Practical 2

Question 1

What is the volume of air that cannot be exhaled from the lungs even during a maximal expiration.

Answer 1

Residual volume

Question 2

What cells produces lipase?

What organ are these cells in?

Answer 2

acinar cells (small amounts are also produced by the salivary glands and the chief cells of the gastric gland)

pancreas

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

Label cells and their function

Answer 4

Question 5

Where in the alimentary canal are enzymes denatured, and why?

Answer 5

Enzymes that work in a neutral pH are denatured once they enter the stomach, due to its low pH. Stomach enzymes are denatured when they move to the duodenum, where the pH is much higher in comparison to the stomach.

Question 6

Occurs between the blood and tissues, and involves oxygen unloading (leaving the blood) and carbon dioxide loading (entering the blood).

Answer 6

Internal respiration

Question 7

In order for lipid digestion to be effective, must be present

Answer 7

Bile

Question 8

Explain the difference between the basal layer of the endometrium and the functional layer.

Answer 8

The basal layer of the endometrium is the deeper layer that contains the stem cells that allow the endometrium to regrow. Its thickness is fairly constant and it is not shed during menstruation. The functional layer is the superficial layer that grows and changes in response to hormone levels. Its thickness varies significantly during the uterine cycle and it is shed during menstruation.

Question 9

Answer 9

last one is active phase ovary

Question 10

Answer 10

Question 11

Label

Answer 11

Question 12

Answer 12

Question 13

What organs/cells produce amylase?

Answer 13

salivary glands and acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas

Question 14

Answer 14

Question 15

What cells produce pepsin?

Answer 15

chief cells of the gastric gland

Question 16

Name the typical substances found in the urine of a healthy person

Answer 16

water; ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium; metabolic wastes such as creatinine and urea

Question 17

Label A, B, & C

Answer 17

A: Epiglottis

B: cricoid cartilage

C: arytenoid cartilage

Question 18

What does it mean to say that a protein/enzyme has become denatured?

Answer 18

If a protein/enzyme is denatured, it loses its three-dimensional structure. In the case of proteins in food material, this makes them easier to digest. In the case of enzymes, this makes them non-functional.

Question 19

Enzymes that are denatured are:

a. completely nonfunctional
c. slightly impaired in function
b. completely functional
d. more efficient at digestion

Answer 19

a. completely nonfunctional

Question 20

What secretions contain amylase?

Answer 20

Saliva, pancreatic juice

Question 21

Name the main location where lipase is active.

Answer 21

duodenum/small intestine

Question 22

Label

Answer 22

Question 23

The ___________ _____________________ is/are the chemical(s) that are present in solution after a chemical reaction involving an enzyme is completed.

Answer 23

end product(s)

Question 24

Answer 24

Question 25

Explain the relationship between thoracic cavity volume and intrapulmonary pressure.

Answer 25

Volume and pressure are inversely proportional – as volume increases, pressure decreases, and vice versa.

Question 26

Match each of enzyme to its substrate and end product(s). Each enzyme will match to two letters. Amylase Pepsin Lipase

Question 27

Answer 27

Question 28

Label

Answer 28

Question 29

Answer 29

Question 30

The part of this organ that produces lipase is the _______ part of the organ.

Answer 30

exocrine

Question 31

Answer 31

Question 32

Answer 32

Question 33

Answer 33

Question 34

Occurs between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood, and involves oxygen loading and carbon dioxide unloading.

Answer 34

External respiration

Question 35

What gas exchange occurs at the respiratory membrane

Answer 35

external respiration

Question 36

Answer 36

Question 37

Label

Answer 37

Question 38

Answer 38

Question 39

Label

Answer 39

Question 40

What is is the volume of air that can be exhaled after a tidal volume exhalation.

Answer 40

Expiratory reserve volume

Question 41

Name the location where pepsin is active.

Answer 41

stomach

Question 42

Explain the difference between an enzyme and a substrate.

Answer 42

An enzyme is a protein that interacts with material to catalyze chemical reactions; it is not changed by the chemical reaction itself, although what it interacts with is changed. The substrate is the starting material of a chemical reaction. This material is changed by interacting with the enzyme.

Question 43

Label

Answer 43

Question 44

Label

Answer 44

Question 45

Answer 45

Question 46

Answer 46

Question 47

Name the primary respiratory muscles involved in quiet inspiration

Answer 47

Diaphragm and external intercostals.

Question 48

Label

Answer 48

Question 49

What is the volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal volume inhalation is complete.

Answer 49

Inspiratory reserve volume

Question 50

What is the medical term for a pregnant uterus.

Answer 50

Gravid uterus

Question 51

Answer 51

A – foramen ovale; B – umbilical cord; C – ductus venosus; D – pulmonary trunk; E – inferior vena cava; F – ductus arteriosus

Question 52

Label

Answer 52

Question 53

This material emulsifies lipids. What does that mean?

Answer 53

When material is emulsified, it is converted from one large fat drop into multiple smaller lipid droplets. This process increases the surface area available for lipid digestion.

Question 54

Name the two locations where amylase is active.

Answer 54

Amylase is active in the oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, and duodenum/small intestine

Question 55

Label A, B, C

Answer 55

A: Basement membrane B: Type 1 cell C: pulmonary capillary endothelium

Question 56

Answer 56

Question 57

Label

Answer 57

Question 58

Answer 58

Question 59

Label where the arrows are

Answer 59

Question 60

Answer 60

Question 61

Why is it important that the surface tension of water be decreased in the alveolus?

Answer 61

Alveoli collapse if the surface tension of alveolar fluid is too high. The fluid forms a droplet, collapsing the alveolus and making the person reinflate every alveolus with each breath. This requires too much work and the person would die of exhaustion if they had to do this.

Question 62

Label

Answer 62

Question 63

What is the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume

Answer 63

Vital capacity

Question 64

Answer 64

Question 65

Answer 65

Question 67

Label A, B, C, & D

Answer 67

A: mucosa B: Submucosa C: Hyaline cartlilidge ring D: Adventita

Question 68

Answer 68

Question 69

Answer 69

Question 70

Answer 70

Question 71

what is the volume of air that moves into or out of the lungs in a typical inspiration or expiration.

Answer 71

Tidal volume

Question 72

During quiet expiration, these muscles

Answer 72

Relax

Question 73

Name the two fetal structures of the human heart, state the function of each, and state what each structure turns into in the adult heart.

Answer 73

The two fetal structure of the human heart are the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus. The foramen ovale allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium. The ductus arteriosus allows blood leaving the right ventricle to go into the aortic arch. Both structures allow blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation/lungs. The foramen ovale becomes the fossa ovalis after birth, and the ductus arteriosus becomes the ligamentum arteriosum. Both of these structures are present in the adult heart.

Question 74

Answer 74

Question 75

Answer 75