ppwt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the classical definition of a hormone

A

chemical messenger released by one type of cell and carried in the bloodstream to act on distant target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the general definition of an hormone

A

chemical messenger released from one cell to act on another cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is endocrinology about

A

it is about communication between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

communication between cells are required for

A
  • growth of an organism through an increased number of cells (proliferation)
  • development from the fertilized egg to large adult organism (differentiation)
  • maintenance of the environment in which cells can live (homeostasis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the 50 trillion cells in a human body is coordinated by what

A

by less than 24 000 protein encoding genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the 3 layers of signalling network

A
  • within cell
  • between group of cells
  • between tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

in homeostasis what happen when you knock out one gene

A

nothing happens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the difference between nervous system and endocrine system

A

nervous : direct connection between organs
endocrine : sending chemical messages (hormones) into the circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where are signals generated

A

hormone producing cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

autocrine signaling

A

act upon themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

juxtacrine signaling

A

act on another cell but their signal don’t go into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

paracrine signaling

A

signal released in the extracellular espace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

endocrines signalling

A

releases in the circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the composition of endocrine gland

A
  • parenchyma (mass of cells - they are clustered in one spot)
  • blood vessels
  • no ducts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are some permanent endocrine gland

A

pituary, adrenal, pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are some transient endocrine glands

A

ovarian follucle and corpus luteum, placenta

17
Q

what is the difference between protein and lipids hormones in the microscopic level

A

protein : rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome

lipid: mitochondrion, lipid droplet, smooth ER

18
Q

what are 2 general characteristic of hormones

A
  1. very low in concentration
  2. very specific receptor
19
Q

what are some examples of lipid and protein hormones

A
  1. lipids
    ex : steroid, eicosanoids
  2. proteins
    ex : short polypeptide and large proteins
20
Q

what are the cholesterol derivatives

A

vitamin D, bile acid, steroid horones

21
Q

steroid hormone can be from

A

gonads or adrenals

22
Q

some examples of the steroid hormones from adrenal

A

mineralocroticoids
glucocorticoids

23
Q

some examples of the gonads hormones from adrenal

A
  • estrogens
  • progestogens
  • androgens
24
Q

steroid hormones comes from

A

cholesterol

25
Q

steroidogenesis hormones shuttle between 2 places

A

er and mitochondria

26
Q

cholesterol makes

A

pregnenelone in the mitochondria

27
Q

pregnenolone can go in the ER yes or no

A

yes

28
Q

pregnenolone will make

A

progesterone

29
Q

estrogen cannot be produced without

A

androgen

30
Q

testerones needs what enzyme to make estradiol

A

aromatase (CYP19A1)

31
Q

LIPID HORMONE eicosanoid

A

metabolites of arachidonic acid

32
Q

membrane phospholipid make arachidonic acid by wich enzyme

A

phospholipase a

33
Q

arachidonic acid can make by the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX1) which molecules

A

prostaglandins, prostacyclins and throboxanes

34
Q

arachidonic acid can make by the enzyme 5-lipoosygenase which molecules

A

leukotrienes