PPD Mix1 Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
What is a skin loaded building?
A
Small buildings are skin or envelop loaded if their cooling need or heating need is mostly dictated by climate they are in however internal-load buildings tend to be larger and inner parts of the building usually have no contact to the climate around them. Larger buildings also tend to have more equipment, people and lighting which dictates heating or cooling needs.
2
Q
Egress paths shall not pass through what rooms?
A
kitchens
storage rooms
closets
manufacturing rooms
3
Q
What are ideal conditions where straw bale construction could be used?
A
intense winters in a temperate climate- good insulation
hot summer heat in temperate climate summers- good insulation
NOT good too much rain or snow BUT- a large wide overhangs will address that concern
4
Q
What is the major benefit of precast, pre-stressed concrete solid slabs?
A
thinner structure- To reduce the floor thickness, architect should prefer a structural system that doesn’t have joists, or ribs in slab. Typically site cast and not post-tensioned slabs are thicker than, precast, prestressed or site-cast post tensioned slabs.
5
Q
Name the three different types of fire separations?
A
Fire Barrier- enclosures around stairways and partitions that separates different occupancies into different fire areas.
Fire Walls-to separate a single structure into separate construction types.
Fire Partition- Partitions separating dwelling units in the same type of occupancy.
6
Q
Fire Partitions-
A
- the least restrictive of the three assemblies, and have a minimum fire-resistance rating of 1 hour. Partitions are most-commonly used between mall tenants, or separate dwelling or sleeping units, as well as in elevator lobbies or corridors.
What else you should know:
+ The rating for fire partitions can be reduced when used to separate dwelling or sleeping units in Type IIB, IIIB, or VB construction if an automatic sprinkler system complying with NFPA 13 is provided throughout the building.
+ The reduction can also apply when code allows for a corridor wall to be a 30-minute assembly.
+ Fire partitions must extend from the top of the floor below, to the underside of the floor or roof sheathing …
+ OR, to the underside of the fire resistance-rated floor/ceiling, or roof/ceiling assembly above.
+ Openings, penetrations, joints and duct/air openings must be protected.
7
Q
Fire Barrier-
A
-the IBC defines fire barriers as a “fire resistance-rated wall assembly of materials designed to restrict the spread of fire in which continuity is maintained.” Fire barriers include walls and horizontal assemblies, and vary in their rating between 1 and 4 hours. They typically separate occupancy classifications, atriums, exit stairways, shafts and fire areas.
What else you should know:
+ Fire barriers must extend from the top of the floor/ceiling assembly below, to the underside of the floor or roof sheathing, slab or deck above.
+ Barriers must be continuous through concealed locations, like the space above a suspended ceiling.
+ Any construction supporting a barrier must be protected to the same rating as the barrier.
+ Openings, penetrations, joints and duct/air openings must be protected.
8
Q
Fire Walls-
A
- the most restrictive fire resistance-rated assembly, and create separate buildings for determining allowable area. Unlike partitions or barriers, fire walls must be vertical, and have a 2-hour minimum/4-hour maximum rating. Used to separate a single structure into separate construction types.
What else you should know:
+ Fire walls must provide for structural collapse on either side of the wall, without the wall collapsing.
+ Except when in building using Type V construction, walls must be made of non-combustible materials.
+ For vertical continuity, walls should extend from the foundation, to a point at least 30 inches above the roofs on both sides of the wall.
+ A wall must also extend horizontally to avoid potential fire spread from one building to the other around the wall.
+ The IBC does have exceptions for both horizontal and vertical wall continuity – be sure to check the code and verify the required continuity of your proposed wall.
+ Openings, penetrations and joints must be protected.
9
Q
Two-way flat slabs are mostly preferred and are good choices for what type of installation?
A
- heavy loads such as parking garages. Their span range can be between 20-40 ft.
10
Q
One way post tensioned slabs are good for what type of installation?
A
-for parking garages and other buildings where long span in one direction is needed. Their span range can be between 10-20 ft.
11
Q
What is the approximate size of the “area of refuge” on a stair?
A
30 x 48
-communication station there as well
12
Q
What is a VAV system?
A
Variable Air Volume
a type of heating and/or air-conditioning HVAC system that provides a varying rate of airflow through diffusers in each zone under control of zone thermostats.
13
Q
What is a VRF system?
A
Variable Refrigerant Flow
a type of heating, ventilating, and/or air conditioning HVAC system which utilizes liquid refrigerant to heat or cool.
14
Q
What is a Chilled Beam system?
A
a type of heating, ventilating, and/or air conditioning HVAC system which utilizes convection to heat and cool large buildings. Warm air rising to the chilled beam at the ceiling, is cooled as is passes across a heat exchange coil, and sinks tot he floor.
15
Q
Public Land Survey System (PLSS)
A
A survey method used to divide or plat land throughout the U.S., using sections, townships, and checks as the main units of measure.
16
Q
Exposure classification
A
An environmental classification that determines the risk of wind events based on building configuration and terrain type.
17
Q
Reconstruction
A
One of the four approaches to the treatment of historic properties. Reconstruction recreates missing parts of a historic property with new construction.
18
Q
Restoration
A
Restoration
One of the four approaches to the treatment of historic properties. Restoration is when a property is depicted at a certain point in time, and evidence of other time periods is removed.
19
Q
Rehabilitation
A
One of the four approaches to the treatment of historic properties. This approach recognizes the need to change or add to a historic property while maintaining the original identity.
20
Q
Preservation
A
Preservation is one of the four approaches to the treatment of historic properties defined by the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards. Preservation focuses on maintenance and repair to ensure that a historic building’s or monument’s materials and form are retained.
21
Q
Direct gain
A
An approach to passive solar heating which utilizes the sunlight that shines directly into a building to help heat a space. This method is best achieved through the use of south-facing windows to permit the entrance of light and heat, and a material with high thermal mass to absorb and store the heat.
22
Q
Indirect gain
A
Solar radiation that falls on a buffer between the sun’s rays and the space, such as a thermal mass.
23
Q
BREEAM
A
Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method: an international sustainability certification standard for buildings, first published in 1990.
24
Q
FSC certification
A
Forest Stewardship Council certification: a guarantee that the wood content of a product is sourced from either certified forests or from recycled waste.
25
GREENGUARD Certification
A product certification that verifies indoor air quality will not be harmed by chemical emissions from a product.
26
SHGC
Solar heat gain coefficient: the total quantity of solar radiation absorbed by a glazing assembly, including both direct transmittance through glazing and absorption by the frame. A lower value indicates lower total transmittance.
27
EPD
Environmental product declaration: a voluntary, standards-based reporting protocol that quantifies the material content of products.
28
Affirmative covenant
An agreement compelling a party to some action, such as maintenance of a property.
29
RSF
Rentable square footage: a calculation of square footage used for charging rent, which includes the tenant's individual space plus a share of building common areas such as corridors, lobbies, etc.
30
USF
Usable square footage: a measure of building area that subtracts space which is not considered "occupied," such as lobbies and hallways.
31
ANSI
The American National Standards Institute: a non-profit standards organization that develops voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel. These standards can impact building design and construction.
32
Risk category
A code-defined standard of risk assessment based on the hazard to human life in the event of a building failure.
33
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
An international organization whose goal is to promote safety and minimize harm and loss from fire and electrical hazards.
34
Finish materials: Class A, B, C
A classification of interior finishes based on flame spread rating, as discussed in chapter 8 of the International Building Code.
35
IECC
International Energy Conservation Code: a model building code that establishes minimum energy performance standards.
36
Color temperature
Measured in degrees Kelvin, color temperature is a way to quantify the appearance of light produced by a lamp.
Lower values indicate warm lighting, whereas higher values correspond to cool lighting. A warm fixture will typically have a color temperature of around 2700K;
a cool fixture is closer to 3500K–4000K.
37
CRI
Color rendering index.
Measured from 0 to 100, CRI is a quantitative measure of how well a light source renders colors in relation to natural daylight. The higher the CRI, the more accurately colors are rendered.
38
Dew point (T)
The temperature at which water vapor starts to condense out of the air; above this temperature, the moisture will stay in the air. It is given in degrees Fahrenheit.
39
Psychrometric chart
A chart which illustrates relationships between different thermodynamic properties of air, such as dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, humidity, enthalpy, etc. This chart facilitates the evaluation of environmental comfort zones in different conditions.
40
Thermal comfort
The perception that an environment is generally acceptable for human occupation in the current climatic conditions. Factors impacting this include humidity, temperature, air movement, etc.
41
Degree-day
The number of degrees that a given day's average temperature falls below or rises above a baseline standard of comfort. Put another way, this number represents the amount of heating or cooling needed to maintain thermal comfort for that day for that area.
42
Variable air volume (VAV) system
A type of heating, ventilation, and/or air-conditioning (HVAC) system that provides a varying rate of airflow through diffusers in each zone under the control of zone thermostats.
43
Fan coil unit (FCU)
A device containing a heat exchanger (coil) and a fan to circulate air over the coil. Commonly used to condition air in small, controlled zones, such as individual hotel rooms.
44
Hydronic convector
A heater that uses a heat exchange coil containing hot water or steam, and a fan to circulate air over the coil.
45
Single duct at constant air volume (CAV)
A type of HVAC system in which flow rate is constant, but the temperature of air is altered to achieve thermal comfort.
46
Invert
The lowest elevation of the existing public sewer line. It should be determined early during planning because any new building sewer lines will need to slope down to reach this elevation.
47
Expansion loop
A length of pipe which accommodates thermal movement in piping systems.
48
Soil stack
The vertical pipe which collects sewage from fixtures at different levels within a building, and conveys it to a municipal sewer system or other treatment system.
49
Stack vent
The exterior extension of a plumbing stack which vents to the atmosphere.
50
Vent stack
The vertical pipe to which all other vents are connected.
51
Waste stack
A vertical drain pipe that carries wastewater other than sewage.
52
Alternating current
An electric current which rapidly reverses the direction of flow of charge.
53
Direct current
An electric current which does not alternate the direction of the flow of charge.
54
Ohm's Law
A law of physics which relates voltage, current and resistance using the formula V = I * R (where V = voltage, I = current, and R = resistance).
55
Transformer
An electrical device that raises or lowers the voltage and current in an electrical system.
56
Voltage
Also called electromotive force: the electric potential or potential difference between two points, expressed in volts.
57
Work ratio
A measure of efficiency of a heat pump or other machinery; useful as a metric for comparison between products to aid in systems selection.
58
Rotational force
Rotational force is a force that acts on a body and causes it to want to rotate. For example, a cantilever beam that is supported at one end must resist rotational force. Rotational force is also called moment and is a function of force times distance.
59
External force
External force is any force applied to a structure from outside the system. Dead loads, live loads, uniform loads, point loads, and moments are all external forces. External forces cause internal forces.
60
Soil types
The various combinations of bedrock, sand, gravel, silt, and clay that comprise the bearing strata for a building. Chapter 18 of the International Building Code discusses soils in greater detail.
61
Internal force
A force generated within a structure in response to resisting external forces. Includes normal (axial) forces, shear forces, and bending moments.
62
Second moment of inertia
Also called the area moment of inertia, or the second moment of area, this is the measurement of a structural member's ability to resist bending. It is a geometrical property of a structural shape's cross-section that measures the relative location of material with respect to an axis. In other words, cross-sectional material that is relatively far from the rotational axis contributes substantially more to that section's ability to resist bending than material close to the axis. As such, this quantity is used in structural calculations to determine a beam's resistance to bending and deflection.
63
Unrestrained floor assembly
With regard to fire-rated floor assemblies, this refers to when the structures around floor beams are not designed to withstand thrust from the thermal expansion of those floor beams. In other words, this is a floor system which can fail in lateral buckling.
64
Live loads
Loads that result from the use or occupancy of a space and vary over time; may include people, furniture, equipment, etc.
65
Dead loads
Dead loads are the weight of the permanent parts of a building. They are static loads that are relatively constant.
66
Restrained floor assembly
With regard to fire-rated floor assemblies, this refers to the structures around floor beams that are designed to withstand thrust from the thermal expansion of those floor beams. In other words, this is a floor system which resists lateral buckling.
67
Modulus of elasticity
A material's resistance to elastic deformation when under stress. This would be higher for a stiff material.
68
Radius of gyration
A measure of the way an object's mass is distributed about an axis of rotation. Typically used in the design of columns to avoid failure due to buckling.
69
Space frame
A three-dimensional, truss-like structural system of interlocking members that can span a large distance with few intermediate supports.
70
Anodic and cathodic metals
A categorization of a metal's susceptibility to corrosion. Anodic metals are least noble, and most susceptible to corrosion. Cathodic metals are most noble, and least susceptible to corrosion.
71
Galvanic action
The electrochemical process that occurs when dissimilar metals are immersed in a conductive liquid and an electrolyte is applied. Also called galvanic corrosion
72
Hinge connection
A type of bolted structural steel connection that resists rotation but is not intended to resist bending moments.
73
Pin connection
A type of bolted structural steel connection that is able to freely rotate.
74
Electric traction elevator
An elevator lifted by ropes that pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. The elevator cab is on one end of the ropes, and a counterweight is on the other end, with the wheel and motor in the center. The counterweight reduces the power that the motor must move by counterbalancing the weight of the cab. They are used for mid- and high-rise applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. Traction elevators can be geared or gearless; gearless applications are capable of higher speeds and thus higher travel distances.
75
Gearless traction elevator
Gearless traction elevator
A type of high-speed traction elevator typically used in high-rise buildings or where speed is required. Capable of reaching speeds up to 2000 feet per minute, and heights up to 2000 feet. They employ a gearless motor, and typically have higher installation costs and maintenance costs than geared alternatives.
76
Destination dispatch
An elevator control system that enables occupants to enter their specific destination floor, rather than simply a direction of travel.
77
Machine-room-less (MRL)
A type of hydraulic or traction elevator that does not require a machine room for equipment on top of the hoistway.
78
Noise reduction coefficient (NRC)
A measurement of a material's ability to absorb sound, ranging from zero to one. Zero indicates perfect reflection, one indicates perfect absorption.
79
Coefficient of utilization (CU)
A ratio of the amount of light leaving a luminaire to the amount that reaches the intended location, called the work plane.
80
Footcandle
A non-SI unit of luminous intensity, defined as one lumen per square foot.
81
Hz
The abbreviation for Hertz, the measure of frequency. Given as the number of repetitions or cycles per second.
82
Impact insulation class
The ability of flooring to absorb or attenuate impact noise and vibration. Also referred to as IIC.
83
Lighting power density (LPD)
A measure of lighting energy density, measured as watts per square foot of illuminated space.
84
Lumen
The SI unit of luminous flux, which measures luminous energy per unit time.
85
Panel resonator
A type of low-frequency-mitigation trap which converts sound waves to heat energy through a damping material.
Sound Absorber
86
Sabins
The unit of measure of sound absorption, used to evaluate the effectiveness of acoustic treatment materials or strategies.
87
Sound absorption coefficient (SAC)
A rating of how effectively a material absorbs sound. Given as a value between 0 and 1, representing the total percentage of sound that is absorbed.
88
Zonal cavity method
A simplified method of calculating light level in a room by dividing the total number of lumens by the area of the space. Also called lumen method.
89
Sound transmission class (STC)
Sound transmission class (STC)
A rating of how effectively a wall assembly attenuates sound. Given as an integer, a higher rating equates to better noise attenuation.
90
IEQ
Indoor environmental quality: the overall condition of interior spaces, including acoustics, daylighting, air quality, etc.
91
TPO
Thermoplastic polyolefin: a single-ply roofing membrane typically used on flat or low-sloped roofs.
92
Cold rolled steel
One of the main methods of fabricating steel products. This fabrication process takes place at room temperature, produces a slightly higher-strength steel, and is better for precision work.
93
Vapor retarder
Any material used in a building assembly to slow or reduce the movement of water vapor through that assembly, and defined as having a permeance greater than 0.1 perm but less than or equal to 1 perm. Installed on the warm side of the insulation in cool climates.
94
EPS
Expanded polystyrene: a rigid, closed-cell foam used as insulation. Also known by the trademarked name Styrofoam.
95
XPS
Extruded polystyrene: a rigid, closed-cell, extruded foam used as insulation. Possesses good durability and dimensional stability due to the extrusion process.
96
Internal heat gain
The heating load contributed to a building by its occupants, light fixtures, and any equipment use.
97
Thermal envelope
The components of a building enclosure that prevent heat transfer into or out of the building, separating conditioned and non-conditioned spaces.
98
U-value
A measure of thermal transmittance, which is defined as the rate of heat transfer through an assembly divided by the difference in temperature across that assembly. Found by taking the inverse of the R-value of that assembly. A lower value indicates a higher insulation factor.
99
Vapor barrier
A membrane that resists the diffusion of moisture and is typically included in an exterior enclosure system to prevent condensation on the interior of a wall or other assembly.
100
R-value
R-value
A measure of how effectively a material or assembly resists the flow of heat. In other words, it measures insulating ability, with higher numbers indicating higher insulation factor.
101
Heat island
An urban or metropolitan area which is significantly higher in temperature than surrounding rural areas due to the many surfaces and buildings which absorb, rather than reflect, solar radiation.
102
Environmental impact study (EIS)
Environmental impact study (EIS)
| A report required for certain development activities that may significantly harm the environment.
103
Eutrophication
The excessive nutrient enrichment of a water supply, usually due to runoff from agricultural or industrial processes. This enrichment can cause algae growth and disrupt the ecosystem.
104
Detention pond
Detention pond
| A solid-walled holding pond, normally empty, which collects and delays runoff water during storm events.
105
Stormwater retention pond
A permanent pond used to manage stormwater runoff through delayed discharge to streams or municipal infrastructure. Often features vegetation on the periphery and contributes to the site ecosystem.
106
RSMeans
A service of Reed Business Information that assists cost estimators with accurate data for cost projections.
107
Photovoltaic cells are made of what?
Silicon
Photovoltaic cells require a semiconductor to create the flow of electricity. Silicon is the only semiconductor of the materials listed here, though alternatives such as amorphous materials are also available.
108
What are wood beams typically checked for?
A wood beam is often first designed for flexure (bending) and then checked for shear (especially horizontal) and deflection. The end bearing and lateral buckling are also checked.
109
How big must an elevator cab be to meet accessibility requirements?
51"
110
Which parking stall layout is the most efficient use of space, reducing the overall footprint of the parking lot?
90-degree parking is the most efficient use of space. Angled parking produces spaces on the ends of aisles that are unusable. Parallel parking is the least efficient use of space and the most difficult to use. It is only suggested for parking along public ways.
111
What is the recommended reverberation time for the concert hall for optimal acoustic quality?
0. 8 - 1.9 seconds of reverberation time
| - is suitable for a small theater, a lecture or conference room, or other fairly intimate space.
112
What fixture has an integral trap?
toilets
113
What is true regarding air flow around windbreaks?
There is negative pressure at the sides and leeward surfaces of a windbreak.
The speed of the wind is decreased both before and after the windbreak.
There is an increase in pressure at the windward face of the windbreak.
114
Which of the following processes can be implemented to correct hard water that causes scale and build up in the plumbing system?
An ion-exchanger pulls the calcium and magnesium out of the water.
Reverse osmosis is effective at removing calcium and magnesium ions that make water hard.
Aeration is used to improve the taste and color of water and also help remove iron and manganese.
115
What are the some effective methods for creating a waterproof basement?
Placing a course of gravel beneath the foundation pour
-The gravel course will provide a porous surface for water to drain into the ground below as opposed to soil, which may gather water and cause capillary or increased hydrostatic pressure on the foundation slab.
Placing perforated drain tile around the foundation, above the concrete footing
-Placing the pipe around the foundation will allow water to flow away from the foundation to keep the basement dry.
Placing a moisture barrier before pouring the foundation
-Placing a moisture barrier below the foundation will aid in reducing water and moisture penetration up into the slab.
116
According to the 2010 ADA guidelines, what is the required minimum ramp width, measured between the handrails?
36"
| 3'-0"
117
What is the most effective option for mitigating off-site noise intrusion from a nearby train route?
Earthworks to block sound
| -The best approach is to adjust the grading to deaden the noise.
118
What type of steel should the architect specify to protect the steel from further corrosion?
Weathering steel
-Weathering steel is a high-strength, low-alloy steel that forms an oxide coating when exposed to rain or moisture from the atmosphere. Its oxide coating adheres firmly to the base metal and protects it from further corrosion.
Also known as Cor-Ten (corten)
119
Square feet in one acre?
43,560 sq ft
120
What is the minimum width of a compliant ADA door?
32"
| 2'-8"
121
What type of tree is Douglas Fir?
Evergreen
122
What are the four types of Mortar?
M- The highest-strength mortar (2,500 psi) is Type M mortar, which is only used where considerable compressive strength is needed. Type M mortar is generally used with stone, since it’s very strong and won’t fail before the stone does. This mortar is used for below-grade applications involving extreme pressure or lateral loads, such as foundations and retaining walls. Type M mortar is made using three parts Portland cement, one part hydrated lime, and 12 parts sand.
S- Like Type N mortar, type S is medium-strength (1,800 psi,) but it’s stronger than Type N and can be used for below-grade exterior walls and outdoor patios. It’s ideal for applications where the building materials come into contact with the ground, such as shallow retaining walls and paving stones. Type S mortar is made with two parts Portland cement, one part hydrated lime, and nine parts sand.
N- Type N mortar mix is a medium-strength mortar (750 psi) recommended for exterior and above-grade walls and interior load-bearing walls. Type N mortar withstands high heat, low temperatures, and severe weather and is considered to be a general-purpose mix. It’s the most commonly used mortar by homeowners for general applications, and it’s ideal for semi-soft stone since it’s more flexible than higher-strength mortar and will help prevent the stone from cracking. Type N mortar is made using one part Portland cement, one part lime, and six parts sand.
O- Type O mortar mix is low-strength (350 psi) mortar used in non-load-bearing interior projects. It’s often used to repair mortars and is generally used with sandstone and other materials with low compressive strength, since it’s very flexible. This mortar has very limited exterior use. Type O mortar is made using one part Portland cement, two parts hydrated lime, and nine parts sand.
123
What are the different types of Cement?
1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
Ordinary Portland Cement also known as OPC is a type of cement that is manufactured and used worldwide. It is widely used for all purposes including:
Concrete: When OPC is mixed with
aggregates and water, it makes
concrete, which is widely used in the
construction of buildings
Mortar: For joining masonry
Plaster: To give a perfect finish to the walls
```
2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
To prepared PPC or Portland Pozzolana cement, you need to grind pozzolanic clinker with Portland cement.
PPC has a high resistance to different chemical assaults on concrete. It is widely used in construction such as:
Marine structures
Sewage works
Bridges
Piers
Dams
Mass concrete works
```
3. Rapid Hardening Cement
Cement suppliers in Malaysia also offer rapid Hardening cement. Rapid Hardening Cement is made when finely grounded C3S is displayed in OPC with higher concrete. It is commonly used in rapid constructions like the construction pavement.
4. Extra Rapid Hardening Cement
5. Low Heat Cement
6. Sulfates Resisting Cement
7. Quick Setting Cement
8. Blast Furnace Slag Cement
9. High Alumina Cement
10. White Cement
124
What are the two ADA compliant elevator cab dimensions?
80" wide x 54" deep or
| 68" wide x 51" deep
125
How wide is an ADA compliant elevator door?
36"
126
What is "figure ground"?
any drawing which uses contrast to show the relationships between positive and negative spaces, solids and voids, or shadows and light.
127
What are the six steps of programming?
```
Research the project type
Establish goals and objectives
Gather relevant information
Identify strategies
Determine quantitative requirements
Summarize the program
```
128
Moment of inertia
the sum of the products of all the elementary areas times the square of their distances from the neutral axis.
129
Increasing the glass solar heat gain coefficient of a window does what to the heat gained?
increases the heat gain
130
What are the 10 Principles for a product to be certified as FSC compliant?
The Forest Stewardship Council® (FSC®) established a forest management certification program to ensure that products come from well-managed forests that provide environmental, social and economic benefits.
Principle #1: Compliance with Laws and FSC Principles
Forest management shall respect all applicable laws of the country in which they occur, and international treaties and agreements to which the country is signatory, and comply with all FSC Principles and Criteria.
Principle #2: Tenure and Use Rights and Responsibilities
Long-term tenure and use rights to the land and forest resources shall be clearly defined, documented and legally established.
Principle #3: Indigenous Peoples’ Rights
The legal and customary rights of indigenous peoples to own, use and manage their lands, territories, and resources shall be recognized and respected.
Principle #4: Community Relations and Workers’ Rights
Forest management operations shall maintain or enhance the long-term social and economic well-being of forest workers and local communities.
Principle #5: Benefits from the Forest
Forest management operations shall encourage the efficient use of the forest’s multiple products and services to ensure economic viability and a wide range of environ-mental and social benefits.
Principle #6: Environmental Impact
Forest management shall conserve biological diversity and its associated values, water resources, soils, and unique and fragile ecosystems and landscapes, and, by so doing, maintain the ecological functions and the integrity of the forest.
Principle #7: Management Plan
A management plan – appropriate to the scale and intensity of the operations – shall be written, implemented, and kept up to date. The long-term objectives of management, and the means of achieving them, shall be clearly stated.
Principle #8: Monitoring and Assessment
Monitoring shall be conducted – appropriate to the scale and intensity of forest management – to assess the condition of the forest, yields of forest products, chain of custody, management activities and their social and environmental impacts.
Principle #9: Maintenance of High Conservation Value Forests
Management activities in high conservation value forests shall maintain or enhance the attributes which define such forests. Decisions regarding high conservation value forests shall always be considered in the context of a precautionary approach.
Principle #10: Plantations
Plantations shall be planned and managed in accordance with Principles and Criteria 1-9, and Principle 10 and its Criteria. While plantations can provide an array of social and economic benefits, and can contribute to satisfying the world’s need for forest products, they should complement the management of, reduce pressures on, and promote the restoration and conservation of natural forests.
131
In the northern hemisphere, solar gain is the lowest during which month?
December
-The least solar gain occurs when the sun is the lowest in the sky, which occurs on December 21-22, during the winter solstice.
132
Where should the architect look to determine the climate zone of the project site?
International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)
-Climate data for building science is found in the International Energy Conservation Code. These maps are used to determine the climate zone for designing building envelopes and mechanical systems in buildings.
133
Which design strategy represents a successful integration of a building system with the project design?
A light shelf along the south facade
-Building integration is the organized consideration of the interrelationship between the productive systems of a facility for the purpose of optimizing the effectiveness of the collection of systems. A light shelf represents a successful integration of the building system since it integrates well with the building lighting, glazing and HVAC systems. It reflects light deeper into the building, thereby providing more light in the interior. It blocks excessive light and heat from entering spaces close to the perimeter wall.
134
Any ramp run can only provide how many inches of vertical travel before a landing is required? How big should the landing be?
30" vertical
60" ramp
135
Bathroom grab bars are to be mounted at what height?
33"-36"
| specified by ADA Chapter 6.
136
What is cogeneration?
also known as combined heat and power, distributed generation, or recycled energy—is the simultaneous production of two or more forms of energy from a single fuel source. Cogeneration power plants often operate at 50 to 70 percent higher efficiency rates than single-generation facilities.
137
What is an Air–Water Induction HVAC System
Air-and-Water HVAC is primarily used in perimeter building spaces with high sensible heating and cooling loads: Office buildings, schools, hospitals, libraries and others where the systems can meet and comply with the design criteria. ... 1) All required heating and cooling loads for perimeter spaces.
138
What is a PER exterior wall?
A pressure-equalized rainscreen (PER) wall is a multiple-line-of-defence approach to rain penetration control. This Update defines pressure equalization and discusses the various elements that must be incorporated in a PER wall to minimize rain penetration due to air pressure differentials.
139
What are the three classes for standpipe systems?
Class I: This system is for professional firefighting and usually required any sprinklered or un-sprinklered buildings higher than 3 floors. They are planned to used by firefighters only and provides water to sprinkler system in building.
Class II: This system is for first-aid fire fighting until professional firefighters arrive. It is very prone to building damage since a 100 ft long hose filled with high pressure water is not easy for untrained users. The use of this system is not very common anymore.
Class III: This system is a combination of first-aid fire fighting and professional firefighting. First-aid fire fighting is planned to used by building owners until the fire truck arrives. This system also provides water to sprinkler system in building.
140
According to Structural Design: A Practical Guide for Architects, Chapter 1; building codes specifies loads on building in what two categories?
dead loads and live loads.
Dead loads are in permanent nature such as the structural components of a building, for example wood trusses.
Live loads are non permanent loads, that are introduced to the building after it is built. Typical live loads are snow, occupants, furniture, etc. Some components can be either dead or live load depending on their building sequence. For example HVAC units are typically dead loads, unless they are not installed after ceiling finishes are in place cause it will create extra deflection on slab and in that case they should be considered as live loads.
141
According to Mechanical & Electrical Equipment for Buildings, Chapter 18, Section 18.5 (a) there are 3 main strategies available for ground-water surcharging, what are they?
Roof Retention: Flooded roofs. They hold water interntionally and discharge it at a slower rate. usually preffered in urban areas where site design options are limited due to limited lot area and being part of a dense urban settlement.
Porous Pavement
Site Design for Recharging
142
Which concrete structural system is mostly preferred and are good choices for heavy loads exceeds 150 lb per sq ft such as industrial structures with their span ranging can be between 20-40 ft.?
Two way flat slab
143
What is a terminal reheat system?
A type of air handling system commonly integrated with CAV and VAV systems that maintains comfort in a building by cooling the air at the air handling unit and then reheating the air near its point of use.
144
Name the surface finish that is more likely to be specified on the outside surface of a concrete exterior wall to provide graffiti resistance?
solvent based urethane coating are good at resisting graffiti, chemicals and abrasion.
145
Name the surface finish that is more likely to be specified on the outside surface of a concrete exterior wall to add better water proofing and resist corrosion?
Epoxy-coal-tar based coating
146
Name the surface finish that is more likely to be specified on the outside surface of a concrete exterior wall as a good aesthetic treatment?
Cementitious acrylic polymeric coating
147
Name the surface finish that is more likely to be specified on the outside surface of a concrete exterior wall to provide high chemical resistance?
Vinyl ester-based coating
148
What is a CCT 2100 HPS Lamp light fixture?
CCT stands for the Correlated Color Temperature and is measured in Kelvin (K). A warm (yellow) light typically has a Kelvin degree around 2000 K and more white to neutral lights has a Kelvin degree of 4000 K and above.
For an object to show its true color, the light that the object is subject to, should have that color in it. For example daylight is rich in colors, it includes all colors in itself therefore every object that has color, shows its color the best under the daylight. In this question the high pressure sodium lamp has a very low CCT value which means it is rich in yellow and orange colors and very poor in blue. Hence the blue car will look gray because there is very low blue color in CCT 2100 HPS to be able to reflect the object’s blue color enough.
149
What is the typical electric service delivered to a commercial unit in United States?
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Small scale and residential projects:
120/240 volt single-phase 3-wire
Most commercial projects:
120/208 volt 3-phase 4-wire
Large-scale projects:
277/480 volt 3-phase 4-wire
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150
What type of structural scenarios are great choices for the flexibility of structural modification that client is looking for unless the system is not post-tensioned?
one way slab structures, either site cast or precast
| not post tensioned
151
According to book Architectural Acoustics, unintended pathways of sound that penetrates through construction is called what?
flanking. Important flanking paths may include, plenum spaces, attics, continuous walls and floors, air ducts and pipe penetrations, joist and crawl spaces, and so on.
152
What is BIPV?
Building Integrated Photo Voltaic. According to Mechanical & Electrical Equipment for Buildings, Chapter 30, Section 30.6: “With the invention of thin‐film amorphous silicon modules allows PV cells to be integrated into construction elements such as roof shingles, clads, glazing and so on.” Therefore using BIPV materials in the project will give the architect the freedom of both utilizing sun’s energy and the surface area they need to do so. It also serves the client’s intention to keep a minimalistic design since PV panels will be integrated with building materials.
153
What are the benefits of wetlands?
Wetlands play major role in providing habitat to wildlife, filtering groundwater and controlling floods however they still face the threat of being converted into agricultural areas.
154
If an architect is aiming to minimize the site disturbance at his new project, which structural systems should he look at?
A long span system by minimizing the site penetration due to lack of supporting elements.
Prefabricated elements that will be manufactured off-site which will significantly reduce on-site construction activity and disturbance of site.
A steel or heavy timber frame system which will limit the excavation and site interference.
***On the contrary, considering short-span systems and on-site systems and materials would increase site activity, hence site interference.
155
What is Bilateral lighting?
providing windows on both walls of a space.
This generally results in the most equally distributed daylighting in spaces compared to unilateral lighting means windows on only one wall in space.
Similarly, placing windows on higher elevations on walls rather than on lower elevations is proven to provide a better distribution of daylight in space because light can travel to a farther distance in space.
