PPVK - Hearing 1

Question 1

Sound

Answer 1

pressure changes in the air or other medium
iskustvo koje imamo kada čujemo

Question 2

Physical qualities of sound waves

Answer 2

Amplitude or intensity, Frequency

Question 3

Amplituda

Answer 3

veličina pomaka vala zvučnog tlaka, omjer 2 zvučna pritiska
percipira se kao glasnoća
mjeri se u db - decibelima

Question 4

Frekvencija

Answer 4

za zvuk -> broj ponavljanja neke periodične pojave u jedinici vremena
percipira se kao visina tona
mjeri se u Hz-herzima

Question 5

Human hearing

Answer 5

20-20000 HZ
0-120 db SPL

Question 6

Sine wave (sinusni val) or pure tone

Answer 6

one of the simplest kinds of sounds

Question 7

Most sounds in the world are _____ sounds, not _____ wave

Answer 7

complex, sine

Question 8

All sounds in the world can be described as some combination of ______ waves.

Answer 8

sine

Question 9

Fourier Analysis

Answer 9

matematička metoda kojom se složen zvučni signal razlaže na skup jednostavnih sinusnih valova različitih frekvencija.

Question 10

Harmonic spectrum

Answer 10

spectrum of a complex sound in which energy is: integer (n) times (x) of the fundamental frequency

Question 11

Fundamental frequency

Answer 11

the lowest frequency component of a complex periodic sound (caused by guitar, saxophone…)

Question 12

Timbre (boja zvuka)

Answer 12

when two sounds with the same loudness and pitch are different

Question 13

Ear has three parts

Answer 13

Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

Question 14

Outer ear consists of?

Answer 14

pinnae and ear canal

Question 15

Functions of pinnae and ear canal?

Answer 15

pinnae - detektira od kud dolazi zvuk
ear canal - duljina i oblik kanala enhanca zvuk

Question 16

Parts of middle ear? Describe what each part does

Answer 16

tympanicmembrane is border between outer and middle ear
ossicles-three tiny bonesthat amplify and transmit sounds to the inner ear
malleus-receivesvibrations from the tympanic membrane and is attached to the incus
incus-the middle ossicle
stapes-connectedto the incus on one end and the oval window of the cochlea on the other
ovalwindowis border between middle and inner ear

Question 17

Which two muscles decrease ossicle vibrations in the middle ear when tensed?

Answer 17

Tensor tympani and stapedius muscle

Question 18

acoustic reflex

Answer 18

follows onset of loud sounds by 200 ms

Question 19

Function of innear ear?

Answer 19

fine changes in sound pressure are
transduced into neural signals - analogno retini

Question 20

Cochlea

Answer 20

spiralna struktura u unutarnjem uhu koja sadrži organ Corti
- ispunjena tekućinom endolymph u tri paralelna kanala:
1) tympanic canal
2) vestibular canal
3) middle canal

Question 21

Function of basiliar membrane?

Answer 21

When the oval window is depressed by the ossicles it creates waves that travel through fluid of cochlea. These waves cause basilar membrane to move. Different sections of the basilar membrane respond to diff frequencies of sound, as the travel through the membrane they reach their peak at the part of the membrane that responds to frequenc of the sound wave -> translation of sound into representative neural activity that is sent to the brain

Question 22

translation of sound into representative neural activity happens in_____

Answer 22

Corti

Question 23

Cochlear partition

Answer 23

combined basilar membrane, tectorial membrane and organ of Corti - > together responsible for transduction of of sound waves into neural signals

Question 24

Organ Corti

Answer 24

in the middle canal of cochlea
receptor
consists of hair cells + dendrites of auditory nerve fibers

Question 25

Hair cells

Answer 25

cells that support stereocilia

Question 26

Stereocilia (um)

Answer 26

transduce mechanical movement into cochlea extensions on the tips of hair cells when flexed initiate the release of neurotransmitters

Question 27

Hair cell types

Answer 27

Inner (1x) - 95%, actual sensory receptors Outer (3x) - terminations all from efferent axons

Question 28

Auditory nerve

Answer 28

a collection of neurons that convey information from hair cells in the cochlea to the brain stem (afferent neurons) and from the brain stem to the hair cells (efferent neurons)

Question 29

Tectorial membrane

Answer 29

a gelatinous structure, attached on one end, that extends into the middle canal of the cochlea, floating above inner hair cells and touching outer hair cells

Question 30

Place code

Answer 30

tuning of different parts of the cochlea to different frequencies ## Footnote ugađanje različitih dijelova pužnice na različite frekvencije

Question 31

Responses of individual AN fibers to different frequencies are related to their place along the ______

Answer 31

cochlear partition

Question 32

Frequency selectivity clearest?

Answer 32

When sounds are faint (slabiji)

Question 33

Treshold tuning curve

Answer 33

a graph showing the quietest sound (threshold) at each frequency that makes a neuron respond. ## Footnote grafikon koji prikazuje najtiši zvuk (prag) na svakoj frekvenciji koja uzrokuje reakciju neurona.

Question 34

Two tone suppression

Answer 34

the presence of a second tone reduces the perceived loudness or neural response of the first tone. ## Footnote prisutnost drugog tona smanjuje percipiranu glasnoću ili neuralni odgovor prvog tona.

Question 35

Rate saturation

Answer 35

Točka u kojoj živčano vlakno ispaljuje najbrže moguće, a daljnja stimulacija nije sposobna povećati brzinu ispaljivanja.

Question 36

cochlear nucleus

Answer 36

the first brainstem nucleus at which afferent auditory nerve fibers synapses

Question 37

superior olive

Answer 37

an early brain stem region in the auditory pathway where inputs from both ears converge

Question 38

inferior colliculus

Answer 38

a midbrain nucleus in the auditory pathway

Question 39

medial geniculate nucleus

Answer 39

the part of the thalamus that relays auditory signals to the temporal cortex and receives input from the auditory cortex

Question 40

primary auditory cortex (A1)

Answer 40

the first area within the temporal lobes of the brain responsible for processing acoustic organization

Question 41

Tonotopic organization

Answer 41

an arrangement in which neurons that respond to different frequencies are organized anatomically in order of frequency

Question 41

belt area

Answer 41

a region of cortex, directly adjacent to the primary auditory cortex (A1), with inputs from A1, where neurons respond to more complex characteristics of sounds

Question 42

parabelt area

Answer 42

a region of cortex, lateral and adjacent to the belt area, where neurons respond to more complex characteristics of sounds, as well as to input from other senses

Question 43

Psyschoacoustics

Answer 43

grana psihofizike koja proučava psihološke korelate fizičkih dimenzija akustike kako bi se razumjelo kako funkcionira slušni sustav. Subjektivna osobina frekvencije za slušatelje je visina tona Subjektivna osobina intenziteta zvuka za slušatelje je glasnoća Frekvencija ≠ visina tona Intenzitet ≠ glasnoća

Question 44

audibility threshold

Answer 44

Najniža razina zvučnog tlaka koja se pouzdano može detektirati na određenoj frekvenciji.

Question 45

equal loudness curve

Answer 45

Graf koji prikazuje odnos između zvučnog tlaka (dB SPL) i frekvencije pri kojoj slušatelj percipira istu glasnoću.

Question 46

temporal integration

Answer 46

Proces u kojem se zvuk konstantne glasnoće percipira glasnijim ako traje duže. 👉 Pojam se koristi i za svjetlinu – svjetlo se percipira svjetlijim ako traje dulje.

Question 47

Masking

Answer 47

using a second sound, frequently noise, to make the detection of another sound more difficult

Question 48

White noise

Answer 48

noise consisting of all audible frequencies in equal amounts white noise in hearing is analogous to white light in vision, for which all wavelengths are present Šum koji sadrži sve čujne frekvencije u jednakim količinama.

Question 49

Critical bandwidth

Answer 49

Raspon frekvencija koje se prenose unutar jednog kanala slušnog sustava.