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Advanced Biochemistry > PPT 3 > Flashcards

PPT 3 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

John Snow

A
  • first epidemiological study
  • interviews of houses with cholera deaths
  • clustered geographically
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2
Q

Florence Nightingale

A
  • nurse and statistician during Crimean War

- more deaths from infections than mortality from wounds

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3
Q

Epidemiology

A

study of determinant and control of disease in a population

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4
Q

Medical Ecology

A

understand mode of transmission
risk factors for contracting
controlling/stopping outbreak

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5
Q

3 parts of Epidemiology

A

Monitoring Public Health
investigate emerging diseases
respond to disease outbreaks

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6
Q

Endemic

A

Scattered

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7
Q

Sporadic

A

Randomly one place

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8
Q

Epidemic

A

eg. south america

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9
Q

Pandemic

A

eg. north and south america

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10
Q

Morbidity

A

number of people in a population with a disease/heath state

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11
Q

Mortality

A

frequency of death in a defined population and a defined amount of time

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12
Q

cause of death has changed drasticall over the past

A

90 years

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13
Q

what has helped increase life expectancy?

A

antibiotics, public sanitation, better food/water safety

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14
Q

life expectancy in Canada has increased from

A

57 to 82

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15
Q

Incidence

A

rate at which cases appear… usually per year

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16
Q

Prevalence

A

total number of cases in a population

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17
Q

epidemic studies are performed when…

A

an outbreak of disease occurs

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18
Q

how do you do an epidemic study?

A

crease a case definition, who/what is included (lab diagnosis, symptomology, etc.)

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19
Q

suspect case

A

fit a broad profile (eg. they are ill)

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20
Q

probable case

A

suspect case + EVIDENCE of infection

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21
Q

confirmed case

A

probable case + isolation of infectious agent from site of disease

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22
Q

Types of Epidemics

A

Common Source and Propagated

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23
Q

Common Source Epidemic

Study These Flashcards
A
  • non communicable
  • from environmental reservoir/agent
  • reach rapid peak then decline
24
Q

Propagated Epidemic

Study These Flashcards
A

infected individual arrives in the area

-transmitted to others in population

25
Case Control Study
identify... -cases (diseased) -controls (without) -determine if there are different frequencies of some type of potential risk factor (RETROSPECTIVE) - INEXPENSIVE b/c record are at hand -see if control and case were exposed or unexposed PAST->PRESENT
26
Cohort Study
groups of people who differ in some attibute are followed prospectively -more expensive -need more people because of them are disease free at outset -everyone is a potential patient (long term) -you don't have data for everyone, don't need to memorize
27
Responses to Disease Outbreak
- understanding - eliminate reservoir of disease - break connecton between source and patient - immunization
28
Eliminate Reservoir
contact tracing, containment/quarantine - birdborne disease - treatment to reduce infectivity
29
Break Connection
``` Water Borne Diseases -cholera, guinea worm, bacillary dysentery -purify/treat water -improve sanitation Mosquito borne diseases -malaria, dengue fever, west nile -drain/fill in swamps, standing water in yards -spray home with DDT ```
30
Lyme Arthiritis
-have pets w/ ticks -25% had circular rash before symptoms (ask them about behaviour, what they did, where they lived) -tick bites -antibiotics -culture the bac -highest incidences in US ~10-20% have continued symptoms (arthiritis, pain etc) -causes still unclear
31
Innate Immunity
non-specific, no memory response
32
Adaptive Immunity
production of antibody, strong memory response
33
Physicomechanical barriers
Keratinzied Epithelium Desquamation of Epithelium Mucus on Membrane Surface Coughing
34
Keratinized Epithelium
Protects against microbial invasion
35
Desquamation of Epithelium
removed adherent bacteria
36
Mucus on Membrane Surface
traps particles; prevents contact with epithelium
37
Coughing
Removed trapped particles; killed by swallowing
38
Chemical and Molecular Control
pH, fatty acids, enzymes
39
Low pH
kills many swallowed microbes
40
Fatty Acids
inhibit microbial growth
41
Enzymes
Lysozyme - kills gram+ve bacteria | Amidase - kills gram +ve bacteria
42
Complement
``` recognizing and targeting bacteria/microbes for degredation (directly/increasing immune cell regulation) -classical pathway -alternative -lectin binding (activity of antibodies) ``` SET OF SOLUBLE PROTEINS THAT ALTERS MICROBIAL RECOGNITION 1. opsonizes invading microorganisms 2. lyses some microbes directly 3. activates antimicroial system of phagocytes 4. chemoattractant for WBC 5. promotes inflammatory response FORMATION OF THE MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLED (MAC) -lysis of gram-ve bacteria
43
Osponization
``` bac first recognizaed by proteins bound to surface -antibodies -mannose binding protein -C3 (complement protein) (you can have more than one) _opsonins_ ```
44
What molecules initiate each of these pathways?
``` Classical pathway (C1) Lectin Pathways (MBL) Alternative Pathways (C3b) ```
45
anaphylotoxin
induces fever and recruits immune cells
46
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
secreted/soluble membrane-associated intracellular
47
Secreated PRRs
recognizes mannose and frucose sugars present in bacterial cell walls and binds (opsonization coating bacteria) - microphage - c-reactice - surfactant - mannose binding
48
MAMP
Membrane Associated Membrane Pattern binds to the receptor, upregulates host genes to (tell body to fight off infection)
49
Mannose Receptor/Scavenger Receptor
phagolysozome fusion | pagocytosis - endolytic PRR
50
MDP/DAP
DAP-meso-diaminopimelic acid MDP-muramyl dipeptide gram -ve
51
NOD/DLR
intracellular PRR
52
Why do we need both extracellular and intracellular PRRs?
healthy gut epithelium, producing thick mucus layer to keep bacteria away -intracellular PRR(NOD) respond to intracellular MAMPs and activate inflammatory response
53
Macrophages
arrive to set of infection later than neutrophils - bridge between innate and adaptive immunity - perform phagocytosis
54
Phagosomal Killing
coated w/ antibody and c3b, antibody asks as opsonin
55
Natural Killer Cells
large lympocytes w/ cytotoxic activity - activity regulated via engagement w/ +ve/-ve receptors (natural killer receptors are to kill while killer inhibitory receptors are sent to tolerate) - viral infection chages the ratio
56
Inflammation
``` response to MAMPs found in inappropriate location (pain, redness, swelling) ACUTE -response to damage, injury, or acute infection -cells recruited to coordinate reponse CHRONIC -low lvl -lifestyle or chronic pathogens ```
57
Acute Inflammatory Response
Various processes occur (margination, diapedesis, extravasion) -ensure that circulatory immune cells can reach site of infection

Advanced Biochemistry (4 decks)

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