PPP

Question 1

Pentose Phosphate Pathway produces what

Answer 1

ribose and NADPH

Question 2

Hexose Monophosphate Pathway starts with what

Answer 2

Glucose 6-P

Question 3

ribose is needed for what

Answer 3

DNA, RNA

Question 4

what are the four things NADPH is important for (fantastic four)

Answer 4

reductive biosynthesis, detoxification, respiratory bursts and antioxidant regeneration

Question 5

what is the main enzyme of PPP

Answer 5

glucose 6 phosphate DH

Question 6

what is the location of the PPP

Answer 6

cytosol

Question 7

how many ATP’s are produced?

Answer 7

none

Question 8

how many ATP’s are consumed?

Answer 8

none

Question 9

what is ribose 5-P used for

Answer 9

nucleic acids, ATP, CoA, NAD, FAD

Question 10

what is NADPH used for

Answer 10

reductive biosynthesis, free radical elimination, detoxification, and respiratory bursts (fantastic 4)

Question 11

what is glyceraldehyde 3-P used for

Answer 11

glycolysis

Question 12

what is fructose 6-P used for

Answer 12

glycolysis

Question 13

what are the nitrogenous bases

Answer 13

purine or pyrimidine

Question 14

what are the purines

Answer 14

guanine and adenine for both DNA and RNA

Question 15

what are the pyrimidines

Answer 15

thymine and cytosine for DNA, uracil and cytosine for RNA

Question 16

what is a nucleoside made of

Answer 16

base + sugar

Question 17

what is a nucleotide made of

Answer 17

base + sugar + phosphate

Question 18

anything that consumes _______ stimulates the PPP

Answer 18

ribose

Question 19

G6P –> 6PG

Answer 19

G 6-P DH

Question 20

6-PG –> ribulose 5-P

Answer 20

6-phosphogluconate DH

Question 21

PPP is linked to what

Answer 21

glycolysis

Question 22

explain reductive biosynthesis

Answer 22

building things by adding electrons (fat, cholesterol, steroid hormones, bile salts)

Question 23

explain detoxification

Answer 23

making toxins more water soluble for excretion by adding electrons (from NADPH) toxins are then excreted in the urine. This process uses the livers P450 monooxygenase system

Question 24

explain respiratory burst

Answer 24

creating “harsh chemistry” to kill bad guys by using electrons from NADPH. White blood cell takes in more oxygen (hence the name respiratory burst). Oxygen and electrons (from NADPH) make very reactive molecules. The reactive molecules and non-self are sequestered in a vesicle where the bacteria dies

Question 25

What are some reactive species created by the harsh chemistry from respiratory bursts

Answer 25

superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl

Question 26

explain antioxidant regeneration

Answer 26

adding electrons (from NADPH) to antioxidants so they can keep protecting the body form free radicals. Reactive molecules are inactivated by antioxidants. The antioxidants need to be given an electron to restore their "reducing power". NADPH gives the antioxidants electrons

Question 27

what is a free radical

Answer 27

atom or molecule that has one or more unpaired electrons making it very reactive

Question 28

what is the difference between reactive species and free radicals

Answer 28

reactive species have the potential to oxidize or reduce other compounds, and do not always have to be free radicals

Question 29

what is quenching

Answer 29

process by which electronically excited molecules are inactivated (usually by antioxidant (or NADPH) giving an electron(s) to the oxidized antioxidant

Question 30

what are the three important enzymes that quench free radicals

Answer 30

superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase

Question 31

what does superoxide dismutase quench

Answer 31

superoxide

Question 32

what does catalase do

Answer 32

quenches hydrogen peroxide and turns it into water

Question 33

what does glutathione peroxidase do

Answer 33

quenches hydrogen peroxide and turns it into water

Question 34

where is superoxide dismutase (SOD) found

Answer 34

extracellular, cytoplasm, mitochondria

Question 35

what does superoxide dismutase produce

Answer 35

hydrogen peroxide

Question 36

where can superoxide be formed

Answer 36

within the ETS. Leaking of electrons to oxygen from CoQH in the ETS

Question 37

what increases the effect of making superoxide

Answer 37

exercise

Question 38

where is catalase located

Answer 38

mostly in cell peroxisomes

Question 39

what cells have a lot of catalase

Answer 39

neutrophils

Question 40

where is glutathione peroxidase found

Answer 40

cytosol and mitochondria. Most hydrogen peroxide is removed this way

Question 41

what does myeloperoxidase do

Answer 41

turns hydrogen peroxide into hypochlorus acid (respiratory burst)