Practical 1 Flashcards
(187 cards)
1
Q
What are the types of Covering and Lining Epithelium
A
Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Pseudostratified, Transitional
2
Q
What are the types of Glandular Epithelium
A
Exocrine Glands
Endocrine Glands
3
Q
Describe the human body in anatomical position
A
Standing upright, feet shoulder width apart, toes forward, upper limbs held out to each side, palms of the hands face forward
4
Q
Superior
A
Closer to the head
5
Q
Inferior
A
Closer to the toes
6
Q
Proximal
A
Position in a limb nearer to the torso
7
Q
Distal
A
Position in a limb further from the torso
8
Q
Anterior (Ventral)
A
Direction toward the front of the body
9
Q
Posterior (Dorsal)
A
Direction towards the back of the body
10
Q
Medial
A
Closer to the midline of the body
11
Q
Lateral
A
Further from the midline of the body
12
Q
Superficial
A
Closer to the surface of the body
13
Q
Deep
A
Further from the surface of the body
14
Q
Ipsilateral
A
On the same side of the body
15
Q
Contralateral
A
On opposite side of the body
16
Q
Axial
A
Head, neck, trunkC
17
Q
Cephalic
A
Head
18
Q
Vertebral
A
Spinal column area
19
Q
Cervical
A
Neck
20
Q
Thoracic
A
Chest
21
Q
Lumbar
A
lower back
22
Q
Abdominal
A
Anterior trunk, inferior to ribs
23
Q
Pelvic
A
Pelvis
24
Q
Pubic
A
Genital area
25
Appendicular
Upper and lower extremities
26
Brachial
Between shoulder and elbow
27
Antebrachial
Between elbow and wrist
28
Antecubital
Anterior surface of elbow
29
Axillary
Armpit
30
Carpal
Wrist
31
Digital
Fingers and toes
32
Femoral
Thigh
33
Patellar
Anterior surface of knee
33
Inguinal
Groin
34
Gluteal
Buttocks
35
Popliteal
Posterior surface of knee
35
Fibular or peroneal
Lateral side of leg
36
Calcaneal
Heel
37
Plantar
Sole of foot
38
Scapula
Shoulder blades
39
What cavities are within the dorsal cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity
40
Vertebral cavity organs
Spinal Cord
41
Cranial cavity organs
Brain
42
What cavities are within the ventral cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
43
What cavities are within the thoracic cavity
Pleural cavities
Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity
44
What cavities are within the abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
45
Pleural cavity organs
Lungs (One cavity for each)
46
Mediastinum cavity organs
Esophagus
47
Pericardial cavity organs
Heart
48
Abdominal cavity organs
Appendix
Gallbladder
Intestines
Liver
Pancreas
Spleen
Stomach
49
Pelvic cavity organs
Reproductive organs
Urethra
Urinary bladder
50
9 regions
Right hypochondriac region
Right lumbar region
Right iliac Region
Epigastric region
Umbilical region
Hypogastric region
Left hypochondriac
Left lumbar
Left iliac region Right
51
4 Quadrants
Right upper
Right lower
Left Upper
Left lower
52
What quadrant is the appendix in
Right lower
53
What quadrant is the large intestine in
All
54
What quadrant is the liver in
Right upper
55
What quadrant are the ovaries in
Right and left lower extremity
56
What quadrant is the pancreas in
Left upper
57
What quadrant is the small intestine in
Right and Left lower
58
What quadrant is the spleen in
Left upper
59
What quadrant is the stomach in
Left upper
60
What body cavity would be opened?
Removing a cancerous lung lobe
Pleural cavities
61
What body cavity would be opened?
Removal of uterus
Pelvic cavity
62
What body cavity would be opened?
Removal of a brain tumor
Cranial cavity
63
What body cavity would be opened?
Appendectomy
Abdominal cavity
64
What body cavity would be opened?
Stomach ulcer operation
Abdominal cavity
65
What body cavity would be opened?
Removal of cancerous prostate gland
Pelvic cavity
66
What body cavity would be opened?
Coronary bypass surgery
Pericardial cavity
67
What body cavity would be opened?
Remove distal area of colon
Pelvic cavity
68
What body cavity would be opened?
Gallbladder removal
Abdominal cavity
69
What body cavity would be opened?
Pancreas surgery
Abdominal cavity
70
Saggital plane
Vertical plane that splits the body into left and right
71
Frontal (coronal) plane
Vertical plane splits the body into front and back
72
Transverse plane
Horizontal plane splits body into superior and inferior
73
List some real-life applications of anatomical sections
Kinesiology, biomechanics, surgery, imaging
74
Which plane(s) would provide a simultaneous view of the internal anatomy of both kidney
Frontal
Transverse
75
Histology
Study of tissues
76
4 Types of tissue
Nervous
Epithelium
Connective
Muscle
77
Apical
Layer of cells that come in contact with an external surface or lumen
78
Basal
"Basement layer"
Furthest from external surface or luman
79
Ciliated
Hairlike protrusions that assist in movement along the surface
80
Keratinized
Keratin replaces the cytoplasm
Results in epithelial cells get closer to the surface they start to die, become harder, and waterproof
81
Squamous shape
Flat
Scale-like
82
Cuboidal shape
Cube-like
83
Columnar shape
Longer than they are wide
84
Epithelium cells
Line a cavity, lumen, or external surface
Basal layer connects to connective tissue
Avascular (no blood flow) but innervated
Regenerate often at lower layers
85
Pseudostratified
Looks similar to simple columnar
May look stratified but is one layer
86
Transitional
Looks similar to stratified squamous but apical layer is more cuboidal
87
Endocrine glands
Ductless
Hormone is released into space around it
Is picked up by the cardiovascular system
88
Exocrine glands
Have ducts
Oil, sweat
Substances released onto surface of skin
89
Types of muscular tissue
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
90
What to look for to identify types of muscular tissue
Striations
Nuclei (uni/multi)
Shape
-Spindle
-Cylindrical
-Branching
91
Contents of nervous tissue
Neuroglia (little specks)
Neuron: Body, axon, dendrites
92
Muscular system organs and function
Skeletal muscles, tendons
Contracts to produce movement
93
Cardiovascular system organs and function
Heart, blood vessels, blood
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and equalizes body temp.
94
Lymphatic system organs and function
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, etc.
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels; houses cells of immune response
95
Endocrine system organs and function
Pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal glands; gonads, pancreas
Produces chemical messengers that are released into blood to control body processes
96
Reproductive system organs and function
Male: Testes, etc.
Female: Ovaries, etc.
Produce sex hormones and gametes
Male: Deliver gametes to female
Female: Support embryo/fetus. Produce milk
97
Skeletal system organs and function
Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints
Support and enable body movement
98
Nervous system organs and function
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
Allows body to detect and respond to environment changes via electrical impulse transmission
99
Urinary system organs and function
Kidneys, urinary bladder
Rids body of waste; maintains water, electrolyte and acid-base balance
100
Respiratory system organs and function
Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Delivers oxygen to blood, removed carbon dioxide from body
101
Digestive system organs and function
Stomach, liver, gallbladder, large and small intestines
Breaks down and absorbs food; removes undigested waste
102
Integumentary system organs and function
Hair, Skin, Nails
External body covering that protects underlying tissue
103
What are the main structural components of the plasma membrane
Phospholipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
104
What can pass through the semipermeable membrane
Small
Nonpolar
Hydrophobic
(lipids, oxygen, carbon dioxide, gases, alcohol)
105
What cannot pass through the semipermeable membrane
Large
Hydrophilic/Water soluble
Polar
(Glucose, amino acids, electrolytes)
Hydrophobic tails repel them
106
Passive vs Active transport
P: Driven by concentration or pressure differences (No ATP needed)
A: Powered by energy (ATP) provided by the cell
107
Diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration
108
Simple diffusion
Mechanism of molecules moving across a cell membrane from the side where they are more concentrated to where they are less
109
Facilitated diffusion
The diffusion process used for substances that cannot cross the lipid bilayer due to their size, charge, and/or polarity
110
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane
111
Hypertonic
A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than another solution
112
Hypotonic
A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution
113
Isotonic
Two solutions that have the same concentration of solutes
114
Crenation/crenated
Formation of notched surfaces on cells due to water loss through osmosis
115
Cell lysis
Cells burst due to excess water in the cell
116
Filtration
Using a hydrostatic pressure gradient that pushes the fluid from a higher pressure to a lower
117
Primary active transport
Moves molecules across a membrane against its concentration gradient using ATP from the cell
118
Secondary active transport
Indirectly uses ATP
Uses energy stored in a electrochemical gradient created by primary active transport
119
Endocytosis
Cells bring materials into the cell by forming vesicles and pinching off into the cell
120
Exocytosis
Molecules are transported out of the cell by vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents
121
Cytoplasmic contents: 0.9% NaCl
Bathing solution: 5% NaCl
Bathing Solution % NaCl decreases
Cytoplasm % NaCl Increase
Hypertonic solution Water leaves the cell
Cell crenates
122
Cytoplasmic Contents: 0.9% NaCl
Bathing solution: Distilled water
Bathing Solution % NaCl: Increase
Cytoplasm % NaCl: Decrease
Hypotonic solution
Cell lysis
123
Mitochondria function
Convert energy stored in nutrient molecules into ATP
124
Ribosome function
Site of protein synthesis
125
Smooth ER Function
Lipid synthesis
126
Rough ER Function
Protein synthesis (has ribosomes attached)
127
Golgi Apparatus function
Sorts and ships proteins from the rough er
128
Lysosomes Function
Break down materials
129
Centrioles Function
Organize microtubules
130
Cytoskeleton Function
Group of fibrous proteins provide structural support
131
Nucleus Function
Contains cells DNA
132
Two types of epithelia
Covering/Lining: Covers the surface of the body and lining body cavities
Glandular: Forms many of the bodys glands
133
Is there an apical space?
Yes: Epithelial
No: Connective, Muscle, Nervous
134
Is epithelial tissue defined by apical or basal shape
apical
135
If there is no apical space, is there striations?
Yes: Cardiac or Skeletal Muscle tissue
No: Smooth muscle, Loose/Dense connective, Cartilag
136
Does it have intercalated discs?
Yes: Cardiac
No: Skeletal
137
Types of connective tissue
CT Proper, Cartilage, Bone, Blood
138
Types of loose connective tissue
Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
138
Types of Cartilage connective tissue
Hyaline, Fibrocartilage
138
Types of dense connective tissue
Regular, Irregular, Elastic
139
Types of Muscle tissue
Skeletal
Smooth
140
Simple Squamous location and function
Location: Lines blood vessels and the alveoli of the lungs
Function: Allows diffusion
141
Simple Cuboidal Location and function
Lines ducts and glands, kidney tubules
Absorption, secretion, protection
142
Nonciliated Simple Columnar Location and Function
Stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Absorption and secretion
143
Ciliated simple columnar
Respiratory tract, Female reproductive system
Moves fluids and substances with help from cilia
144
nonciliated pseudostratified columnar
Function and location
Male reproductive system
Urethra
Mucus secretions
145
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar location and function
Trachea, nasal passages, bronchi
Traps and moves particles, secretions, and cells
146
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous location and function
Moist internal surfaces
Mouth
Esophagus
Vagina
Protection and lubrication
147
Keratinized stratified squamous location and function
Skin
Protection
Waterproof
Repair from injury
148
Transitional Epithelium location and function
Urinary bladder
Stretch and expand
149
Skeletal Muscle Tissue features
Cylindrical
Striations, no intercalated tissues, multinucleated
Attached to bones, responsible for voluntary movement
150
Skeletal and cardiac muscle look very similar, what is the difference
Cardiac muscle has faint intercalated discs
151
Cardiac muscle features
Branching
Striated, multinucleated, intercalated discs
Wall of the heart
Contraction propels blood through body
152
Smooth muscle features
No striations
Spindle shaped
Single nucleate
Walls of hollow organs
Propels substances through organs by contracting
153
Nervous tissue features
Branched cells
Supporting cells (neuroglia) dots
Cytoplasm drawn out (axon and dendrites)
Respond to stimuli
Pass along electrical signals
Brain, Spinal cord, nerves
154
Why are skeletal and cardiac muscles striated
Organized arrangement of Actin and myosin filaments
155
Extracellular matrix
Connective tissue
Gives flexibility, strength, elasticity
Ground substance
Supporting fiber
-Collagen
-Elastic
-Reticular (fine collagen)
156
Types of CT Proper
Loose
Dense
157
Areolar connective tissue features
CT Proper type
Loose
Gel-like matrix
Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
Wraps/cushions organs, phagocytosis
Under epithelium, packages organs, surrounds capillaries,
158
Adipose Connective tissue
CT proper
Loose
Gel-like matrix
No fibers
Adipocytes grow and push nuclei to edge
Reserve fuel, insulate
Support and protect organs
Hypodermis, Kidneys, eyeballs, abdomen, breast tissue
159
Reticular Connective Tissue features
Loose
Loose ground substance matrix
Reticular fibers
Support WBC
Mast cells and macrophages
Fibers form soft skeleton that support other cells
Lymph organs (Spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow)
160
Dense regular CT Features
CT Proper
Matrix harder than areolar and adipose
Parallel collagen and elastic fibers
Great tensile strength in one direction
Tendons and most ligaments
161
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue features
CT Proper
Matrix harder than areolar and adipose
Collagen and elastic fibers go in different directions
Fibroblast cells
Multi-directional tension
Fibrous joint capsules
Dermis
Digestive tract
162
Elastic Connective tissue
CT Proper
Dense
Matrix harder than adipose and areolar
Aligned collagen and elastic fibers
Allows for recoil, aids passive recoil of lungs
Walls of large arteries, vertebra, bronchial tubes
163
Hyaline cartilage features
Firm matrix
Collagen fibers
Chondroblasts
Supports and reinforces, resists compression
Skeleton
End of long bones
Nose
164
Fibrocartilage
Matrix is slightly less firm than hyaline
Thick collagen fibers
Supports against tensile strength
Spine discs, knee joint disc, pubic synthesis
165
Elastic cartilage features
Firm matrix
Collagen and elastic fibers
Maintains shape while allowing flexibility
External ear, epiglottis
166
Bone features
CT
Matrix is hard and calcified
Collagen fibers
Osteocytes in lacunae
Supports and protects, store calcium
Marrow= Site for hematopoeisis (blood cell formation)
167
Blood features
CT
Matrix: RBC and WBC in fluid matrix
Respiratory gas, nutrients, waste, other substance transportation
Blood within vessels
168
General functions of integumentary system
-Protection
-Regulation of body temp (exocrine/sweat glands)
-Vitamin D synthesis
-Water storage in skin cells
-Stimulus detection
169
Where is the oil gland in the hair diagram
attached to the hair follicle
170
Where is the sensory nerve fiber in the hair diagram
Branching from the arrector pilli muscle
171
Where is the eccrine (sweat gland) located in the hair diagram
Squigly knot in dermis
172
Papillary vs Reticular dermis
Papillary is at the top of the dermis
Reticular is at the bottom of the dermis
173
Layers of the skin top to bottom
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
174
What are the layers of the epidermis top to bottom
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum (only some places)
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
175
Stratum basale features
Bottom layer
Bonds to dermis with collagen fibers
Melanocytes
176
Stratum spinosum features
Second deepest layer
Desmosomes interlock to strengthen bonds between cells
8-10 layers
Keratinocytes
177
Stratum granulosum features
3-5 Layers keratinocytes are becoming flatter
Granules
178
Stratum lucidum features
Only in thick skin
Thin layer
Keratinocytes dead and flat
179
Stratum corneum features
15-30 Layers
Dead keratinized cells
Shed periodically
180
Is there bloodflow to the epidermis
No
181
Which type of epithelium makes up the epidermis
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
182
Which type of connective tissue makes up the papillary region of the dermis
Loose areolar connective tissue
183
Which type of connective tissue comprises the reticular region
Dense irregular connective tissue
