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nutrition through life > ppwt 4 micronutrients during adulthood > Flashcards

ppwt 4 micronutrients during adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

thiamin function as a

A

coenzyme in the metabolism of carbohydrate and branched chain aa

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2
Q

requirement of thiamin is based on what

A
  1. thiamin needed to achieve and maintain RBC transketolase activity
  2. without excessive thiamin excretion - if there is no excretion it means that the body needs more
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3
Q

what is a known biochemical function of thiamin

A

thiamin pyrophosphate

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4
Q

to determine the estimated required of thiamin for men and women do you need to take into consideration the energy utilization and the size

A

yes because they don’t have the same size and energy utilization so men will have an EAR and RDA bigger than the women

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5
Q

What is the function of riboflavin

A

coenzyme in numerous oxidation-reduction reactions

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6
Q

riboflavin is required based on

A
  • erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient
  • RBC
  • Urinary riboflavin excretion (when you have a lot of riboflavin the urine becomes very yellow)
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7
Q

For riboflavin EAR for adults derived from what

A
  • studies of the occurrence of signs of clinical deficiency
  • biochemical values
  • urinary excretion in relation to dietary intake
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8
Q

what is the function of niacin

A

cosubstrate or coenzyme for H- transfer (dehydrogenase )

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9
Q

what is the primary criterion for RDA for niacin

A

urinary excretion of niacin metabolites

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10
Q

does niacin has an UL. What is the consequence if you go over

A

yes of 35 mg- liver damage

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11
Q

Vitamin B6 is an coenzyme

A

coenzme in metabolism of aminos acid’s glycogen, and sphingoid bases

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12
Q

what is the primary criterion used to estimate RDA of vitamin B6

A

maintenance of adequate blood 5’ pyridoxal phosphate levels - bioactive form

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13
Q

does vit b6 has an ul, what is the consequence if you go over

A

yes you have nervous failing

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14
Q

what is the function of folate

A

coenzyme in single carbon transfer in the metabolism of nucleic and amino acid

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15
Q

what is the primary indicator for RDA estimates

A
  • erythrocyte folate - the blood levels drop
  • blood (homocysteine) and (folate)
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16
Q

rda of folate is based on

A

dietary folate equivalents (DFEs)
DFEs adjust for ~50% lower bioavailability of food folate vs folic acid

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17
Q

folate is less bioavailable in food or folic acid ( fortified food or supplement)

A

it is less biovailable in food folate

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18
Q

when women are pregnant their need for folate is higher than the UL

A

yes - their need for folate is 4mg and the ul is 1mg

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19
Q

vitamin B 12 functions

A

coenzyme for methyl tranfer reaction
homocysteine -> methionine
L-methylmalonyl conezyme A -> succinyl-CoA

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20
Q

vitamin B 12 functions

A

coenzyme for methyl tranfer reaction
homocysteine -> methionine
L-methylmalonyl conezyme A -> succinyl-CoA

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21
Q

RDA dor vit b12 is based on

A

maintenance of hematological status and normal blood vitamin B12 values

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22
Q

What is the function of biotin

A

coenzyme in bicarbonate dependent carboxylation reaction

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23
Q

is deficiency for biotin rare

A

it is very rare you can se edeficiency in inborn error

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24
Q

choline is important for

A

acetylcholine, plasma lipid stability. It is a precursor for acetylcholine phospholipis an methyl donor betaine - help methylation process

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25
Q

what is the primary criterion used to estimate the AI for choline

A

prevention of liver damage as assessed by serum alanine aminotransferase level

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26
Q

how can you find choline in the diet

A
  • free choline
  • bound to ester (phosphocholine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine etc)
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27
Q

why it is phosphatidylcholine important

A

it is important for the plasma menbrane, if you on’t have enough your liver cannot excree VLDL so ecsess liver fat -> cause cellular damage and it can cause low choline so liver damage

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28
Q

if you don’t have … it can cause methionine deficiency

A

tetrahydrofolate

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29
Q

is methionine important to make choline

A

yes

30
Q

true or false
we have insufficient data for EAR of choline

A

true

31
Q

choline requirement is influenced by

A
  • methionine and folate availability
  • gender, pregnancy lactation, stage of development
32
Q

is there an UL for choline

A

yes

33
Q

pantothenic acid (vit b5) is a component of

A

coenzyme A and phosphopantetheine (fatty acid metabolism)

33
Q

pantothenic acid (vit b5) is a component of

A

coenzyme A and phosphopantetheine (fatty acid metabolism)

34
Q

true or false
pantothenic acid is widely distribute in foods

A

true

35
Q

how can you be deficient of pantothenic acid

A

semisynthetic diets or antagonist to the vitamin

36
Q

how o you estimate the AI of pantothenic acid

A

intake adequate to replace urinary excretion of pantothenic acid

37
Q

what is the function of vit c

A
  • water soluble antioxidant
  • cofactor fo enzymes involved in biosynthesis of collagen, carnitine and neurotransmitters
38
Q

rda based on vit c intake to

A
  • maintain near maximal neutrophil concentration
  • minimal urinary excretion of ascorbate
39
Q

vit a is important for

A
  • normal vision
  • gene expression
  • reproduction
  • embryonic development
  • growth
  • immune function
40
Q

the ear fo vit A is based on

A

assurance of adequate stores

41
Q

what is the difference between preformed vit a and provitamin a

A

preforme vit a: some animal derived food
provitamin a carotenoids: darkly colored fruits and vegetables, oily fruits and red palm oil

42
Q

what is use for setting vitamin A requirements

A

retinol activity equivalents

43
Q

dietary provitamin A carotenoids

A

beta carotene
alpha carotene
beta cryptoxanthin

44
Q

EAR of vit A is based on what

A

based on amount of dietary vitamin A required to maintain a given body pool size in well nourished subjects

45
Q

can vit a build up

A

yes- there is an UL

46
Q

the function of vit d

A
  • increase absorption efficiency of small intestine (Ca, P) and maintain blood calcium and p
  • potent antiproliferative and prodifferentiation effects in a variety of tissues
47
Q

what are the 2 types of vitamin D

A

vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol - yeast and plant steros)
vitamin D3 ( cholecalciferol, from 7 dehydrocholesterol)

48
Q

is vit d found in food

A

found in a few foods more synthesized in the skin

49
Q

deficiency of vit d lead to

A

rickets - infant
osteomalacia - adults

50
Q

what happens if we pass the ul of vit d

A

it can cause hypocalcelemia - decrease in calcium

51
Q

what is the major function of vit E

A

Non-specific chain breaking antioxidant preventing the propagation of lipip peroxidation

52
Q

rda of vit e is based on

A
  • induced vit E deficiency in humans
  • correlation between H2O2 induced erythrocyte lysis and blood (the higher the vit E the less chance rdc will damage)
53
Q

which form of vit E is taken into consideration when making the rda

A

tocopherol because it is saturated - the liver has an receptor for it and it secretes for other tissues

54
Q

what form of vit E supplementantion is fucntional

A

The 2R form it is maintained by humans (1st position needs to be an R)

55
Q

the RRR-alpha tocopherol is maintained where

A

human plasma

56
Q

however the synthetic SRR alpha-tocopherol or natural gamma-tocopherol is maintained where

A

absorbed in the liver but poorly packaged into lipoproteins for delivery to peripheral tissues

57
Q

for the vit e the EAR, RDS, AIs apply only to the … form

A

2R stereoisomeric

58
Q

if you pass the ul for vit e what can happen

A

increase bleeding, cancer patient can be counter rpoductive bc they will kill radicals to kill cancer cells, low vit c sotroes and lipid oxidation

59
Q

function vit k

A

coenzyme during synthesis of biologically active form of a number of proteins involve in blood coagulation and bone metabolism

60
Q

what are the 2 form of vit K

A

phylloquinone (major form )
menaquinones - produced by bact in the lower bowel

61
Q

what is the benefits of menaquinones

A

good for bone formation
found in fermenteted foods + animal products.
More bioactive and it is active for hours

62
Q

function of calcium

A
  • second messenger
  • primary bone mineral
63
Q

how many people does not meet Ca reqt

A

50%

64
Q

who is more in a higher risk of calcium deficiency

A

women, because they don’t have so much bone mineral in the first place

65
Q

what happens when you exceed the UL for calcium

A

hypercalecemia - can pose risk of cardiovascular

66
Q

where is phosphorus mainly found

A

bone

67
Q

what is the function of phosphorus

A

buffers acid or alkali in excess to maintain normal ph

68
Q

how much of the phosphorus is absorbed

A

60 to 65% bc of the biovailability

69
Q

where is magnesium mostly found

A

bone

70
Q

ear of magnesium is based on what

A

total body mg

nutrition through life (5 decks)

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