PPVK - Attention

Question 1

Attention

Answer 1

1.Attention refers to aprocess
2.The processis about prioritization and selection
3.Only one item(or a subset of is chosen ata given time
4.Attention can select itemsfrom the external environment (objects) orfrom the internal mental landscape (trainsof thought)
5.Attention involves focusing,and this includes inhibiting (withdrawingfrom) distracting items
6.Attention is forguiding adaptive behavior
7.Attention is essential for normal,healthy cognition (avoiding the confused,dazed, scatterbrained state)

Question 2

External attention

Answer 2

refers to attention to stimuli in the world

Question 3

Internal attention

Answer 3

our ability to attend to one line of thought as opposed to another or to select one response over another.
našu sposobnost da se posvetimo jednoj liniji misli za razliku od druge ili da izaberemo jedan odgovor umjesto drugog

Question 4

Exogenous attention
(bottom up, stimulus driven)

Answer 4

refers to the involuntary capture of attention

effects that are generated externally by the physical properties of stim

Question 5

Endogenous attention
(top down)

Answer 5

refers to the ability to shift attention in a voluntary manner, based on our top-down goals, such that we can seek out a particular target in a cluttered environment or maintain attention on an object in the face of distraction.

Question 6

Overt attention (otvorena pažnja)

Answer 6

ooccurs when a person directly gazes at the object of interest

Question 7

Covert attention

Answer 7

refers to attending to an object in the periphery, without moving the eyes or directly gazing at the attended item

Question 8

Divided attention

Answer 8

splitting attention between two different stimuli

Question 9

Sustained attention (trajna pažnja)

Answer 9

continuously monitoring some stimulus

kontinuirano praćenje nekog podražaja

Question 10

Selective attention

Answer 10

attention involved when processing is restricted to a subset of the possible stimuli

Question 11

Reaction time

Answer 11

a measure of the time from the onset of a stimulus to a response

Question 12

Cue (Znak)

Answer 12

a stimulus that might indicate where (or what) a subsequent stimulus will be
valid (correct information), invalid (incorrect), or neutral (uninformative)

Question 13

Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA)

Answer 13

The time between the onset of one stimulus and the onset of another.

Question 14

Inhibition of return (IOR)

Answer 14

the relative difficulty in getting attention (or the eyes) to move back to a recently attended (or fixated) location.
→during visual searches, IOR stops you from getting stuck continually revisiting one spot.

Question 15

Theories of attention?

Answer 15

“Spotlight model”, “Zoom-lens model”

Question 16

Spotlight model

Answer 16

→attention is restricted in space and moves from one point to the next
→areas within the spotlight receive extra processing
→the farther apart two items are, the longer it will take to move a spotlight between them

Question 17

“Zoom lens” model

Answer 17

→the attended region can grow or shrink depending on the size of the area to be processed
→as a spotlight gets larger it also gets dimmer.

Question 18

Visual search

Answer 18

→looking for a target in a display containing distracting elements.

Question 19

Target

Answer 19

the goal of the visual search

Question 20

Distractor

Answer 20

any stimulus other than the target

Question 21

Set size

Answer 21

the number of items in the visual search display

Question 22

feature search

Answer 22

search for a target defined by a single attribute, such as a salient color or orientation

Question 23

Salience (istaknuost)

Answer 23

referssto tthe vividness of a stimulus relative to its neighbors

Question 24

parallel search

Answer 24

referssto the processing of multiple stimuli at the same time

Question 25

Some basic attributes seem to be able to support parallel search:

Answer 25

→color, size, orientation,and motion →but also lighting direction and 3D orientation

Question 26

Which visual search is efficients and which one' are not?

Answer 26

Feature search serial self-terminating search, i.e., a search from item to item, ending when a target is found.

Question 27

Guided search

Answer 27

- attention is restricted to a subset of possible items based on information about the item’s basic features (e.g., color or shape). - basic features can be used to narrow down the search, even if they cannot eliminate all distractions

Question 28

Conjunction search (povezano, vezano)

Answer 28

search for a target defined by the presence of two or more attributes.

Question 29

Scene based guidance

Answer 29

Information in our understanding of scenes that helps us find specific objects in scenes

Question 30

The binding problem:

Answer 30

tthe challenge of tying different attributes of visual stimuli, which are handled by different brain circuits, to the appropriate object so we perceive a unified object.

Question 31

Feature integration theory

Answer 31

Anne Treisman’s theory of visual attention -a limited set of basic features can be processed in parallel preattentively

Question 32

Preattentive stage (pretpozorna faza)

Answer 32

the processing of a stimulus that occurs before selective attention is deployed to that stimulus

Question 33

Illusory conjunction

Answer 33

evidence that some features are represented independently and must be correctly bound together with attention

Question 34

RSVP

Answer 34

Rapid serial visual presentation A task in which stimuli appear in a stream at one location at a rapid rate

Question 35

Attentional blink

Answer 35

the difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of two target stimuli amid a RSVP stream of distracting stimuli the second target is often missed if it appears within 200 to 500 ms of the first target.

Question 36

Two paths to a visual experience

Answer 36

→permits the recognition of one or a very few objects at a time →this pathway passes through the bottleneck of selective attention

Question 37

Nonselective pathway

Answer 37

→ contributes information about the distribution of features across a scene as well as information about the “gist” of the scene →this pathway does not pass through the bottleneck of attention

Question 38

ensemble statistics

Answer 38

the average and distribution of properties, such as orientation or color, over a set of objects or a region in a scene

Question 39

Change blindness

Answer 39

the failure to notice a change between two scenes

Question 40

Inattentional blindness

Answer 40

a failure to notice—or at least to report—a stimulus that we don’t expect to see and that would be easily reportable if it were attended