

3 methods of sawing a log

A

plain sawing, quarter sawing, and rift sawing

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5
Q

Sawing method that makes the most efficient use of the log and is the least expensive

A

plain sawing

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6
Q

Sawing method that results in a grain pattern that is uniformly vertical

A

quarter sawing

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7
Q

Sawing method with the most consistent vertical grain

A

rift sawing

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8
Q

Method for controlling moisture under hydrostatic pressure

A

water proofing

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9
Q

Method for controlling moisture that is not under hydrostatic pressure

A

dampproofing

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10
Q

Water force exerted on structures

A

hydrostatic pressure

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11
Q

3 positions waterproofing can be placed

A
  • positive side - most common; placed on the side of the element exposed to water (i.e. exterior of foundation wall) after the element is in place
  • negative side - applied after element is in place to the side of the element that is not exposed to water (i.e. interior of foundation wall)
  • blind side - applied before element is in place (i.e. shored excavation against which a concrete foundation wall will be poured)
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12
Q

4 basic types of waterproofing materials

A

sheet membranes
fluid applied systems
cementitious systems
bentonite systems

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13
Q

damp proofing coatings are always applied on the ____ side of the element

A

positive side (or wet side)

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14
Q

5 methods of dampproofing

A 
admixtures
bituminous coatings
cementitious coatings
membranes
plastics
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15
Q

The most critical strategy to employ for the acoustics of an office space with a surrounding corridor

A

extend partitions from deck to deck and provide acoustical seals at the top and bottom of the walls

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16
Q

Materials that are made from plants that can be grown and harvested relatively quickly, generally within 10 years

A

rapidly renewable building materials

i.e. wheat board cabinetry, linoleum, bamboo paneling

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17
Q

Benefits of using laminated glass

A

acoustical control
decorative purposes
safety
security

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18
Q

Factors to be considered when selecting the type of glass to be used

A 
amount of light to be transmitted
the degree of transparency
strength and security
sound isolation
insulation qualities
cost
availability
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19
Q

Types of glass

A

Float Glass (Annealed Glass)
Heat Strengthened Glass
Tempered Glass
Laminated Glass

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20
Q

Most common type of glass in the US

A

Float Glass/Annelaed Glass

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21
Q

Glass type that has twice the strength of annealed glass but is the same thickness; used where the surface is subject to solar-induced thermal stresses and cyclic wind-loading

A

Heat strengthened glass

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22
Q

Produced by subjecting annealed glass to a special heat treatment and then cooled; Four times stronger than annealed glass. Can be used in hazardous locations

A

Tempered Glass

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23
Q

Consists of two or more pieces of glass bonded together by an interlayer of resin. When broken the resin layer holds the pieces together; Used where very strong glazing is needed; Also used where sound control is desired

A

Laminated Glass

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24
Q

What type of elevator should be specified for a 40 story office building

A

Gearless traction

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25
Q

Two different types of electric elevators

A

gearless traction & geared traction

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26
Q

Elevator type only used in low rise buildings generally less than 6 stories

A

hydraulic

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27
Q

3 common types of membrane roofing

A
  • built-up bituminous roofing
  • single-ply roofing
  • elastic liquid roofing
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28
Q

Roofing membrane type that consists of several overlapping layers of bituminous-saturated roofing felts cemented together

A

built-up bituminous roofing

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29
Q

Best single-ply roofing system type for a climate with hot summers and cold winters with extreme temperature fluctuations

A

loos-laid EPDM

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30
Q

Most common process used to disinfect water to make it potable

A

chlorination

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31
Q

Sprinkler system that admits water to the sprinkler pipes after the system detects a fire

A

preaction system

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32
Q

A photoelectric detector will warn of a fire when the fire reaches the ____ stage

A

smoldering stage

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33
Q

2 primary types of water supply systems

A

upfeed and downfeed

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34
Q

Upfeed water supply systems will work in building up to ___ ft tall

A

40-60 ft

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35
Q

Amount of pressure required to lift water through a piping system in a building

A

static head

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36
Q

equation for determining water pressure at each floor of a building

A

pressure at the building main - (static head x building height)

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37
Q

typical voltage for residential

A

120/240 voltage, single phase power

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38
Q

typical voltage for small commercial buildings

A

120/208 voltage, three phase power

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39
Q

Minimum desirable width of an elevator lobby

A

10 feet

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40
Q

HVAC system that allows for individual control of temperature, quiet operation, and minimal maintenance

A

variable air volume

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41
Q

Reflection of sound along a curved surface

A

creep

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42
Q

Rules for placing conduit and other pipes in concrete slabs

A
  • Should always be placed in the part of the slab that is in tension
  • Cover the conduit with at least 3/4” of concrete
  • Outside of the diameter of the conduit should be no greater than 1/3 of the slab thickness
  • Allow adequate amount of space between parallel runs of conduit (3 times the outside diameter of the largest tube)
  • Pipes carrying fluids and gasses must be pressure tested prior to the placement of the concrete
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43
Q

Spaces intended to highlight spoken-word presentations should be ___ spaces

A

dead

-have short reverberation times

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44
Q

Musical presentations should be in ___ spaces

A

live

-have long reverberation times

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45
Q

In case of a fire, which fire protection building items can be activated by building occupants

A

fire extinguishers
wet standpipes
two-way communications devices

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46
Q

Large pipe running vertically through a building and connected to at least one hose on each floor that can be accessed by building occupants

A

wet standpipe

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47
Q

A sensor in a sprinkler head that is activated by a rise in ambient temperature indicating the presence of fire

A

fusible link

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48
Q

The most effective sound attenuation site planting strategy

A

plant a combination of deciduous and evergreen trees

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49
Q

To minimize glare, the brightness ratio between a task and its adjacent surroundings should be limited to approximately

A

1 : 1/3

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50
Q

Relationship between the illumination levels of the surfaces within a person’s field of vision

A

brightness ratio

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51
Q

Two types of glare

A

Direct and reflected

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52
Q

glare when a light source in the field of vision causes discomfort and interference with the visual task

A

direct glare

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53
Q

glare when a light source is reflected from a viewed surface into the eye

A

reflected glare

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54
Q

Which type of HVAC system occupies the most space within a building

A

forced air

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55
Q

Technology that uses a carbon dioxide sensor to increase or decrease ventilation of a space according to occupancy

A

demand controlled ventilation

-best used for spaces where the occupancy of the space can vary greatly at different times during the day or week and where there is not a high concentration air contaminants that need to be exhausted through a continuously operating HVAC system (i.e. bowling alley)

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56
Q

security that secures building entry points such as doors and windows

A

perimeter security

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57
Q

Elevator operating system that collects calls and answers the up calls on the up trip, travels to the floor level with the highest call, then collects and answers the down calls on the return trip to the floor level with the lowest call.

A

Selective collective operation

-works best with more than one car because cars can be making separate trips and answering calls simultaneously

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58
Q

Elevator operating system that is programmed based on data about building traffic patterns and analysis of the most important calls

A

computerized controls

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59
Q

Elevator operating system that answers one call at a time, delivers that passenger, and then responds to the next call

A

single automatic control

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60
Q

Elevator operating system that answers all calls without differentiating between ups and down calls

A

collective control

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61
Q

Good guideline for the initial layout of ceiling diffusers in a room is …

A

space them approximately the same distance apart as the room is height; Diffusers at the edge of the space should be placed about half that distance from the perimeter walls

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62
Q

An assembly suspended from the ceiling to prohibit movement of smoke and flame

A

curtain board (draft curtain)

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63
Q

3 types of photovoltaic cells

A
  1. crystalline
  2. polycrystalline
  3. amorphous (thin film cells)
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64
Q

Which type of PV cell produces the most power

A

crystalline

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65
Q

Criteria to keep in mind when planning for the location and design of mechanical rooms

A
  • each mechanical room should have at least one exterior wall
  • the boiler room should be adjacent to the chilled water plant
  • ceilings in both rooms should be at least 12 feet high
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66
Q

How much clear space should be allowed within a plumbing wall for wall mounted toilets on each side

A

24 inches

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67
Q

How much clear space should be allowed within a plumbing wall for wall mounted toilets on one side

A

12 inches

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68
Q

How much clear space should be allowed within a plumbing wall for floor mounted toilets on each side

A

16 inches

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69
Q

____ generally demands half of the total energy consumed by an office building

A

Electric lighting

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70
Q

____ generally demands 30? of the total energy demand of an office building

A

Heating and cooling systems

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71
Q

What building type has the highest percentage of total construction cost allocated for HVAC

A

full service, sit down restaurant

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72
Q

Sound intensity levels decrease ___ dB for every doubling of distance

A

6 dB

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73
Q

Which type of glass is most appropriate for a location in the northeastern United States

A

low-e

because it has a low U-value, which means that it can minimize heat loss while still allowing some solar heat gain

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74
Q

What is the best passive cooling strategy during the summer in a hot-humid climate

A

orient the building to catch summer breezes

75
Q

Means of egress requirements determined by occupant load

A
  • how many exits
  • how large the exits must be
  • where the exits must be located
76
Q

An area where people who are unable to use stairways can remain temporarily to await instructions or assistance during emergency evacuations

A

area of refuge

77
Q

That portion of a means of egress system that is separated from other interior spaces of a building or structure by fire-resistance-rated construction and opening protectives as required to provide a protected path of egress travel between the exit access and the exit discharge

A

exit

78
Q

That portion of a means of egress system that leads from any occupied portion of a building or structure to an exit

A

exit access

79
Q

That portion of a means of egress system between the termination of an exit and a public way

A

exit discharge

80
Q

A court or yard that provides access to a public way for one or more exits

A

egress court

81
Q

A street, alley, or other parcel of land open to the outside air leading to a street that has been dedicated for public use and has a clear width and height of not less than 10 feet

A

public way

82
Q

Where does a common path of egress travel end

A

at the point where an individual has a choice about which direction to go to reach an exit

83
Q

Addresses the relationship of structures to their sites

A

local zoning ordinances

84
Q

address methods and materials of construction permitted within sites

A

building codes

85
Q

Minimum setbacks from property lines will most likely be found in what?

A

local zoning ordinance

86
Q

when is the ideal time to value engineer a project

A

in the initial planning stages or as early as possible

87
Q

In life cycle cost analysis, expenses that have been incurred on a project prior to the baseline date and cannot be recovered

A

sunk costs

88
Q

Retainage at substantial completion is frequently equivalent to

A

the contractor’s profit

89
Q

framing system best for a four-story hotel that wishes to have the structural system exposed, maintain a high fire-resistance rating, and minimum construction time

A

one way solid slab concrete frame

90
Q

Thesis that designing a space that allows residents a sense of ownership and control leads to an environment that people care about and will work to maintain and protect

A

defensible space

91
Q

What determines minimum parking requirements for a specific site

A

local zoning ordinances

92
Q

Concept that relies on the inhabitants to police their own surroundings; Design an environment that encourages them to do so by clearly defining public and private spaces and by making streets, parking areas, and building entrances more visible

A

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)

93
Q

An approach to town planning that advocates more diverse housing opportunities and less dependence on cars

A

new urbanism

-I.e. narrow streets, frequent intersections, mixed use occupancies, apartments over retail shops, front porches on houses, parallel parking

94
Q

Equation for calculating the minimum size of the required exit from a space

A

maximum number of occupants x 0.2

95
Q

The tendency for architectural materials and paving to increase the temperature of their immediate environment

A

heat island effect

96
Q

A paving material with high reflectance has ___

A

high albedo

97
Q

A measure of how much of the radiant energy that a surface receives is reflected rather than absorbed

A

albedo

98
Q

Minimum width of a corridor serving an occupant load greater than 50

A

44 inches

99
Q

Minimum width of a corridor serving an occupant load less than 50

A

36 inches

100
Q

When two exits are required in a non sprinklered building they must be separated by a distance not less than ____ the length of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the building or area to be served

A

one half

101
Q

When two exits are required in a sprinklered building they must be separated by a distance not less than ____ the length of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the building or area to be served

A

one third

102
Q

Minimum width of exit stairways is calculated by

A

maximum number of occupants x 0.3

103
Q

The IBC allows egress to pass through an adjoining or intervening room or space provided that what 3 conditions are all met

A
  1. One of the two rooms or spaces is an accessory to the other
  2. Neither room or space is a group H occupancy
  3. There is a discernible path of egress travel to an exit
104
Q

Doors opening into the path of egress travel may reduce the required width up to ___ during the course of the swing, but when fully open the door must not project more than ___ into the required width.

A

One half; 7 inches

105
Q

Handrails may not reduce the required means of egress width more than ___ inches on each side

A

4.5 inches

106
Q

A door placed in a 1 hr corridor must have a fire rating of at least ___ minutes and must also have what

A

20 minutes; Approved smoke and draft control seals

107
Q

Glazing may be used in a 1 hour rated corridor wall only if the glass is listed and labeled as having ___ hour fire protection rating

A

3/4 hour

108
Q

When a duct penetrates a rated corridor, It must be provided with what?

A

A fire damper that has a rating of at least 20 minutes

109
Q

length of a dead end corridor for unsprinkled building defined by IBC

A

20 ft

110
Q

Exceptions to length of dead end corridor

A
  • if building is sprinkled - 50 feet

- If its length is less than 2.5 times its width at the narrowest part

111
Q

The minimum width of egress door openings must be sufficient for the occupant load served, and the clear width must always be at least ___ inches

A

32 inches

112
Q

Egress doors must swing

A

in the direction of travel when the area served has an occupant load of 50 or more, or if the area is group H occupancy

113
Q

In building four or more stories in height, exit stairways must be enclosed with __ rated walls

A

2 hour

114
Q

In buildings less than four stories, exit stairways must be enclosed with __ rated walls

A

1 hour

115
Q

Stairways serving an occupant load of 50 or more must be at least ___ inches wide

A

44 inches, or as wide as determined by multiplying the occupant load by 0.3

116
Q

Stairways serving an occupant load of less than 50 must not be less than ___ inches wide

A

36 inches

117
Q

If the stairway is the accessible means of egress, the minimum clear width is ___ inches between handrails

A

48 inches

118
Q

minimum head room for stairway

A

6’-8”

119
Q

height of handrail measured from top of tread to top of handrail

A

34-38”

120
Q

A component whose function is to prevent falls from an elevated area

A

guard

121
Q

Guards are required along open sided walking surfaces, mezzanines, stairs, ramps, and landings that are more than ___ inches above the floor or grade below

A

30 inches

122
Q

Guards must be __ inches high

A

42 inches

123
Q

Distance between the building and the outermost secured perimeter

A

standoff distance

-should be maximized in blast resistant design

124
Q

Minimum slope of pipe sizes

A

1/4 in/ft for 2 1/2 inch or less
1/8 in/ft for 3 inch - 6 inch
1/16 in/ft for 8 inch or larger

125
Q

Equation for cubic yards

A

Length x width x height / 27

126
Q

What type of agent would be added to the mix when pouring concrete in hot weather

A

Retarding agent

127
Q

Equation for maximum building area

A

Total square footage of site x FAR

128
Q

What are conifers best used for in site design

A

Blocking wind and views

129
Q

Who prepares and submits the schedule of values

A

The contractor submits the schedule of values to the architect

130
Q

What is the maximum span of a reinforced concrete waffle slab

A

55’

131
Q

Heavy timber is what construction type

A

Type IV

132
Q

Which medium transmits sound the slowest?

A

Air

133
Q

AS the slope of drainage pipe decreases the size of the pipe must ___

A

increase

134
Q

The maximum area of signage on the exterior of a building is most commonly regulated by

A

zoning ordinances

135
Q

Regulations for wetlands are established at the ___ level

A

federal level, and can be set by local and state governments

136
Q

4 basic types of site utilization in urban planning

A
  1. rear yard
  2. side yard
  3. perimeter yard
  4. courtyard
137
Q

minimum width of a ramp

A

36 inches

138
Q

Handrail is required on both sides of a ramp if rise is greater than

A

6 inches

139
Q

maximum rise between landings on a ramp

A

30 inches

140
Q

maximum distance between landings on a ramp

A

30’

141
Q

What type of electronic security system best protects the exterior of an office building

A

video surveillance

142
Q

What is an ideal design strategy for a building in a hot-arid climate

A

using a compact form

143
Q

What is the most important characteristic of an on-site road designed to serve parking areas and service vehicles?

A

slope

144
Q

What type of albedo and conductivity should an exterior material have to best moderate a microclimate in a temperate zone

A

Low albedo; low conductivity

145
Q

What is especially important in designing roads for drainage

A

crown

-All roads should have a crown, or high point in the center to ensure positive drainage to either side

146
Q

The bottom of drains, catch basins and manholes

A

invert

147
Q

Wastewater flows because of differences in elevation along

A

inverts

148
Q

Reinforced concrete or masonry retaining walls are usually necessary when the height of the wall exceeds

A

4 feet

149
Q

What factors affect the wind pressure on a building

A

wind speed
terrain surrounding the building
building height
building shape

150
Q

The moment resisting frame is an appropriate system to use for resisting wind forces in

A

low rise buildings and high rise building of 30 stories or less

151
Q

For taller buildings what are appropriate systems for resisting lateral forces

A

x bracing or chevron bracing

152
Q

Wood I-joists generally can be used for spans of

A

20-45 feet

153
Q

What types of buildings are most suited for a pan joist concrete system

A

industrial and storage buildings

-because it is a system that is best suited for heavy live loads

154
Q

What factors affect a building’s response to an earthquake

A

soil type
building form
building weight
structural materials and system

155
Q

What should be avoided when designing for lateral loads

A

reentrant corners

156
Q

Most important design recommendations for lateral loads

A

regularity

symmetry

157
Q

What kind of pile types has the lowest initial cost and least load bearing capacity?

A

timber piles

158
Q

When regulations are in conflict, what action should the architect take?

A

design to the most restrictive requirement

159
Q

When determining the massing of a building during preliminary design, what should the architect research first?

A

zoning regulations

160
Q

What is used to allow a nonconforming use in a zoning district

A

conditional use permit

161
Q

A deviation from zoning regulations

A

variance

162
Q

During preliminary planning for a middle school the architect realizes that the school district facilities management department requires a larger building than is allowed by current zoning setbacks. How can the architect resolve the conflict?

A

Suggest the school apply for a variance

163
Q

The landing of a stair must be the same as

A

the width of the stair

164
Q

Best design concept for designing a site so that visitors always know where they are in a building and how to get to their destination

A

Radial plan

i.e. centralized reception space and waiting lobby with corridors radiating from it

165
Q

Best design concept for a building where the circulation scheme must provide the location for mechanical system distribution and must allow for a simple post and beam or bearing wall structural system

A

linear layout

166
Q

What organization layout works best for a design program requiring many primary adjacencies and easy movement of people and supplies

A

central

-however it does not allow for easy expansion

167
Q

Organizational layouts that work best for expansion

A

grid
linear
radial

168
Q

net assignable area / efficiency ration

A

gross area

169
Q

ideal orientation for passive solar design in a temperate climate

A

slightly east of south

170
Q

Preloading of the ground with fill material to cause consolidation and settlement of the underlying soil

A

surcharging

-used to increase the bearing capacity of soil or decrease possible settlement

171
Q

Used to temporarily support a structure when its foundation is repaired or deepened

A

needle beams

172
Q

An expansive clay that can push foundations and floor slabs upward when it gets wet

A

bentonite

173
Q

A soils report indicates that bentonite is present below the site of a proposed two story manufacturing building. What type of foundation system should be used?

A

drilled piers with grade beams

174
Q

Which parking configuration is most difficult for a driver to maneuver within

A

90 degree

175
Q

What is the least efficient parking configuration

A

30 degree

176
Q

prevents excessive stormwater runoff on a site from overloading the storm sewer system by temporarily holding the water and releasing it at a controlled rate

A

retention pond

177
Q

Construction that is designed to allow sediment to settle while water drains into the ground is called a what?

A

bioswale

178
Q

Construction designed to retain stormwater until it can seep into the ground is called a what?

A

infiltration basin

179
Q

Storm drainage structure that is designed to collect grit and trash while allowing the stormwater to flow out the drainage pipes

A

catch basin

180
Q

The fraction of total precipitation falling on a surface that runs off the surface or is not absorbed into the ground

A

runoff coefficient

181
Q

The recommended minimum width for a sidewalk is

A

5 feet

-allows two wheelchairs to pass traveling in opposite directions and turning radius

182
Q

Deals with the issues of territoriality, spacing and positioning between people, and how the organization of the environment can affect these issues

A

proxemics

183
Q

street type intended to give direct access to building sites and are often curvilinear

A

local streets

184
Q

street type that collects local streets and arterial streets

A

collector street

Project Development & Documentation (2 decks)

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