Practical 2 Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
Functions of the skeleton
A
Structure support
Movement
Protection
Creation of blood cells
Stores minerals
Stores fat in the form of yellow marrow
2
Q
Gross anatomy: How many bones
A
Adult: 206
Children: 300, fuse together
3
Q
Axial Skeleton
A
Follows axis of body
About 80 bones
4
Q
Appendicular skeleton
A
126 bones
106 in hands and feet
5
Q
Bone Marking: Crest
A
Ridge
6
Q
Bone Marking: Epicondyle
A
Rounded surface
7
Q
Bone marking: Line
A
Slight elongated ridge
8
Q
Bone Marking: Spine
A
Sharp process
9
Q
Bone marking: Trochanter
A
Large bony projection
10
Q
Bone marking: Tubercle
A
Small, rounded process
11
Q
Bone Marking: Tuberosity
A
Rough surface
12
Q
Three different types of bone markings
A
Sites of muscle and ligament attachment
Projections that fit into joints
Allow passage of blood vessels and nerves
13
Q
Bone Marking: Condyle
A
Rounded surface
14
Q
Bone Marking: Head
A
Prominent rounded surface
15
Q
Bone Marking: Facet
A
Flat surface
16
Q
Bone Marking: Foramen
A
Hole through bone
17
Q
Bone Marking: Fossa
A
Elongated basin
18
Q
Bone Marking: Groove
A
Shallow depression
19
Q
Long bones shape and examples
A
Cylinder, longer than wide
Femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, radius, ulna, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges, clavicle
20
Q
Short bones shape and example
A
Cube like
Carpals, tarsals
21
Q
Flat bones shape and example
A
Typically thin, curved
Sternum, skull, scapulae, ribs
22
Q
Irregular bones shape and examples
A
Complex shape
Vertebrae
Facial bones
23
Q
Sesamoid bones shape and examples
A
Sesame seed, embedded in tendons
Patella is the only named one
24
Q
Proximal Epiphysis
A
End of a long bone that is closer to the center of the body
25
Metaphysis
Region of long bone between epiphysis and diaphysis
26
Diaphysis
Shaft of a long bone
27
Distal epiphysis
End of a long bone further from the center of the body
28
Spongy bone
Porous bone inside the epiphysis of long bones and vertebrae
29
Epiphyseal line
Line between epiphysis and metaphysis
Bone growth site
30
Medullary cavity
Hollow central space in the diaphysis
31
Compact bone
Dense outer layer of bones
32
Endosteum
Thin layer of connective tissue lining medullary cavity
33
Periosteum
Dense connective tissue covers outer surface of bone
34
Articular cartilage
Connective tissue at the end of long bones where they come together to form joints
35
Parts of the axial skeleton
Skull
Vertebral Column
Bony thorax
36
What does the axial skeleton protect
Brain
Spinal cord
Heart
Lungs
37
Frontal cranial bone
Forehead
38
Parietal cranial bone
Top of skull
39
Temporal cranial bone
Side of ears
40
Occipital cranial bone
Back of skull
41
Sphenoid cranial bones
Back of eye
42
Ethmoid
Medial side of eye
43
Coronal cranial suture
seperates frontal and parietal bones
44
Sagittal cranial suture
Seperates the parietal from each other
45
Lambdoid suture
Around occipital
46
Squamous cranial suture
Around temporal love
47
Nasal facial bones
Bridge of nose
48
Maxilla facial bones
Between nose and lip
49
Zygomatic facial bones
Cheek bones
50
Mandible facial bones
Jaw
51
Lacrimal facial bones
Tear ducts
52
Palatine facial bones
Bottom of eyes
53
External auditory meatus
Part of temporal bone
Opening of ear canal
54
Mandibular fossa
Part of temporal bone
The mandible joins with the skull
55
Zygomatic process
Part of temporal bone
Works w temporal process to chew
56
Foramen Magnum
Part of occipital bone
Allows spinal cord to exit skull
57
Occipital condyles
Part of occipital bone
Smooth on sides of foramen
Forms joints w first vertebrae, therefore supports skull
58
Temporal process
part of zygomatic bone
Works w zygomatic process to chew
59
Alveolar process of maxillae
Curved margin of maxillary bone
forms upper jaw
contains upper teeth
60
Palatine process
Forms anterior 3/4 of hard palate
roof of mouth
61
Mental Formen
Opening on each side of mandible
exit site for sensory nerve to chin
62
Mandibular ramus
Rectangle on sides of jaw
Chewing, supports teeth
63
Hyoid
Does not directly connect w/ another bone
Assists in swallowing, speaking w/ tongue
Greater horn
Lesser horn
Body
64
How many vertebrae are in the cervical region
7
65
How many vertebrae are in the thoracic region
12
66
How many vertebrae are in the lubar region
5
67
How many fused vertebrae make up the sacrum
9
68
How many fused vertebrae make up the coccyc
4
69
Scoliosis
Lateral bending of vertebral column
Side to side
70
Kyphosis
Anteriorly concave Thoracic curve
Hunchback
71
Lordosis
Anteriorly convex lumbar curve
Arched back
72
Primary vs Secondary curvature
Primary: Present from birth
Secondary: develops after birth
73
Cervical region of vertebral column
Secondary
Anterioraly convex
7 vert.
74
Thoracic region of vertebral column
Primary
Anteriorly concave
12 vert.
75
Lumbar region of vertebral column
Secondary
Anteriorly convex
5 vert.
76
Sacrum region of vertebral column
Primary
Anteriorly concave
9 vert.
77
Order of regions of vertebral column
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
78
Body of typical vertebra
Heart or kidney bean shape
79
Transverse process of typical vertebra
Side protrusions
80
Spinous process of typical vertebra
Middle protrusion
81
Vertebral foramen of typical vertebra
Hole in middle
82
Facet of superior articular process of typical vertebra
Smooth sides next to foramen
83
Atlas
C1
Yes motion
84
Axis
C2
No motion
85
Anterior arch of Atlas/C1
Closer to facets
86
Posterior arch of Atlas/C1
Further from facets
87
Transverse foramen
Holes on sides of vertebrae
88
Dens of Axis/C2
Sticks up at end near facets
89
Characteristics of Cervical vertebra
Axolotl
Small oval body
Triangle formane
90
Characteristics of Thoracic vertebra
Heart shaped body
Smallest formen (not a lot of nerves)
Spinous process points down
Giraffe
91
Characteristics of Lumbar vertebra
Moose
Kidney body
Intermediate triangle foramen
Short thick spinous process straight back
92
What three fused bones compose the sternum
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
93
Which ribs are true
1-7 because their costal cartilages attach to the sternum
94
Which ribs are false
8-12 because costal cartilages attach indirectly or not at all to the sternum
95
Clavicle
Sternal end: Club end
Acromial end: Flat end
96
Glenoid cavity (fossa) of Scapula
Connects to head of humerus
Faces lateral
97
Spine of scapula
Posterior
98
Acromion of scapula
End of spine
99
Coracoid process of scapula
Comes out top of glenoid fossa
100
Head of the humerus
Faces medial
101
Deltoid tuberosity on humerus
Ridge starta at 2 bumps on head
102
Medial and Lateral epicondyles of Humerus
Medial: Thumbs up
Lateral: smaller
102
Trochlea of Humerus
In middle of epicondyles
103
Capitulum of Humerus
Between trochlea and lateral epicondyle
Articulates w head of radius
104
Olecranon fossa
Big groove on posterior side
105
Ulna and Radius which is medial and lateral
Ulna is Medial (pinky)
Radius is Lateral (Thumb side)
106
Olecranon of Ulna
Top edge protrusion
107
Trochlear notch of Ulna
U shape
Anterior
108
Coronoid process of Ulna
Point at end of U
109
Head of Ulna
Distal
110
Styloid process of Ulna
Little protrusion of distal end
lateral
111
Head of radius
Circle
112
Radial Tuberosity of Radius
Bump right below head
Bicep attaches here
113
Styloid process
Little point at distal end
Faces Lateral
114
Smooth part of radius
Anterior
115
Carpals listed
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
116
117
118
Acetabulum of Pelvic girdle
Femur connects
Lateral
119
Iliac crest, iliac spine, iliac tuberosity of Pelvic girdle
Crest: Top
Spine: Bottom of notch
Tuberosity: Next to foramen
120
Gluteal tuberosity of Femur
posterior ridge
121
Femur Medial/ Lateral (Epi)condyles
All Posterior
Epi = surrounds
122
Which is medial/lateral
Fibula Tibia
Tibia medial (large)
Fibula lateral (small)
123
Medial/Lateral condyles of Tibia
Anterior and proximal
124
Medial malleolus of tibia
Pokes at bottom, medial
125
Lateral malleolus of fibula
Longer distal portion
126
Tibial tuberosity
Bump on anterior
127
Cuneiforms from big toe to small
Medial
Intermediate
Lateral
128
What is next to the cuneiforms
Cuboid
129
What bone is below the cunieforms
Navicular
130
What bone is below the navicular
Talus
131
What bone is lateral to talus
calcaneus
132
Origin (muscle term)
Stationary or less movable attachment
133
Insertion (muscle term)
Movable attachment
134
Agonist (Muscle term)
Muscle most responsible for producing a movement
135
Antagonist (muscle term)
Muscle that opposes or reverses a movement
136
Synergist (muscle term)
Aids action of agonist by assisting with the same motion or reducing unecessary movement
136
Skeletal muscle naming criteria
Direction of fibers
Size
Location
# of origins
Location of origin + insertion
Shape
Action
137
What is the rectus femoris named for
Direction of fibers, location
138
What are the biceps brachii named for
of origins, location
139
What is gluteus maximus named for
Location, size
140
What is the Deltoid named for
Shape
141
What is the sternocleidomastoid named for
Location of origin + insertion
142
What are the intercostals named for
Locaton (between ribs)
143
What is the trapezius named for
Shape
144
What is the adductor brevis named for
Action, size
145
What is the rhomboid major named for
Shape, size
146
What is the flexor carpi ulnaris named for
Flexor: Action
ULNAris: Location
147
What is the pronator teres named for
Action, shape
148
What is the external oblique named for
Location, direction of fibers
149
Pectoralis Major action
Shoulder adduction
Shoulder flexion
150
Biceps vs Triceps
Biceps anterior
Triceps posterior
151
Adduction vs Abduction
Adduction towards midline
Abduction away from midline
152
Abdominals Action
Trunk flexion
153
Trapezieus Action
Raise, retract, rotate scapula
154
Deltoid action
Shoulder abduction
155
Errector spinae action
Neck extension
Trunk Extension
156
Latissimus dorsi action
Shoulder adduction
Shoulder extension
157
Biceps brachii action
Elbow flexion
158
Triceps brachii action
Elbow extension
159
Extensor digitorum action
Finger extension
160
Extensor carpi ulnaris action
Wrist extension
Wrist adduction
161
Brachioradialis action
Elbow flexion (Synergist)
162
Flexor carpi radialis action
Wrist flexion
Wrist abduction
163
Quadriceps Femoris action
Hip flexion
Knee extension
164
Tibialis anterior action
Ankle dorsiflexion
165
Gluteus maximus action
Hip extension
166
Hamstrings action
Hip extension
Knee flexion
167
Gastrocnemius action
Ankle plantar flexion
168
Conncentric vs Eccentric contraction
C: Muscle shortens
E: Muscle lengthens
169
Synarthrosis
Immovable joint
170
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly movable joint
171
Diarthrosis
Freely movable joint
172
Fibrous joint
No joint cavity
Bones held together by fibrous connective tissue
173
Cartilaginous joint
No joint cavity
Bones held together by cartilage
174
Synovial joint
Has a joint cavity
