Prac Res Flashcards by Lance Amores

iIt is the most popular way of conducting market research

Primary methods

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The differentiating factor of this method is that the researcher relies on collecting data first hand instead of relying on data collected from previous to search

Primary methods

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It is the easiest most common and one of the most sought after quantitative research techniques

Survey research

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What is the main aim of a survey?

Do widely gather and describe the characteristics of a target population or customers

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A type of survey research that is used to collect data from a sample of the target population at a specific point in time

Cross-sectional surveys

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It is a survey that is popular in retail, small and medium sized enterprises, and healthcare industries, where they assess customer satisfaction, market trends, and product feedback

Cross-sectional surveys

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A type of service which is conducted over an extended period, observing changes and respondent behavior and thought processes

Longitudinal survey

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This type of research aims to establish relationships between two or more variables

Correlational research

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In this type of research researchers use statistical analysis to identify patterns and trends in the data but it does not determine causality between the variables

Correlational research

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It is also known as quasi experimental research, it seeks to determine cause and effect relationships between variables

Causal comparative research

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In this type of research, researchers analyze how an independent variable influences a dependent variable, but they do not manipulate the independent variable. Instead, they observe and compare different groups to draw conclusions

Causal comparative research

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It is useful in situations where it is not ethical or feasible to conduct true experiments

Causal comparative research

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It is a type of research in which it is based on testing theories to validate or disprove them. Researchers conduct experiments and manipulate variables to observe their impact on the outcomes

Experimental research

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Type of research that is a powerful method to establish cause and effect relationships

Experimental research

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Examples of this research includes studying the effectiveness of a new drug the impact of teaching methods and student performance, or the outcomes about marketing campaign

Experimental research

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Examples for this type of research include analyzing the effect of training programs on employee performance, studying the influence of customer support on client retention, investigating the impact of supply chain efficiency and cost reduction

Causal comparative research

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Examples for this research includes studying the relationship between stress and depression, fame and money, or classroom activities and student performance

Correlational research

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This method of sampling ensures that every individual in the target audience equal chance of being selected for the sample

Probability sampling

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In this type of probability sampling, elements or participants of example are selected randomly and this technique is used in studies that are conducted over considerably large audiences

Simple random sampling

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Type of probability sampling in which the entire population is divided into strata or groups, and the sample members get chosen randomly from these strata only. It is always insured that different segregated strata do not overlap with each other

Stratified random sampling

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In this type of probability sampling researchers divide the population in due clusters often based on geography or demographics

Cluster sampling

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In this type of probability sampling only the starting point of the sample is randomly chosen. All the other participants are chosen using a fixed interval

Systematic sampling

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How do researchers calculate the interval in a systematic sampling?

Researchers calculate this interval by dividing the size of the study population by the target sample size

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Method where the researchers knowledge and experience guide the selection of samples

Non probability sampling

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For this type of non probability sampling the elements or participants are chosen on the basis of their nearness in the researcher

Convenience sampling

Researchers select samples one after another over a significant period for this non-probability sampling

Consecutive sampling

A non probability sampling in which researchers use their understanding of target traits and personalities to form groups or strata. They then choose samples from each stratum based on their own judgment

Quota sampling

A non-probability sampling used when the target audiences are difficult to contact and interviewed for data collection. Researchers start with a few participants and then ask them to refer others, creating a snowball effect

Snowball sampling

A non probability sampling in which researchers rely solely on their experience and research skills to handpick examples that they believe will be most relevant to the study

Judgmental sampling

It is a data analysis technique that evaluates the performance of organizations internally and externally done it helps them develop effective improvement strategies

SWOT analysis

A data analysis technique that uncovers how individuals may complex purchasing decisions. It involves considering trade-offs in their daily activities when choosing for the list of product or services options.

Conjoint analysis

A data analysis technique which is a statistical market analysis method that reveals relationships, patterns, and trends within various research study parameters

Cross-tabulation

I data analysis technique that helps analyze the reach and frequency of favorable communication sources. It provides insights into the potential of a target market

TURF analysis

It is also known as desk research

Secondary quantitative research methods

It is a quantitative research method that plays a crucial role in validating data collected through primary quantitative research

Secondary quantitative research method

it has become Vast repository data, making it easier for researchers to access a wealth of information.

Data available on the Internet

They often conduct extensive research and public report. These reports cover a wide range of topics providing researchers with reliable and comprehensive data

Government and non-government sources

While less commonly use in the digital age these still hold valuable research reports, historical data, and publications

Public libraries

They frequently conduct research on various subjects though their research reports and publications can serve as valuable sources of information for researchers

Educational institutions

These include local newspapers, journals, magazines, and media outlets often publish relevant data on economic trends, market research, and demographic analysis

Commercial information sources

True or false. As the quantitative studies can be replicated for different cultural settings and different times, even with different groups of participants, they tend to be extremely useful.

TRUE

This is the advantage of a quantitative research method in which researchers can repeat the study by using standardized data collection protocols over well structured data sets.

Replication

This is an advantage of a quantitative research method in which the researchers can process and analyze the data via highly reliable and consistent analysis procedures

Large samples

This is an advantage of a quantitative method in which the methodology follows a standardized and established hypothesis testing procedures

Hypothesis testing

Set of Principles that guide your research designs and practices

Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations work to

- Protect the rights of research participants - Enhanced research validity - Maintain scientific or academic integrity

Ethical considerations are principles that make sure that participation in studies is____, ___, ___ for research subjects

voluntary, informed, safe

Defying_____ will also lower the credibility of your research because it's hard for others to trust your data if your methods are morally questionable

Research ethics

Before you start any study involving data collection with people, you'll submit your research proposal to whom?

IRB (institutional review board)

It is a committee that checks whether your research aims and research design are ethically acceptable and follow your institution's code of conduct

IRB

What happens if your submission to the IRB is successful, if you want to make any changes, and if unsuccessful?

- If successful you'll receive irb approval and you can begin collecting data - If you want to make any changes you'll need to submit a modification application - If unsuccessful you may be asked to resubmit with modifications

A type of ethical issue in which all research subjects are free to choose to participate without any pressure or coercion And are able to withdraw and leave the study at any point without an obligation or feeling to continue

Voluntary participation

A type of ethical issue in which all potential participants receive and understand all the information they need to decide whether they want to participate. Like the study's benefits risks funding and institutional approval.

Informed consent

how should informed consent be presented to - People with low literacy - Participants with very limited English proficiency - For children

- For people with low literacy, verbally explained the concern form to them before they agreed to participate - For participants with very limited English proficiency, translate - Four children you need permission from their participation for their parents; ask for their assent too

For this type of ethical issue, you don't know who the participants are and you can't link any individual participant to their data

Anonymity

How can you guarantee anonymity?

By not collecting any personally identifying information such as names, phone numbers, email addresses, IP addresses, physical characteristics, photos, and videos

What method in anonymity can be used to replace the identifying information about participants with fake names or identifiers

Data pseudonymization

Type of ethical issue in which you know who the participants are, but you remove all identifying information from your report

Confidentiality

Type of ethical issue in which you have to consider all possible sources of harm to participants

Potential for Harm

A form of harm in which sensitive question or task may trigger negative emotions such as shame or anxiety

Psychological harm

Participation can involve social risk public embarrassment, or stigma in this type of potential harm

Social harm

This type of harm causes pain or injury which can result from the study procedures

Physical harm

A type of potential harm reporting sensitive data which could lead to legal risk or a breach of privacy

Legal harm

A type of ethical issue in which the way you communicate your research is involved.

Results communication

Good science communication is _____, __________, and _____

Honest, reliable, and credible

What are the two things you need to avoid in results communication

plagiarism and research misconduct

Submitting others work as your own

plagiarism

Republishing or resubmitting parts of your own papers or reports without properly citing your original work

Self plagiarism

Means falsifying data or making up, manipulating data analysis, or misrepresenting results in research reports

Research misconduct

It is a form of academic fraud committed intentionally and can have serious consequences

research Misconduct

If here is serious ethical issue because it can undermine academic integrity and institutional credibility

research Misconduct

It leads to a waste of funding and resources that could have been used for alternative research

research Misconduct

method that uses numbers and statistics to test theories about customer attitudes and behaviors.

Quantitative method

* helps researchers gather and analyze data systematically to gain valuable insights and draw evidence-based conclusions about customer preferences and trends. * Researchers use online surveys, questionnaires, polls, and quizzes to question a large number of people to obtain measurable and bias-free data.

Quanti method

* mainly concerned with discovering facts about social phenomena while assuming a fixed and measurable reality.

Quantitative Method

Characteristic of Quanti  data collection methods in quantitative research are structured and contain items requiring measurable variables, such as age, number of family members, salary range, highest education, etc  These structured data collection methods comprise polls, surveys, questionnaires, etc.,

Measurable Variables

all the variables are measurable. This ensures that the research is ______

in-depth and provides less erroneous data for reliable, actionable insights

As the main aim of the research methodology is to get numerical insights, the sample size should be ____. Depending on the survey objective and scope, it might span hundreds of thousands of people.

fairly large

Characteristic of quanti To maintain the reliability of a quantitative research methodology, we assume that the population distribution curve is normal.

Normal Pop Dis

this type of population distribution curve is preferred over a non-normal distribution as the sample size is large, and the characteristics of the sample vary with its size.

Normal Pop Dis

This requires adhering to the random sampling principle to avoid the researcher’s bias in result interpretation. Any bias can ruin the fairness of the entire process and defeats the purpose of research.

Normal Pop Dis

Characteristic of Quanti  Data analysis in quantitative research produces highly structured results and can form well-defined graphical representations

Well-structured data representation

This way, you can discover hidden data trends, relationships, and differences among various measurable variables. This can help researchers understand the survey data and formulate actionable insights for decision-making.

Well-Structured Data Representation

T or F. Quantitative analysis of data can also be used for estimations but not in prediction of outcomes.

F. Quantitative analysis of data can also be used for estimations and prediction outcomes.

Characteristic of Quanti  You can construct if-then scenarios and analyze the data for the identification of any upcoming trends or events.  However, this requires advanced analytics and involves complex mathematical computations. So, it is mostly done via quantitative research tools that come with advanced analytics capabilities.

Predictive Outcomes

Practice to conduct quanti  There can be many ways to collect data via quantitative; chosen based on objective and scope. You can hypothesize a proof and build a prediction of outcomes supporting the same. You can also create a detailed stepwise plan for data collection, analysis, and testing.

Define research objectives

Practice to conduct quanti  surveys are meant to reach people en-masse, and that includes a wide demographic range with recipients from all walks of life. Asking simple questions will ensure that they grasp what’s being asked easily.

keep your questions simple

Practice to conduct quanti  Choose an appropriate research design that aligns with your objectives, whether it’s experimental, quasi-experimental, or correlational.  You also need to pay attention to the sample size and sampling technique such that it represents the target population accurately.

Develop a solid research design

Practice to conduct quanti  It’s crucial to select or develop measurement instruments such as questionnaires, scales, or tests that have been validated and are reliable.  Before proceeding with the main study, pilot-test these instruments on a small sample to assess their effectiveness and make any necessary improvements.

Use reliable and valid instruments

Practice to conduct quanti  Implement data collection protocols to minimize errors and bias during data gathering. Double-check data entries and cleaning procedures to eliminate any inconsistencies or missing values that may affect the accuracy of your results.

Ensure data quality

Practice to conduct quanti  Select statistical methods that match the nature of your data and research questions. Whether it’s regression analysis, t-tests, ANOVA, or other techniques, using the right approach is important for drawing meaningful conclusions. Utilize software tools like SPSS or R for data analysis to ensure the accuracy and reproducibility of your findings.

Employ appropriate data analysis techniques

Practice to conduct quanti  Present your findings in a clear and unbiased manner.  Avoid making unwarranted causal claims, especially in correlational studies. Instead, focus on describing the relationships and patterns observed in your data.

Interpret Results Objectively

Practice to conduct quanti  Prioritize ethical considerations throughout your research process.  Obtain informed consent from participants, ensuring their voluntary participation and confidentiality of data.  Comply with ethical guidelines and gain approval from a governing body if necessary.

Address ethical considerations