Prac2 prep Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
What nerve supplies laryngeal muscles?
A
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (from vagus).
2
Q
Name the fibrous cord connecting the aorta to the pulmonary trunk.
A
Ligamentum arteriosum.
3
Q
List 3 differences between AV valves and semilunar valves.
A
- SL valves have no chordae tendinae.
- SL valves closed during diastole.
- SL valves located at base of heart, whereas AV valves between atria/ ventricles.
4
Q
Name THREE adult derivative structures of the septum transversum.
A
- Fibrous pericardium.
- Central tendon of diaphragm.
- CT of liver.
5
Q
List FIVE things that are in the superior mediastinum but not the inferior.
A
- Trachea.
- SVC.
- Branches of aortic arch.
- Left recurrent laryngeal nerve.
- Right lymphatic duct.
6
Q
Name the embryological structure which separates the thorax and abdomen.
A
Septum transversum.
7
Q
Name the space which is occupied by the lungs.
A
Pulmonary cavity.
8
Q
What is the ‘ductus arteriosus’?
A
Structure present in foetal development; connects aorta and pulmonary trunk. Becomes ligamentum arteriosum.
9
Q
Name the specialised muscles found in the ventricles, which form large ridges.
A
Trabeculae carnae.
10
Q
Name the external groove found between the atria and ventricles.
A
Atrio-ventricular sulcus.
11
Q
a. ) Name the internal ridge of muscle found in the right atrium.
b. ) Name the groove this correspond to externally.
c. ) What is this a demarkation point of?
A
a. ) Crista terminalis.
b. ) Sulcus terminalis.
c. ) Demarcates fusion of primitive atria and auricle.
12
Q
a. ) Name the structure connecting the atria in fetal life.
b. ) What does this structure become?
A
a. ) Foramen ovale.
b. ) Fossa ovalis.
13
Q
Which nerve passes ANTERIOR to the root of the lung?
A
Phrenic nerve.
14
Q
Which nerve passes POSTERIOR to the root of the lung?
A
Vagus nerve.
15
Q
t/f: the right recurrent laryngeal is not present in the mediastinum.
A
TRUE - the left recurrent laryngeal is present in the superior mediastinum (as it loops around the arch of the aora), however the right recurrent laryngeal loops around the right subclavian artery (more laterally) and so is not found in the superior mediastinum.
16
Q
State the innervation of the following:
Constrictor muscles.
A
Vagus nerve (CN X). (note: NOT the recurrent laryngeal nerve, the recurrent laryngeal nerve does intrinsic laryngeal muscles only)
17
Q
State the innervation of the following:
Stylopharyngeus.
A
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX).
18
Q
State the innervation of the following:
Anterior digastric.
A
CN V - V3.
19
Q
State the innervation of the following:
Mylohyoid.
A
CN V - V3.
20
Q
State the blood vessel which:
Supplies the tongue.
A
Lingual artery.
21
Q
State the blood vessel which:
Branch of external carotid to thyroid gland.
A
Superior thyroid artery (as inferior thyroid doesn’t branch off of external carotid, it branches off of thyrocervical trunk).
22
Q
State the blood vessel which:
Supplies the masseter and pterygoid muscles.
A
Maxillary artery.
23
Q
State the blood vessel which:
Provides a pulse just anterior the ear.
A
Superior temporal artery.
24
Q
Which vein drains the superficial temporal and occipital veins?
A
External jugular vein.
25
Name the feature which is deep to:
| Aryepiglottic fold.
Upper edge of quadrangular membrane.
26
Name the feature which is deep to:
| Palatoglossal fold.
Palatoglossus muscle.
27
```
Name the feature which is deep to:
Vocal fold (larynx).
```
Upper edge of conus elasticus.
28
```
Name the feature which is deep to:
Vestibular fold (larynx).
```
Lower edge of quadrangular membrane.
29
Name the feature which is deep to:
| Palatopharyngeal fold.
Palatopharyngeus muscle.
30
List any 3 retroperitoneal organs.
```
S - suprarenal glands.
A - aorta.
D - duodenum (first half).
P - pancrease (except tail).
U - ureters.
C - colon (ascending and descending).
K - kidneys.
E - esophagus.
R - rectum (for the mostpart).
```
31
Describe the TWO (2) different ways in which an organ can be retroperitoneal; providing examples.
1. Primarily retroperitoneal - organ originally developed outside of the peritoneum. For example kidneys, aorta,
2. Secondarily retroperitoneal - organ originally developed within the peritoneum, however during development migrated to a retroperitoneal position. This is as the organ is suspended by a mesentery which retracts toward the body wall, leaving the organ with only its anterior surface covered by peritoneum. For example the pancrease, duodenum (distal half), ascending and descending colon.
32
From which layer of the trilaminar embryo do the peritoneum and early coelomic cavity arise (be specific)?
Lateral plate mesoderm.
33
The lateral plate mesoderm splits into two as the embryo develops; which of the two parts will become the:
i) parietal peritoneum.
ii) visceral peritoneum.
iii) mesenteries.
i) parietal peritoneum - somatic LPM.
ii) visceral peritoneum - splanchnic LPM.
iii) mesenteries - splanchnic LPM.
(note: the mesenteries are a double fold of VISCERAL peritoneum, so this makes sense)
34
What does the VENTRAL MESOGASTRIUM develop to make up?
1. Falciform ligament.
| 2. Lesser omentum.
35
What does the DORSAL MESOGASTRIUM develop to make up?
Greater omentum.
36
The primitive gut tube is initially suspended from the abdominal wall by two mesenteries, ventral and dorsal.
The ventral mesentery is initially only present in the embryo in the region of which organs?
1. Terminal esophagus.
2. Stomach.
3. Proximal duodenum.
37
From which embryonic structure is the ventral mesentery derived?
Septum transversum.
38
List any TWO (2) functions of the greater omentum.
1. Adipose storage.
2. Conveys BV's/ lymphatics.
3. Contains macrophages and limits infection.
39
What modification can be seen on the mucosal lining of the stomach?
Rugae (folds).
40
State what the following artery arises from (directly):
| Left-gastroepiploic.
Splenic artery.
41
State what the following artery arises from (directly):
| Right gastroepiploic.
Gastro-duodenal artery.
42
State what the following artery arises from (directly):
| Left gastric.
Celiac trunk.
43
State what the following artery arises from (directly):
| Right gastric.
Hepatic artery.
44
What is different about the inner wall of the superior part of the duodenum, compared to the rest of the duodenum?
The inner wall of the superior duodenum is SMOOTH as it has NO PLICAE CIRCULARES.
45
Name the organ described:
| A vestigial hollow tube which is closed at one end, and the other end opens into the caecum of the LI.
VERMIFORM appendix.
| note: appendix = 1/2 mark
46
Describe how you could distinguish between the gastrocolic ligament (part of greater omentum), and the transverse mesocolon when observing a specimen?
The transverse mesocolon appears to connect to the pancrease (as the pancrease is retroperitoneal, so it is our "posterior body wall"), whereas the gastrocolic ligament connects to the greater omentum of the stomach.
47
a.) Name the structure described:
Small pouches of the peritoneum filled with fat and situated along the colon.
b.) Are these also present in the rectum?
a. ) Epiploic appendages.
| b. ) No.
48
State which part(s) of the duodenum have:
a.) Brunner's glands.
b.) Plicae circulares.
c.) Peyer's patches.
Include in your answer the LAYER OF THE GUT TUBE which such feature is found.
a. ) Brunner's glands (submucosa) - duodenum.
b. ) Plicae circulares (mucosa) - jejunum and ileum.
c. ) Peyer's patches (submucosa) - ileum.
49
Where is the ligamentum teres (round ligament of liver) found; and what embryological structure is it remnant of?
Postero-inferior aspect of liver; remnant of umbilical vein.
50
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Transverse thoracic plane.
T4/ T5.
51
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Border between superior and inferior mediastinum.
T4/ T5.
52
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Oesophagus lies against body of a vertebra as it enters superior mediastinum.
T1.
53
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Bifurication of trachea.
T4/ T5.
54
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Concavity of aortic arch.
T4/ T5.
55
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Ligamentum arteriosum.
T4/ T5.
56
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Azygous vein enters SVC.
T4/ T5.
57
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Thoracic duct goes from right to left side of body.
T4/ T5.
58
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Superior mediastinum.
T1 - T4/ T5.
59
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Inferior mediastinum.
T5 - T12.
60
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| The oesophagus moves toward the left, moving infront of the descending thoracic aorta.
T7.
61
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Oesophagus passes through oesophageal hiatus (diaphragm). What forms this hiatus?
T10; right crus of diaphragm.
62
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Beginning of descending aorta.
T4.
63
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Descending aorta passes through aortic hiatus of diaphragm. What forms this hiatus?
T12; median arcuate ligament.
64
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Hemiazygous vein crosses over to right, to meet azygous vein.
T9.
65
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Accessory hemiazygous vein crosses over to right, to meet azygous vein. State the superior bound of this vein.
T4 - T8 (crosses over at T8).
66
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Commencement (start) of thoracic duct.
T12/ L1.
67
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Level of hyoid bone.
C3.
68
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Bifurication of common carotid artery, into internal and external carotid arteries.
C4.
69
```
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
Cervical plexus (originates from).
```
C1 - C4.
70
```
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
Ansa cervicalis (originates from).
```
C1 - C3.
71
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Lesser occipital nerve (originates from).
C2.
72
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Greater occipital nerve (originates from).
C2, C3.
73
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Transverse cervical nerve (originates from).
C2, C3.
74
```
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
Supraclavicular nerve (originates from).
```
C3, C4.
75
State the innervation of the fibrous pericardium.
Phrenic nerve (C3 - C5); somatic.
76
State the small pit on the adult tongue, where the thyroid gland developed.
Foramen cecum.
77
State the structure meeting this description:
| The free edge of the falciform ligament.
Ligamentum teres.
78
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Pancrease.
L1 - L2.
| note: this is the 'transpyloric plane'
79
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Rectosigmoid junction.
S3.
80
At what vertebral level does the following occur:
| Kidneys.
T12 - L3 (variable).
81
State the vertebral level of the 'transpyloric plane'.
L1 - L2.
82
State the origin of the inferior phrenic arteries.
HIGHLY VARIABLE, may be:
1. Thoracic aorta.
2. Celiac trunk.
83
Describe how to differentiate between a vein and an artery on a cadaver.
Artery - thicker walled, doesn't collapse (due to elasticity).
Vein - thinner walled, often collapses.
84
Describe the position of the proximal SVC in the body:
a. ) What space does it occupy?
b. ) Position relative to ribs?
a. ) Superior mediastinum.
| b. ) Posterior to the inferior border of the 1st RIGHT costal cartilage.
85
At what level (ribs) does the SVC pierce the fibrous pericardium?
RIGHT 2nd costal cartilage.
86
From where in the embryo is the thymus derived?
Endoderm - 3rd pharyngeal arch.
87
What is the tissue which makes up the A-V valves?
Folds of endoderm + CT.
88
What part of the embryological heart tube did conus arteriosus originate from?
Truncus arteriosus.
89
What does a right dominant heart mean?
Right dominant heart (~67% of people):
| Posterior interventricular artery arises from right coronary artery.
90
State the structure the vagus nerve is found within, at the root of the neck.
Carotid sheath.
91
The pleural sleeve is a reflection of the pleura at which part of the lung?
The pleural sleeve is the area of continuinity between parietal and visceral pleura; thus it is found at the hilum of the lung. Or you could say proximal to the costomediastinal recess.
92
Describe attachments of quadrangular membrane.
Posteriorly - tip of cuniform to bottom of arytenoid.
| Anteriorly - epiglottis to lamina of thyroid.
93
State the nerve supply of the platysma.
CN VII.
94
State the nerve supply to the SUPRAHYOIDS.
1. Digastric (anterior - CN V, posterior - CN VII).
2. Mylohyoid - CN V.
3. Geniohyoid - VPR C1.
4. Stylohyoid - CN VII.
95
State the nerve supply to the INFRAHYOIDS.
All of the following via Ansa cervicalis (VPR C1 - C3).
1. Sternohyoid.
2. Thyrohyoid.
3. Sternothyroid.
4. Omohyoid.
96
For the ANSA CERVICALIS, state:
a. ) Nerves contributing.
b. ) Innervations.
a. ) VPR C1 - C3.
| b. ) Infrahyoids.
97
Hepaticopancreatic ampulla is AKA?
Hepaticopancreatic duct.
98
Hepaticopancreatic duct opens into what part of gut tube?
Descending duodenum (via major duodenal papilla).
99
Explain how gall bladder structure relates to it's function.
1. Spiral folds -> 2 way flow.
| 2. Microvilli -> increase SA of lumen.
100
Splenic artery and vein – how are they different in gross appearance?
Splenic artery - tortuous.
| Splenic vein - straight.
101
Which vessel is sandwiched between the head and the uncinate process of the pancreas?
SMA.
102
At what vertebral level does the rectosigmoid junction occur?
S3.
103
State the vertebral levels of the kidneys.
T12 - L3.
104
State the functional significance of the trigone.
The trigone is the least distensible to stretch, and therefor the most sensitive to being stretched. When the trigone is stretched significantly, it signals the brain to release urine (need pee pee).
105
For the prostate:
a. ) State its composition.
b. ) Name the lobes.
2/3 glandular.
| 1/3 fibromuscular.
106
State the artery, including all those before it, which supplies the prostate.
Common iliac artery -> internal iliac artery -> inferior vesicle artery -> prostatic artery.
107
State the attachment points of the round ligament.
Left and right uterine horns -> through the inguinal canal -> labia majora.
