ppwt 1

Question 1

what is the classical definition of a hormone

Answer 1

chemical messenger released by one type of cell and carried in the bloodstream to act on distant target cell

Question 2

what is the general definition of an hormone

Answer 2

chemical messenger released from one cell to act on another cell

Question 3

what is endocrinology about

Answer 3

it is about communication between cells

Question 4

communication between cells are required for

Answer 4

• growth of an organism through an increased number of cells (proliferation)
• development from the fertilized egg to large adult organism (differentiation)
• maintenance of the environment in which cells can live (homeostasis)

Question 5

the 50 trillion cells in a human body is coordinated by what

Answer 5

by less than 24 000 protein encoding genes

Question 6

what are the 3 layers of signalling network

Answer 6

• within cell
• between group of cells
• between tissues

Question 7

in homeostasis what happen when you knock out one gene

Answer 7

nothing happens

Question 8

what is the difference between nervous system and endocrine system

Answer 8

nervous : direct connection between organs
endocrine : sending chemical messages (hormones) into the circulation

Question 9

where are signals generated

Answer 9

hormone producing cell

Question 10

autocrine signaling

Answer 10

act upon themselves

Question 11

juxtacrine signaling

Answer 11

act on another cell but their signal don’t go into the blood

Question 12

paracrine signaling

Answer 12

signal released in the extracellular espace

Question 13

endocrines signalling

Answer 13

releases in the circulation

Question 14

what is the composition of endocrine gland

Answer 14

• parenchyma (mass of cells - they are clustered in one spot)
• blood vessels
• no ducts

Question 15

what are some permanent endocrine gland

Answer 15

pituary, adrenal, pancreas

Question 16

what are some transient endocrine glands

Answer 16

ovarian follucle and corpus luteum, placenta

Question 17

what is the difference between protein and lipids hormones in the microscopic level

Answer 17

protein : rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome

lipid: mitochondrion, lipid droplet, smooth ER

Question 18

what are 2 general characteristic of hormones

Answer 18

1. very low in concentration
2. very specific receptor

Question 19

what are some examples of lipid and protein hormones

Answer 19

1. lipids
   ex : steroid, eicosanoids
2. proteins
   ex : short polypeptide and large proteins

Question 20

what are the cholesterol derivatives

Answer 20

vitamin D, bile acid, steroid horones

Question 21

steroid hormone can be from

Answer 21

gonads or adrenals

Question 22

some examples of the steroid hormones from adrenal

Answer 22

mineralocroticoids
glucocorticoids

Question 23

some examples of the gonads hormones from adrenal

Answer 23

• estrogens
• progestogens
• androgens

Question 24

steroid hormones comes from

Answer 24

cholesterol

Question 25

steroidogenesis hormones shuttle between 2 places

Answer 25

er and mitochondria

Question 26

cholesterol makes

Answer 26

pregnenelone in the mitochondria

Question 27

pregnenolone can go in the ER yes or no

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

pregnenolone will make

Answer 28

progesterone

Question 29

estrogen cannot be produced without

Answer 29

androgen

Question 30

testerones needs what enzyme to make estradiol

Answer 30

aromatase (CYP19A1)

Question 31

LIPID HORMONE eicosanoid

Answer 31

metabolites of arachidonic acid

Question 32

membrane phospholipid make arachidonic acid by wich enzyme

Answer 32

phospholipase a

Question 33

arachidonic acid can make by the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX1) which molecules

Answer 33

prostaglandins, prostacyclins and throboxanes

Question 34

arachidonic acid can make by the enzyme 5-lipoosygenase which molecules

Answer 34

leukotrienes