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radiation biology > ppt 1 > Flashcards

ppt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is rad bio

A

describing and explaining the changes that radiation produces in biological cells and organisms

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2
Q

ionizing radiation such as x rays may produce harmful effects on living organisms such as…

A

-gross or microscopic
-lethal or non-lethal
-immediate or delayed

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3
Q

agricultural use of radiation…

A

-sterilize male pest insects and release them into wild population to decrease population growth
-irradiate grains, spices, fruits, milk etc to preserve foods and increase their shelf life

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4
Q

industrial use of radiation

A

-scientific research
-electrical power generation
-instrument and guages to measure thickness and density of material

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5
Q

medical use of radiation…

A

-sterilization of medical equipment
-use of xray for dx
-use of radioisotopes for dx
-use of xrays and gamma rays for treating cx
-use of Ab-radioisotope conjugates for treating cx (radioimmunotherapy)

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6
Q

what is ionizing radiation

A

-ion charged particles
-ionization= separation of orbital electrons from an atom
-ionizing radiation= enough energy to ionize the matter through which it passes
-mechanism in which human tissue is damaged

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7
Q

what happens when an ion sharing electrons by 2 atoms forms a molecular bond…

A

that bond is broken and thus the molecule falls apart

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8
Q

activity is

A

measure of how much radioactivity a radioactive material emits, measured in disintegrations/sec

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9
Q

measurements of activity

A

curies, becquerel

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10
Q

1 Ci=

A

3.7 x 10^10 disintegrations/sec

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11
Q

1 Becquerel=

A

1 disintegreations/sec

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12
Q

1 Ci=

A

3.7 x 10^10 Bq

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13
Q

exposure is…

A

measure of how many ion pairs are formed in a given volume of air when exposed to radiation.

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14
Q

what is exposure not

A

NOT meausre of energy absorbed or dose. NOT relate to amount of biological affetcs on human body

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15
Q

roentgen is the

A

amount of gamma or xrays which produce ions carrying one electrostatic unit of hcarge in one cm3 of dry air (usually expressed in R/min or R/hr

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16
Q

radiation absorbed dose (rad) is a

A

unit of meausring absorbed dose in any material (energy being depositied by radiation)
-applies to all radiation

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17
Q

radiation absorbed dose )rad) does not

A

-not take into acount potential effects of diff types of rad on body
-not measure of risk to body

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18
Q

equivalent dose measures

A

dose in a person in remr

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19
Q

rem stands for

A

roentgen equivalent man

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20
Q

what does rem take into account

A
  • energy absorbed dose
  • relative biological effects on the body due to diferent types of radiation
    -measure damage to human
21
Q

absorbed dose x quality factor

A

quality factor for xray and gamma and beta= 1
quality factor for aplha particles= 20

22
Q

what is occupational rad exposure recorded in

A

rem

23
Q

dose rate is

A

how fast you reviece the dose (mrem/hr)

24
Q

dose is

A

amount of radiation you recieve (mrem)

25
Q

linear no threshold approach says

A

no amount of radiation is absent of risk and as exp incr so does risk

26
Q

what percent of fatality from cx

A

25%

27
Q

what percent of fatality for informed exposue

A

0-1%

28
Q

4 responses to radiation exposure CELLS

A

-undamaged
-cell damaged but able to repair the damage and operate noramlly (only if minimally damaged)
-cells damaged and repar but function abnormally
-cells die

29
Q

less sensitive cells do what upon rad exposure

A

slowly dividing cells that are more specialized (nerve cells)

30
Q

more sensitive cells do what

A

cells divide more rapidly and non specificed (hemopoeitic cells)

31
Q

acute radiation syndrome means

A

absorbtion of dose lger than 10 rad or greater in short time frame

32
Q

how soon can you noticed symptoms of acute radiation syndrome

A

hours to weeks

33
Q

what happens is acute whole body dose is >450 rad

A

50% of pop would die in 60 days without medical treatment

34
Q

whole body means

A

head, trunk and major blood forming organs extending to the arms just below the elbow and the legs to just below the knees

35
Q

whole body dose rate is

A

radiation level measured at a point of approx 30 cm or 1 ft from the source

36
Q

blood forming organ syndrome needs how many rads

A

> 100 rad to affect BM

37
Q

blood forming organ syndrome is… and includes what organs… and symptoms

A

damage to cells that divide most rapidly and bm, spleen, lymphatic tissue and symptoms: internal bleeding, fatigue, bacterial infection, fever

38
Q

Gi tract symotomys need how many rads and what does it do and symptoms

A

> 1000 rads and damage to cells that are less rapid than hemopoeitic cells
-affects lining of stomach and inestines
-symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, electrolyte imbalnce, loss of digestion, bleeding ulcers

39
Q

central nervous systen beeds how many rads to be damaged and symptoms

A

> 5000 rads
-cells that do not reproduce
-affects nerve cells
- death caused by internal bleeding, fluid, and pressure build up on brain

40
Q

200-300 rads causes what

A

-reddening of the skin
-hair loss via damaged follicles

41
Q

125-200 rads to ovaries causes what

A

prolonged or permanent supression of menstruation in 50% of women

42
Q

600 rad to testicles causes what

A

permanent sterilization

43
Q

50 rad to thyroid causes what

A

benign tumors

44
Q

what type of exposure is the human body better equipped to handel

A

chronic because there is more time to repair the cells and fewer cells that need repair at any given time

45
Q

harder to know the affects in occupational exposure T/F

A

T

46
Q

somatic effects that are prompt include

A

occur soon afteer exposed
-hair fallin out afte 400 rad dose to scalp but will grow back

47
Q

somatic effects that are delayed include

A

-takes place years after exposure
-cataracts or cancer

48
Q

can effect appear in future generations?

A

yes as a result of damage to the reproductive cells

49
Q

is risk of future generation affect higher than somatic effect

A

smaller than somatic effects
-dose limits for exposed person equally protect future generations

radiation biology (2 decks)

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