PPT week 36

Question 1

What is science?

Answer 1

Collection of scientific knowledge

Question 2

What is demarcation problem?

Answer 2

Defining what is science and what isn’t

Question 3

What is an argument?

Answer 3

(Syllogism) An argument is a formalized written out bit of reasoning
It has 2 parts: premises and conclusions

Question 4

What are 2 parts of an argument?

Answer 4

Premises and conclusions

Question 5

What is truth preservation?

Answer 5

In a logically valid argument true premises always lead to conclusions

Question 6

Truth preservation rule

Answer 6

In a logically valid argument, true premises always lead to true conclusions
If not all premises are true, we don’t know whether the conclusion will be true or not

For example: all rabbits are mortal & Socrates is a rabbit => Socrates is mortal

Question 7

What is an invalid argument?

Answer 7

An invalid argument is a mistake in logic

Question 8

What is logic?

Answer 8

Logic is about the form of the argument, not the exact context of the premises

Question 9

What is modus tollens ?

Answer 9

Is A is true then B is true
B is untrue
Therefore A is untrue

For example
If Socrates is god, he is immortal
Socrates is not immortal
Therefore: Socrates is not a god

Or
If it is a car it has wheels
It doesn’t have wheels
Therefore it is not a car

This is a CORRECT argument

Question 10

What is modus ponens?

Answer 10

If A is true, then B is true
A is true
Therefore B is true

If it is a car then it has wheels
It has wheels
Therefore it is a car

All men are mortal
Socrates is a men
=> Socrates is mortal

This is a CORRECT argument

Question 11

Affirming the consequent examples

Answer 11

If you drank too much yesterday, you have a headache
You have a headache
Therefore, you drank too much yesterday

(Incorrect logic, maybe you have a headache today because you are sick)

IF A is true, then B is true
B is true
Therefore A is true

This is INCORRECT argument

Question 12

Denying the antecedent

Answer 12

If you work hard on this course, you will get a good grade
You don’t work hard on this course
Therefore you won’t get a good grade

The logic is wrong. You can still get a good grade

If A is true, then B is true
A is not true
Therefore B is not true

This is INCORRECT argument

Question 13

What are the 4 forms of argument, which are correct and which aren’t?

Answer 13

CORRECT:
Modus Polens
Modus Tollens

INCORRECT:
Denying the antecedent
Affirming the consequent

Question 14

Example with the car: Modus Ponens, Modus Tollens, Affirming the consequent, denying the antecedent

Answer 14

MODUS PONENS
If it is a car, then it has wheels.
It is a car.
Therefore, it has wheels.”

If A is true, then B is true. A is true. Therefore B

MODUS TOLLENS
“If it is a car, then it has wheels.
It does not have wheels.
Therefore, it is not a car.”

If A is true, then B is true. B is not true. Therefore A is not true

AFFIRMING THE CONSEQUENT
“If it is a car, then it has wheels.
It has wheels.
Therefore, it is a car.”

If A is true, then B is true. B Is true. Therefore, A is true

DENYING THE ANTEDECENT
“If it is a car, then it has wheels.
It is not a car.
Therefore, it does not have wheels.”

If A is true, then B is true. A is not true. Therefore, B is not true