Prac 1 Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
What is another name for a bubble diagram?
A
An adjacency diagram.
2
Q
What is another name for a floor plan?
A
A construction plan.
3
Q
How do you get the lighting power density of a space/building?
A
Watts /sq ft
4
Q
What is proxemics?
A
The spacing between people and how people use space.
5
Q
What is one of the most important things in design as far as expense?
A
Plumbing. Try to keep plumbing lines towards the center/core of the building.
6
Q
What is an efficiency factor?
A
The ratio of net areas to the total gross area of the space. Remember Net area does not include circulation, just the amount of space needing for a particular purpose.
7
Q
What is the size of a door that has the minimum clearance width required for accessibly?
And what is the minimum clearance/clear opening?
A
36” - 32” +2” +2” (per door frame).
32” for the clear opening.
8
Q
Each accessible room must include?
A
Clear floor area for a minimum 5’ turning radius.
9
Q
What are vocations or vocational rooms/occupancies?
A
Spaces dedicated to a particular vocation or career specific, such as a studio for design or architecture.
10
Q
Exit signs are required at all exit access doors and where the direction to an exit is not clear. What would be another space to require exit signs?
A
In spaces with two or more exit doors, such as a classroom.
11
Q
Construction Documents must be of sufficient clarity to indicate:
A
The location, nature, and extent of proposed work and how it will conform to the code.
12
Q
What are some types of construction items that must be shown of a RCP?
A
Fire-rated partitions, ceiling height partitions, smoke detectors, and supply air registers.
13
Q
What is typically included in door schedules?
A
Door Type (wood, hollow metal, etc), hardware, thickness of door, sizes, details (head, jamb, sill), and fire ratings.
Door finish is not the same as door type.
14
Q
Which drawings would be the best for an ID to show electrical and communication outlets?
A
Electrical plan and combined power/and communication plan.
For large commercial projects, a floor plan is not an appropriate place to show outlet locations. As well it may be harder to read on a furniture plan.
PPI Case Study 1 - #37
15
Q
What type of glass is used for safety glazing?
And which is more expensive?
A
Laminated and tempered.
Laminated glass is more expensive.
16
Q
What is a more durable door frame option? Hollow metal or aluminum?
A
Hollow metal would be better to withstand abuse. Aluminum can be dented and scratched and will also cost more than a hollow metal frame.
17
Q
Why is it important to understand the construction types of buildings?
A
To understand the fire protection of structural elements.
In the end, building construction types will influence the building’s purpose, occupant load, square footage, height, proximity to other structures, windows, exit placements, fire resistance, and the need for sprinklers.
18
Q
What is occupancy classification vs occupancy type?
A
Occupancy classification usually refers to an entire building. Occupancy type usually refers to individual spaces in a building.
19
Q
The two most important factors in determining the number of exits required for a particular room or space are:
A
The occupancy and the occupant load.
The number of exits is based on the occupant load of the space or building. Use the occupant load tables in the building codes to determine the occupant load of the area requiring exits.
If determining the required number of exits for an entire building, the occupant load must be calculated for each floor or story.
Each floor is considered separately.
20
Q
Graphical tools such as matrices and bubble diagrams are used in both programming and schematic phases of design. What is the difference in usage?
A
These are used in programming for data analysis compared to potential layouts.
21
Q
Designers can use bubble diagrams in _______ to explore functional relationships. They can also use these during _______ to test spatial relationships.
A
Programming.
Schematic design.
To differentiate which phase a designer may be in, determine what purpose or information the designer seeks as the outcome.
22
Q
What are design development sketches?
A
They are used after a schematic plan as been created and fixtures/products have been designed.
23
Q
What are the differences between Ergonomics, Anthropometrics, and Proxemics?
A
Ergonomics - The application of knowledge of human physiology to the design of the physical environment. Actual products
Anthropometrics - The measurement of the human body, it can form the basis of ergonomic design of products. The idea for products
Proxemics - Relates to how people use a space, may suggest size and spacing of products.
24
Q
When are two doors required for a space?
A
When there is an occupant load greater than 49.
25
When determining if a corridor is in question for proper sizing per code, how do you determine if it is the correct width?
Remember the minimum widths for spaces 6’ ADA turning radius, 44” typical, 36” minimum for under 49 occupant load. 32” if it is under 24” depth.
Remember that doors need 18” on the pull side and 12” on the push side.
26
Countertops and sinks cannot be higher than?
34”H. Exceptions are reception desks - 36”H
27
Clear floor space requirements between furniture for walls?
36”W and 48”D.
28
What is equivalent facilitation?
The use of designs, products, or technologies as alternatives to those prescribed, resulting in substantially equivalent or greater accessibility and usability.
Using something else or someone to help make a situation or design experience equal for everyone.
29
For BOMA, when are measurements taken to the inside face of the glass?
When 50% or more of the exterior glazing/window wall is comprised of glass.
30
How to determine load factor?
Trick question - the building owner determines the load factor and will give it to the designer for the rentable area.
Load factor accounts for each tenant’s share of the common areas - including the public corridor, restrooms, mechanical rooms, and elevator lobbies.
The load factor is multiplied by the tenant’s gross occupied area to get the rentable area.
31
Glazing in rated partitions and doors must be?
Fire-resistant-rated and carry the same fire rating as the partition or door that they are in.
32
What is the purpose of fire-resistive glazing?
Fire-resistive glazing prevents the spread of flames and smoke, and also blocks the transfer of radiant and conductive heat.
33
When selecting fire-resistive-rated glass, what are some important factors to consider?
The first consideration is the required fire rating for a specific application.
-Size limitations (must be confirmed with manufacturer - think panel walls).
-Ability to pass a hose stream test (for thermal shock).
-Impact rating (for use in hazardous locations).
-Requirements for heat barrier (to both radiant and conductive heat transfer).
-Framing is also critical (can use std. hollow metal, steel, aluminum, butt-jointed! And even some wood meets fire rating requirements).
In the US, the host stream test is required for glass with fire ratings greater than 20 minutes.
34
What type of tempered glass meets code requirements?
1/4” of tempered glass meets code requirements. 3/8” also meets code requirements; however, this would add expense and be unnecessary.
PPI Case Study 2: Question 67.
35
What are important types of information to include with a furniture schedule?
-Reused versus new (if applicable).
-Generic furniture description.
-Unique identifying number.
-Manufacturer’s catalog number.
36
What types of partitions (walls) are used for toilet rooms?
Acoustic.
37
What is part of an acoustic partition?
Slab to slab construction, acoustic sealant at floor and structure above, acoustic insulation, provisions for a slip joint at structure above.
38
What is a slip joint?
Slip joints in large structures are used to allow the independent motion of large components while enabling them to be joined in some way.
39
What is another name for a slip joint?
A relief joint.
40
In what seismic categories is special detailing required for the ceiling?
Seismic design categories C, D, E, and F.
No special detailing considerations are required in either category A or B.
41
What is another name for a key plan?
Why is this important for CDs to have one when proposing to the AHJ?
A location plan, different from a site plan.
It is necessary to show how the proposed space relates to the building - specifically the exits of a building as a whole (AHJ). This way the AHJ can verify egress requirements, such as travel distance.
The AHJ needs construction documents from the designer to provide sufficient clarity to indicate the location, nature, and extent of proposed work and how it will conform to the code.
42
Who develops a power plan?
The electrical engineer.
43
Who develops a sprinkler plan?
Trick question :)
This would be shown on an RCP to show the coordination of sprinklers with other ceiling mounted items.
This is created by the mechanical engineer or fire protection engineer.
44
When one thermostat controls several rooms, where should it generally be located?
In the space that is used most often.
Thermostat should also be located away from exterior walls, windows, heat sources, and other areas that adversely affect their operation.
BUT, it also needs to be able to respond to temperature swings caused by exterior windows and occupant load. Just not too close.
45
What are some ways to improve the acoustics of a door?
It is important to seal all openings and cracks. Ie. perimeter seals and automatic door bottom.
46
In what scenario would an acoustic door be utilized?
These specialty doors are typically used in critical situations, such as a recording studio.
47
What is nylon carpet?
Economical and wear resistant, good for application that will have heavy use. It is stain resistant and cleans easily.
48
When is olefin carpet used?
It is used for an indoor/outdoor carpet use.
49
A stretched in carpet application requires?
A cushion.
May present accessibility issues.
PPI Case Study 2 Question 95.
50
Where would epoxy paint be utilized?
In applications where resistance to corrosion and chemicals is required.
51
What type of gypsum board is fire rated?
Type X.
52
What is the minimum fire resistance rating for Type I construction?
Type II?
2 hrs.
1 hr.
53
Basics of BOMA:
What are net, circulation, useable, rentable, and gross areas?
Net Area is the space required for the function in the space or the program area.
Two types of circulation areas: primary and secondary.
-Primary circulation is the main route connecting the building core and common spaces, such as public corridors, elevator lobbies, exit stairs, and core toilets.
-Secondary circulation space is the private circulation area that connects to the primary circulation areas and public corridors, such as the aisles between individual and support spaces.
Usable area is the floor area the tenant uses—the space taken up by furniture and people.
Rentable Area is the floor area that the tenant pays rent on.
Gross area is the floor area within the building’s exterior face or boundary, including the thickness of the exterior wall. It is the total constructed space.
54
The building owner determines the _______ used to calculate the _______.
Load factor.
Rentable area.
55
Generally, the circulation area comprises _______ of the total usable area.
25 to 40%
56
What is Circulation Multiplier vs efficiency factor?
-Circulation Multiplier is the inverse of the efficiency factor.
-Net area NSF can be multiplied by either the inverse of the efficiency factor or the circulation multiplier to determine the occupant area.
-A circulation multiplier represents the net area (programmed space) divided by the circulation area (calculated from the plan) or NSF / CIRCULATION AREA.
The ratio of open to enclosed workspaces correlates to the required circulation area. Circulation multipliers will typically range between 1.4 and 1.6.
-Efficiency factor is used to calculate the gross area.
The efficiency factor for leased space is the ratio of the net area to the total occupant area.
Efficiency factors are expressed as a percentage (70% or 85%) or equivalent decimals (0.30 or 0.15).
The MORE efficient the building is, the LESS overall square footage is needed.
57
The MORE efficient the building is, the _______ overall square footage is needed.
LESS.
58
A building with an intricate facade of many bays, curves, or other features is almost always _______ efficient than a large rectangular, box-like suburban building with a simplified central core and large floor plates.
LESS.
59
Incidental space is?
The project area not occupied by the client, like closets, structural columns, and walls, but is needed to create the client’s overall space plan — the extra area is NOT explicitly called out in your programmed space requirements or totals.
60
What are Building Service Area, Floor Service Area, and Building Amenity Area?
The Building Service Area provides necessary services or circulation for normal operation.
The Floor Service Area provides services or circulation required for the normal operation of the building.
The Building Amenity Area is shared among tenants and includes shared conference rooms, food service facilities, health or fitness centers, and daycare facilities.
61
Other than in Type I building construction, the absence of a fully automatic sprinkler system:
Restricts the amount of allowable square footage in a building of any type of construction.
62
When determining how much space per occupant would you use to calculate the occupant load, what needs to be considered?
The specific use of the space must be considered not the occupancy classification (whole space).
63
What helps an ID determine the codes that apply to the occupant load?
By knowing the appropriate occupancy classification (Building), occupancy group (Space), and gross area of a space.
64
The occupant load determines?
The requirements for the common path of egress travel, the number of exits required, the maximum distance to the exits, the arrangement of the exits, and the required minimum width of exits.
You’ll also be able to determine the maximum length of dead-end corridors; the special requirements for exiting from assembly and residential occupancies; the accessibility requirements related to space planning; the required separations between mixed occupancies; the construction requirements for corridors, doors, glazing, and fire-rated partitions; and the requirements for ramps and stairways.
65
If a room or space will be occupied at different times for different purposes, such as residential and business occupancies, how do you determine what code requirements to follow?
The space shall comply with all the requirements for both purposes.
66
Educational occupancies for students above the 12th grade are classified as what occupancy?
Business.
67
In an assembly occupancy, when are two egress doors required?
When the occupancy load is 50 or more and the travel distance to egress exceeds 75 feet.
Table 1006.2.1
The cumulative occupant load from adjacent rooms, areas, or spaces shall be determined in accordance with Section 1004.2.
68
The smallest drop in under mount tubs start at sizes _______ long and _______ wide.
A standard size tub is _______ by _______.
45 inches long x 30 inches wide.
30 inches x 72 inches.
Per A117 and ADA, the required size would be the length of the tub + 15″ for the seat.
Permanent seats of a minimum depth of 15 inches shall be positioned at the head end of the bathtub.
69
Fire extinguishers must be no more than how many feet/meters from the furthest occupant?
75’.
70
A typical design package to the AHJ can include:
-Location plan illustrating designed space in relation to the floor or building
-Floor plans/elevations/sections
-Architectural details
-Structural/mechanical/electrical construction details, prepared by consultants
-Specifications
-Schedules (finish, lighting, etc.)
-Means of egress /occupant load for each space indicated
Some AHJ’s may also request:
-Occupant load calculations
-Scoping requirements used
-Codes used
-Fire-rated components / construction details
-Locations of exit signs, fire extinguishers
-Indication of sprinkler status
71
A building permit is usually needed for?
Structural additions, renovations, and even electrical or plumbing projects.
72
What are Scoping provisions?
Scoping provisions tell the designer how much of something is required. Although there are scoping provisions in the ADA, local codes may be more stringent, in which case the interior designer must conform to the most restrictive requirements.
73
Anthropometrics is?
Focusing on the size, proportion, and range of body motions.
These findings are important in designing a range of consumer products.
74
Ergonomics is?
Studying the relationships between the human body and the physical environment.
It focuses more on the interaction between people and specific objects or tasks.
75
What is Proxemics?
And what are the four different distances?
Describes how people use a space based on circumstance, social, and cultural aspects.
Four different distances are identified in the theory of proxemics:
-Intimate distance
-Personal distance
-Social distance
-Public distance
Social distance ranges from 4 to 12 feet and is the distance most impersonal business, work, and interaction occur between strangers or in formal situations.
76
Universal Design is?
Designing spaces and products that everyone can use. It satisfies the needs of the disabled, able-bodied, the young, and the old while avoiding segregating any particular group.
77
Accessible vs Universal design?
Accessible design focuses on the needs of people with disabilities.
Universal Design goes further in seeking best practices in design. It aspires to benefit every member of the population by promoting accessible and usable environments, products, and services.
78
What is the maximum height of an accessible stair riser?
7”.
Risers shall be 4 inches high minimum and 7 inches high maximum. Treads shall be 11 inches deep minimum.
79
The bottom of upper cabinets should be mounted no more than 54 inches AFF, true or false?
False.
Per ADA, 811 Storage, in this case you'd apply obstructed high reach over a surface exceeding 20 inches in depth, so a maximum height of 44 inches.
80
In an accessible route, if the passing route is less than 60″W, then passing spaces at least 60″ x 60″ must be provided at intervals not to exceed?
200’.
Passing spaces shall be either: a space 60 inches minimum by 60 inches minimum; or, an intersection of two walking surfaces providing a T-shaped space complying with 304.3.2 where the base and arms of the T-shaped space extend 48 inches minimum beyond the intersection.
81
While there are no specific “bariatric” furniture standards, there are standards for “large occupants” that approach bariatric weight ranges (upwards of 600 lbs/272 kilos). One such standard is:
They published BIFMA X5.11 for large occupant (254-400 lbs) in 2015.
82
_______ is one of the most critical requirements of any building code.
Egress.
Egress must be continuous, unobstructed, and possible from any point in the building.
83
The part of the exit access path before two separate paths to two different exits becomes available — like a fork in the road - is known as?
Common Path.
The common path of egress travel distance is based on the occupancy type.
Most occupancies limit the common path of egress travel distance to 75 feet. Some occupancies increase that distance to 100 feet if the building is sprinklered. Assembly and hazardous occupancies do differ from the norm, so be sure to check the codes.
84
It’s the distance an occupant must travel from the most remote point of the exit access to the nearest exit.
Maximum Travel Distance also known as travel distance.
The distance is based on occupancy type and whether the building is sprinklered.
85
The number of exits required from a space is based on:
-The occupancy type.
-The occupancy load of the space itself.
-Limitations on the travel distance length.
When two exits are required from a space, they must be located at a distance not less than 1/2 the length of the diagonal dimension of the room. Refer to IBC 1007.1.1
In other words, if the room diagonal measures 100 feet, the two exit doors must be at least 50 feet apart. If the building is sprinklered, the distance is reduced to 1/3. This prevents two exit doors from being too close together, and a situation restricting access to one exit potentially blocking both.
Refer to IBC for the difference in the number of exits required from a story and the number of exits from a space. They are not the same.
86
Difference in the number of exits required from a story and the number of exits from a space. They are not the same.
87
How do you figure out the minimum exit width (not the actual doors) dimensions for:
Stairways
Corridors
Figure the minimum exit width dimensions by multiplying the occupant load by:
0.3 per occupant in stairways
0.2 per occupant in other egress components, like corridors
The resulting dimension cannot be less than the minimum widths specified elsewhere in the code. This includes minimum corridor widths per occupancy as in IBC Table 1020.2.
Where there is more than one exit required, the means of egress shall be configured such that: the capacity cannot be reduced to less than half the entire room’s capacity.
88
Structural compartmentation is achieved through:
-Door assembly ratings.
-Floor-ceiling assemblies.
-Fire-rated walls.
-Fire separations.
89
What is a Fire Partition?
Fire partitions are among the most common fire-resistance-rated partitions used by interior designers. Typically 1 hr rated.
Used in corridor walls, lobbies, etc.
QPractice, Life Safety Elements module.
90
What is a fire barrier?
A fire barrier can be a vertical or horizontal fire-resistance-rated structure. A fire barrier is designed to confine fire and allow for safe passage.
A fire barrier offers a higher level of protection than a fire partition. A fire barrier is continuous from the floor slab to the underside of the floor or roof above. Typically 2 hr min. Used in stairways and horizontal exits, etc.
QPractice, Life Safety Elements module.
91
What are fire walls?
Fire walls are exterior walls that extend continuously from the base of the building to the roof. Fire walls will typically have a 3 to 4-hour fire-resistance rating.
QPractice, Life Safety Elements module.
92
When building codes require an interior partition to be fire-rated, what is included in this fire rating?
All openings in that partition must also be fire-rated. Building codes govern the ratings of both the partitions and openings, called assemblies.
The term fire-rated door most often refers to the entire door assembly. This combination of the door, frame, hardware, and glazing works together as a single unit.
93
Fire doors must be:
Self-closing and positive latching (catches automatically when the door is closed).
The required rating for a door assembly depends on the rating of the enclosing wall or partition and its intended use.
94
The location and type of alarm device are part of the _______ scope of work.
Engineer’s.
The Interior Designer coordinates the exact placement with the consultant. Coordination is part of the ID’s scope of work so that furniture or other items do not interfere with device functionality.
95
What is the minimum dynamic coefficient of friction (DCOF) rating for floor surfaces that will be wet.
What denotes a less slippery floor material: a higher or lower number?
0.42.
Tiles with a wet DCOF AcuTest value of less than 0.42 are only suitable for floor areas that will remain dry. Polished tiles generally fall into this category.
The higher the number, the less slippery the surface is.
96
Working under the IBC, a designer has calculated that a total exit width of 8′ (2438 mm) is required from a store.
What combination of door widths would meet most exiting requirements?
-three 34 in (864 mm) doors remotely located
-a pair of 32 in (813 mm) doors remotely located from one 38 in (965 mm) door
-three 36 in (914 mm) doors remotely located
-one 36 in (914 mm) door remotely located from a pair of 34 in (864 mm) doors
Only 36 inch (914 mm) wide doors will provide a clear exit width of 32 inches (813 mm) for an accessible means of egress.
97
In general, fire door assemblies are rated at what fraction of the rating of the surrounding wall?
In general, door assemblies are rated at three-fourths of the rating of the surrounding wall. For example,
a 45 minute door is used in a 1-hour rated wall,
a 3-hour fire door is used in a 4-hour rated wall.
98
How many exits are required for a convention center ballroom of 7,725 sf2 with tables and chairs?
The occupant load of the space determines the number of exits required from a space.
For a ballroom (assembly with tables and chairs), the occupancy load factor is 15 net. Taking the square footage of the ballroom (7,725sf2) and dividing it by the occupancy load factor will calculate the occupancy load of the space (515 occupants).
For an assembly space, any occupant load over 49 requires 2 exits. However, three exits are required for any space when the occupant load is between 501 and 1000 occupants.
Four exits or exit access doorways shall be provided from any space with an occupant load greater than 1000.
99
What determines the number of exits for a space?
What are the number of occupants for 1, 2, 3, and 4 exits?
The occupant load of the space determines the number of exits required from a space.
For an assembly space, any occupant load over 49 requires 2 exits. However, three exits are required for any space when the occupant load is between 501 and 1000 occupants.
Four exits or exit access doorways shall be provided from any space with an occupant load greater than 1000.
100
Every building is classified into one of five major types of construction based on the fire-resistance ratings of certain building components.
Under the IBC, these components include the:
-Structural frame.
-Interior and exterior bearing walls.
-Interior and exterior nonbearing walls and partitions.
-Floor construction.
-Roof construction.
101
Roof assemblies are classified as _______ or _______ systems.
Low-slope or steep-slope.
This depends on the costs/maintenance, appearance, energy conservation, ventilation of the attic/roof joist space, and weight of the roof parts (including imposed live loads of snow, etc.).
One of the major features of the roof is to have proper drainage or slopes of the roof to promote water runoff and prevent ponding of water on the roof unless the building is designed with a water detention system for building thermal efficiency.
102
Typical wood stud size and where it is used?
2×4 and 2×6 (nominal dimensions) wood studs are typical for residential applications. 16” OC.
103
Typical metal stud size and where it is used?
Metal studs set into metal channels on the ceiling and floor are common in commercial spaces. Sizes of metal studs vary, but 2-1/2″ (64 mm) is the most common. 16”-24” OC.
104
Residential partitions are usually built with a _______ thick gypsum wallboard. Commercial spaces most often use a _______ gypsum wallboard.
1/2”.
5/8″.
105
Requirements for typical fire-rated partitions:
-The gypsum must be fire rated.
-The partition must run slab to slab.
-All connections/openings must be sealed with a fire-rated caulking material.
QPractice Building Components module
106
Requirements for typical acoustic partitions:
-The partition must run slab to slab.
-All connections/openings must be sealed with an acoustical caulking material.
QPractice Building Components module
107
Types of wood and metal doors.
Wood doors, including hollow core and solid core doors, are the most popular.
Metal doors provide greater security, fire resistance, rot resistance, blast resistance, and wind-load resistance.
Steel or hollow metal doors
Aluminum – typically glazed
108
What are the two broad types of door frame materials and what are they used with?
Wood
Used with wood, fiberglass, and metal doors in non-fire-rated applications.
Metal
Used with metal doors or fire-rated wood doors. These are usually hollow metal frames and can be either welded or knock-down (KD).
109
What are the differences between welded and KD metal frames?
Welded frames come to the job site preassembled and in one piece. They are commonly specified for their seamless appearance and help ensure the frames are square at the installation time.
They are particularly well-suited for exterior openings and masonry walls. Welded frames are more expensive due to the additional labor involved in the welding and finishing process. Welded frames have a seamless appearance and reduce the amount of site labor for assembly and installation.
KD frames are the least expensive because they are shipped disassembled. This allows them to be tightly packed for shipping and job site storage. KD drywall frames allow for assembly into the drywall opening after wall construction. Their design has visible seams and screws because they are not welded.
110
When selecting hardware for a door, If the door must be fire-rated, eliminate all hardware that does not have a _______.
If the door must be fire-rated, eliminate all hardware that does not have a _______ so that they stay closed in the event of a fire.
Secure applications require locking; secure and controlled door hardware requires?
Closer. All fire-rated doors must be self-closing but can NOT have a mechanical or manual hold-open device.
Positive latch (automatic latching system). (No simple push/pull hardware is allowed.) If fire-rated door hardware set for a means of egress door includes a deadbolt, the bolt must automatically be retracted when the latch mechanism is disengaged.
A card reader or code lock.
111
Safety glazing is required in locations subject to human impacts, such as?
What are material examples of safety glazing?
Glass doors, shower and bath enclosures, and glass sidelights in partitions.
Tempered glass and laminated glass are generally considered safety glazing.
112
Blackwater vs Gray water?
Blackwater contains human waste, such as from a toilet.
Gray water is untreated household wastewater that does not contain human/toilet waste. Gray water can be used twice if adequately filtered. It is most common to use gray water for irrigation.
113
Fixtures requiring a floor drain (toilet, tub/shower, mop sink, water heater) must locate the drain directly on a _______.
Plumbing trench.
114
What are two applications for chase walls?
A double row of studs braced together and spaced far enough apart to allow for plumbing pipes. Back-to-back commercial toilet rooms use space within the plumbing chase to accommodate extensive piping and toilet carriers.
Chase walls are also used to recess large elements, such as bookcases and cabinets. If sound control is required, extra layers of wallboard are applied, or resilient furring channels are used. Only the finish side of the studs is covered with wallboard.
115
Drainage systems rely on _______ for discharge, meaning the pipes are typically _______ than those for supply.
The overall sanitary drainage system must be _______.
Gravity and larger.
Vented to the exterior. This venting allows air to circulate.
116
Every plumbing fixture requires a _______.
Trap. Some are integrated into the fixture (water closets), while others are external (sinks).
117
What type of piping can be located in structural columns?
Wet columns group plumbing pipes as an alternative to lengthy horizontal waste piping. The pipes are grouped within a structural column and located away from the plumbing core in commercial design. Stack vents cannot be located in structural columns.
118
Mechanical systems include:
Heating and cooling, plumbing, fire protection, and electrical systems.
119
Both an air supply and return should be present in?
Enclosed rooms or areas should have both an air supply and return.
Think Farragut HS walls
120
The air handler usually requires a minimum _______ or _______ access panel located directly below or adjacent to the unit.
Where can access panels not be located?
2’ x 2’ or 2’ x 4’ panel.
Can not be placed where the ductwork connects to the unit.
121
What is a device that controls the volume of air and its distribution in an HVAC system called?
A register.
122
International Building Code (IBC) requires sprinklers in buildings over _______ ft?
75’.
123
What activates the sprinkler heads?
Each individual sprinkler head has a heat sensitive element. When heat is above a certain threshold, this activates the sprinkler.
124
Which of the following light fixtures would not be appropriate to use in a residential space?
-Incandescent track system
-HID down light
-Halogen track system
-Fluorescent Troffer
HID down light.
The HID lamp warm-up process can take three to seven minutes, depending on ambient temperature conditions, so this not appropriate for residential use where someone would want the light to come on instantly.
125
Transport systems are part of the building circulation and include:
Vertical and horizontal systems.
Vertical
-stairs
-lifts
-elevators
-escalators
Horizontal
-ramps
-moving walks
-horizontal conveyors
Vertical transportation determines a building’s shape, core layout, and lobby design. Vertical transportation can account for 10 to 15 percent of the construction budget for tall buildings. Vertical transportation can also be an ongoing operating cost.
126
Vertical transportation determines a building’s:
Shape, core layout, and lobby design.
Vertical transportation can account for 10 to 15 percent of the construction budget for tall buildings. Vertical transportation can also be an ongoing operating cost.
127
In any flight of stairs, there is always one less _______ than the number of _______.
Tread than the number of risers.
128
In a building where the required accessible floor is _______ stories, an elevator is required for at least one means of egress.
Four or more.
129
Wheelchair ramps are limited to a rise of _______ but are safer and more comfortable to use with a _______ rise.
1:12 and 1:20.
130
_______ is a rating for interior walls, while _______ rates the floor system.
STC and IIC.
STC and IIC relate to building acoustics (for building components like walls, ceilings, doors, and windows).
For both STC and IIC, the higher the rating, the greater the sound isolation.
131
Normal construction has STC ratings from ______.
30 to 60.
Special construction methods can achieve an STC rating of over 60.
132
What is the best way to prevent sound transmission between spaces?
A slab-to-slab partition is the best way to prevent sound transmission between spaces.
Sound batting can also be added to increase the acoustic qualities, and all penetrations must be sealed.
133
Sound attenuation batts (SAB) can improve Sound Transmission Class (STC) ratings by _______ decibels (dB), a noticeable difference.
4 to 10 dBs.
134
NRC and SAC relate to ________.
Room acoustics (the sound absorption qualities of materials within a room).
The SAC measures the absorption of a material, and NRC averages that material’s SAC at the specific frequencies 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz.
Its values range from 0 to 1, with higher values meaning better absorption.
135
Ideally, open spaces should feature an acoustical tile with _______ NRC or greater.
0.75.
Absorbing approximately 75% of the sound with 25% reflected.
136
What are three families of light sources:
-Incandescent (includes halogen and xenon).
-Discharge (includes fluorescents and HIDs).
-Solid State (includes LEDs).
137
What is Efficacy?
Efficacy is a measure of energy efficiency. Efficacy measures lumens per watt, similar to miles per gallon. The higher the efficacy, the better.
138
What family does Xenon lighting belong to?
What are its characteristics?
Incandescent
Xenons are a type of incandescent fixture with xenon gas with warm light.
Xenons are dimmable but not energy efficient because they give off more heat. They have a lamp life similar to fluorescent, but not as long as LED.
139
What family does Halogen lighting belong to?
What are its characteristics?
Incandescent.
Halogens are bright but hot. While cheaper upfront, they cost more to operate and have a shorter lamp life. They are dimmable.
For reference, a 75W halogen MR16 low voltage downlight for accent lighting requires about one light per picture.
140
What family does fluorescent lighting belong to?
What are its characteristics?
Discharge.
Fluorescents are more energy-efficient because they give off minimal heat. They are brighter than LEDs but have a harsher, whiter-colored light. They are not dimmable without special housing and switching. They are practical for commercial spaces where the light stays on.
A 26 W compact fluorescent output is similar to a 100W incandescent light bulb. A 32W 4-pin fluorescent open downlight is equivalent to a 150W incandescent light bulb.
141
What family does LED lighting belong to?
What are its characteristics?
Solid state.
LED or light-emitting diodes are long-lasting, have lower heat and energy use, and have lower operating costs but are more expensive upfront. They tend to have a cooler, bluish light. They require a low-voltage dimmer. A 4W high-output LED is similar to a 40 W incandescent lamp.
142
What family does HID lighting belong to?
What are its characteristics?
Discharge.
High-intensity discharge (HID) includes mercury vapor, metal halide, ceramic metal halide, and high-pressure sodium lamps. They pass an electric current through a gas containing metal vapors and produce an arc of light within a tube.
143
What is Low-voltage?
Low-voltage lighting tends to be smaller and has more beam control. Low-voltage lighting can include both incandescent lamps like MR16s and LEDs. Low-voltage fixtures use a transformer to “step down” the voltage from 120 to 12 volts.
144
What is a ballast?
A light ballast is a component of fluorescent lighting. In a fluorescent lighting system, the light ballast serves two purposes: to regulate the current to the lamp, and to provide enough voltage to start the lamp.
In the moment that the lamp starts or is turned on, the ballast must briefly supply a high voltage in order to establish an arc between the two lamp electrodes. And then once the arc is established, the ballast quickly reduces the voltage and regulates the electric current to produce a steady light output.
If a light ballast weren’t in place, the fluorescent lamp would uncontrollably increase the amount of current it draws from the power source. Within a second, the lamp would overheat and burn out.
145
An estimated _______ of total electricity use is for lighting.
10 percent.
Building codes limit the watts available for lighting, so designers must be aware of energy codes as they design lighting. Good lighting design should:
Integrate and control daylight in the space.
Use available watts to supply light only where and when needed.
Limit unwanted light.
Select and locate light sources carefully.
Control lighting with dimmers, timers, and occupancy sensors.
146
In a complex building, electrical plans are often separated into:
Lighting plans, power plans, signal plans, legend sheets, detail sheets, and other drawings.
147
GFCI outlets required in _______.
AFCI outlets in _______.
Bathrooms and kitchens.
Living and sleeping areas.
148
GFCIs, or Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters do what?
And what is the difference between GFI and GFCIs?
Disconnect power to the circuit when the current leaks. A GFCI is required where any leaking electricity could cause extreme harm, such as in wet locations.
A GFI and GFCI are essentially the same, although technically, the GFCI protects the entire circuit, not only a single outlet.
149
What do AFCIs, or Arc Fault Circuit Interrupters do?
De-energize a circuit when arc faults are detected.
AFCIs prevent fire hazards from arcs in wiring within the wall. AFCIs are also required to serve lighting fixtures, generally located in the circuit breaker panel. AFCIs are required for almost all residential lighting and receptacles.
150
Typically, a switch is mounted on the _______ side _______ AFF to comply with accessibility needs.
Latch.
42” .
151
How much space must be provided in front of power panels?
36” minimum.
152
GFIs are also required where commercial (non-dwellings) occupancies for receptacles in bathrooms and kitchens or other areas with a sink and permanent provisions for food prep or cooking?
All of the outlets in these spaces must be GFIs.
153
Should light be switch together - even if both fixtures are LEDs?
Lights on a dimmer?
Because different lamp types are used for different purposes, it is not always desirable to switch them together, even when you can.
Also, remember that not even all LEDs can be switched together; the voltage and amperage should be the same.
Lights on a dimmer should also be on a separate switch.
154
LED lamp life exceeds _______ hours, far more than all of the other options.
50,000 hours.
155
Which of the following sources would be most appropriate for the warehouse portion of a large furniture dealership?
Metal-halide
Mercury-vapor
Metal-halide lamps (a type of HID lamp) are the best choice because they have a high efficacy (80 lm/W to 120lm/W) and good color rendition. These two advantages would make metal-halide a better choice, even though mercury-vapor lamps have a longer life.
You'll often see them used in warehouse-style retail stores like Home Depot and Costco.
156
What is a light tube?
One means of top lighting is using a light tube when a greater separation exists between the roof and ceiling.
