Practical 1 Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
List the three systems of the microscope
A
light, magnification, mechanical
2
Q
_____, _____, and _____ make up the light system
A
light source, iris, and condenser
3
Q
_____ and _____ make up the magnification system
A
objectives and ocular
4
Q
the ____ move and are individually focused
A
oculars/eyepieces
5
Q
stage, stage adjustment, coarse and fine focus, arm and base make up the ____ system
A
mechanical
6
Q
the low power objective is
A
4X
7
Q
the high power objective is
A
40X
8
Q
the oil emersion objective is
A
100X
9
Q
TM =
A
objective x ocular (10X)
10
Q
list the steps to focus on a slide
A
- Put 4X objective in place
- Use coarse adjustment
- Put 10X objective in place
- Use fine adjustment only from then on
- 40X
- 100X
11
Q
the more magnification you need to see something the ____ it is
A
SMALLER
12
Q
list the two main types of multicellular organisms we looked at
A
nematodes and platyhelminths
13
Q
nematodes are ____
A
round worms
14
Q
nematodes have two sexes, meaning there are
A
separate male and female animals
15
Q
trichinella and enterobius are
A
nematodes
16
Q
platyhelminths are ___ worms and usually ____
A
are flat worms and usually hermaphrodites
17
Q
list the two types of flatworms
A
cestodes and trematodes
18
Q
cestodes are ____ with long, segmented, ribbon shaped bodies
A
tapeworms
19
Q
an example of a cestode is
A
Taenia
20
Q
the tapeworm head is called a
A
scolex
21
Q
cysts are produced by the tapeworm
A
Echinococcus
22
Q
trematodes are ____ or ____ shaped ____
A
are oval or leaf shaped flatworms
23
Q
trematodes are also called
A
flukes
24
Q
one celled eukaryotes are called
A
protozoa
25
some protozoa can form a protective cyst stage capable of withstanding
harsh environments
26
protozoa are classified by
how they move and what they look like
27
amoeba move by ____ and can form ____
move by bulging out and can form cysts
28
_____ cause amoebic dysentery
entamoeba
29
_______ produces severe infection of the intestines that can spread to the liver
amoebic dysentery
30
___ possess rows of hairlike projections, called cilia around the outside of the body that aid it motility
ciliates
31
trichomonas, giardia, and trypanosoma are all
flagellates
32
____ is a common sexually transmitted organism causing infection of the urethra
trichomonas
33
giardia causes ____ which produces symptoms of diarrhea and other intestinal disturbances
giardia
34
trypanosoma causes
african sleeping sickness
35
____ have complex life cycles involving sexual and asexual reproduction
apicomplexa
36
apicomplexa include these three organisms
plasmodium, toxoplasma, babesia
37
____ causes malaria
plasmodium
38
toxoplasma causes
birth defects
39
we used ____ and ____ plates
rodak and TSA
40
we streak for isolation to
get pure cultures
41
how are slants used in the lab
to grow cultures
42
when we observe how colonies grow on a plate we are looking for....
colony size, shape, and color
whether it is gooey or dry
are the edges rounded or rough
43
staining is necessary because...
bacteria are so small and have little substance, they also tend to be transparent
we need to stop their motion and make them more visible to the human eye
44
examples of simple stain
methylene blue, malachite green, and crystal violet
45
in lab we used simple staining to stain
our cheek cells
46
list the 4 steps of the gram stain
1. crystal violet: + and - are purple
2. grams iodine: cements crystal violet into cell wall of gram +
3. 95% ethyl alcohol: washes crystal violet out of gram -
4. safranin: counterstain, stains gram - pink
47
Bacillus subtillus (BS) is a
gram + rod
48
E. coli (EC) is a
gram - rod
49
Neisseria sicca (NS) is a
gram - cocci
50
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a
gram + cocci
51
____ is a specialty stain for mycobacteria
acid fast stain
52
list the three steps of the acid fast stain
1. carbofuchsin: both + and - are red
2. acid alcohol: washes carbofuchsin out of every single organism except mycobacterium
3. methylene blue: counterstain
53
red on an acid fast stain =
positive
54
blue on an acid fast stain =
negative
55
what are two other specialty stains
capsule and flagella stain
56
_____ allows us to see live organisms swimming around
phase microscope
57
a starch plate measures
the ability of the organism to break down starch
58
what enzyme breaks down starch
amylase
59
what is added to the starch plate after incubation
iodine
60
for the starch test, if the area around the bacterial growth is clear the starch _____ and is ___
clear the starch has been broken down and is positive
61
for the starch test, if the area around the bacterial growth is black, the starch _____ and is ____
black, the starch has not been broken down and is negative
62
the spirit blue plate measures
the ability of the organism to break down lipids
63
what enzyme breaks down lipids
lipase
64
for the spirit blue test, if the colonies are blue or there is no growth the test is
NEGATIVE
65
for the spirit blue test, if the blue color disappears this is
POSITIVE
66
the DNAse plate measures the ability of the organism to break down
DNA
67
the enzyme to break down DNA is
DNAse
68
the DNAse plate starts off
green
69
for the DNAse plate, if after incubation the plate is yellow this is
positive (DNA has been broken down)
70
for the DNAse plate, if the plate is green
DNA has not been broken down, this is NEGATIVE
71
the phenylalanine slant measures
the ability of the organism to remove the amine group from phenylalanine (an amino acid)
72
enzyme that breaks down amino acids is
deaminase
73
as the amino acid is broken down it produces a
amine group
74
we have to add ____ to see the amine group
ferric chloride
75
if the amine group is present the ferric chloride causes the amine to turn ____ which is positive
green
76
if the ferric chloride stays yellow this is
negative
77
urease tube measures
the ability of the organism to break down urea into CO2 and NH3
78
the enzyme to break down urea is
urease
79
is the urease tube turns ____ this is positive
purple
80
if the urease tube turns ___ this is negative
orange
81
the gelatin tube measures
the ability of an organism to break down gelatin
82
the enzyme that breaks down gelatin is
gelatinase
83
if after incubation the gelatin tube is solid the gelatin has ___ and it is _____
the gelatin has not been broken down and it is negative
84
if the gelatin tube is liquid the gelatin has ____ and is____
the gelatin has been broken down and it is positive
85
with the carbohydrate fermentation test ___ tubes are used and each are filled with ___ and ____
4 tubes, each with a carbohydrate and a pH indicator
86
the tubes start off with a pH above ___ and are a __ color
above 7 with a reddish color
87
as the carbohydrate is broken down the pH is ____ and goes from above 7 (red) to ____
pH is lowered and goes from above 7 (red) to acid (yellow)
88
red is __ and yellow ___
```
red = negative
yellow = positive
```
89
each tube also has a ___ in it
durham tube
90
the durham tube looks for
formation of gas
91
an organism cannot produce gas if it does not break down the
carbohydrate
92
if there is no bubble in the durham tube
it is negative for gas
93
if there is a bubble in the durham tube it is
positive for gas
