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2.1 Molecular Immunology > Practical 2: Secondary Lymphoid Organs > Flashcards

Practical 2: Secondary Lymphoid Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of a secondary lymphoid organ?

A

They increase the chances that a mature lymphocyte will meet it’s antigen

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2
Q

List the main secondary lymphoid organs
(6)

A

Spleen
Appendix
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Peyer’s patches
Lamina propria

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3
Q

List the different groups of lymph nodes

A

Cervical lymph nodes (neck)
Axillary lymph nodes
Inguinal lymph nodes
Mesenteric lymph nodes

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4
Q

What three things make up Waldeyer’s ring?

A

Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Adenoids

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5
Q

What is lymph?

A

The fluid that remains in tissue after interstitial fluid is returned to the blood

Plasma seeps into tissue -> interstitial fluid -> blood -> remainder = lymph

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6
Q

What does lymph consist of?
(8)

A

Water
Ions
Nutrients
Gases
Proteins

Hormones
Enzymes
Waste products of cells

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7
Q

What constituents of lymph are derived from cells?

A

Hormones
Enzymes
Waste products of cells

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8
Q

What constituents of lymph are derived from plasma?

A

Ions
Nutrients
Gases
Proteins

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9
Q

What are the four types of lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymphatic capillaries

Lymphatic collecting vessels

Lymphatic trunks

Lymphatic ducts

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10
Q

What fluid does the lymph system take up?

A

It only takes up the fluid that is not taken up by the venous system -> returned to blood

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11
Q

Write a note on lymphatic collecting vessels

A

Similar to veins
Have lots of valves
Both superficial and deep
Pass through lymph nodes (afferent and efferent)

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12
Q

Distinguish afferent from efferent.

A

Afferent = in
Efferent = out (exit)

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13
Q

Describe the gross anatomy of the lymph node
(5)

A

Bean shaped
Fully encapsulated with a subcapsular sinus
Has a really good blood supply - artery and vein
Afferent and efferent lymphatic supply
Hilum = indented area

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14
Q

Describe the structure of a lymph node
(7)

A

Subcapsular sinus
Cortex
Paracortex
Medulla
Medullary sinus
Lymphoid follicles (primary and secondary)
Germinal centres

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15
Q

What is the B cell area of a lymph node?

A

Lymphoid follicles

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16
Q

Where are lymphoid follicles found in the body?

A

They are found in secondary lymphoid organs

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17
Q

What cells are found inside the capsule?

A

Subcapsular macrophages

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18
Q

Where is considered the T cell area of the lymph node?

A

Para cortex

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19
Q

Where are plasma cells found in the lymph node?

A

Medullary cords

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20
Q

What are medullary cords?

A

If you look at the medulla under high magnification you can see gaps between cells (sinuses) if the cells are bundled together with a layer of endothelium - this structure is called a medullary cord

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21
Q

What are subcapsular macrophages?

A

A special population which is not great at phagocytosis but is goof at trapping antigens on their surface membranes

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22
Q

What type of cell is found in the medullary chords?

A

Plasma cells

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23
Q

What type of cell is found in the paracortex?

24
Q

What type of cells are found in the lymphoid follicles?

25
What happens in primary lymphoid follicles? (2)
B cells have not encountered an antigen yet These follicles have no light coloured centre/germinal centre
26
What happens in secondary lymphoid follicles? (3)
B cells here have encountered their antigen There is a light centre to the follicle/germinal centre The dark ring around the centre is called the mantel zone
27
How do most lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes?
Most enter through blood not through lymph
28
What happens at the hilum? (2)
Blood vessels enter and leave here The efferent lymphatic vessel leaves here
29
Where does the afferent lymphatic vessel attach?
It pierces the lymph node at two spots the opposite side of the hilum
30
What cells form the supporting tissue of the lymph node?
Fibroblast recticular cells
31
What does HEV stand for?
High endothelial venules
32
What does HEC stand for?
High endothelial cells
33
What do HEVs do?
Lymphocytes use these to get into the lymph node by adhering to the HECs on the edge of the HEV
34
What cells come together to form the Fibroblast reticular cell conduit?
This is where fibroblast reticular cells support the maintenance of naive T cells
35
List the four different tonsils
Lingual Palatine Tubal Adenoid
36
Where are your lingual tonsils?
Back of throat
37
Where are your palatine tonsils?
Back of mouth
38
Where are your adenoids?
Just behind the nose
39
Where are tubal tonsils located?
Lateral wall of the nasopharynx
40
Write a note on the palatine tonsil (3)
Hemi-capsule Crypts are found within the tonsil and are lined with simple epithelium (M cells) Primary and secondary follicles
41
Why does the palatine tonsil have a hemi-capsule? (3)
Because the tonsil needs to have a small amount of surface area exposed to the elements In the areas where there is no capsule there is stratified squamous epithelium Simple epithelium is found within crypts for screening
42
What is the function of crypts?
They increase surface area
43
What is the function of the stratified squamous epithelium of the tonsils?
Protection
44
What is the function of the simple epithelium of the palatine tonsil?
Antigen sampling
45
Write a note on the anatomy of the spleen
No lymphatic vessels in or out Really good blood supply (splenic artery, splenic vein) Hilum
46
What is the function of the spleen?
Responsible for producing blood cells before birth Responsible for protecting against blood born infection
47
What are the two regions of the spleen?
Red pulp White pulp
48
Write about red pulp
This is where dead or old rbcs are cleared by macrophages
49
Write about white pulp
This is where the initiation of immune responses to blood born infections take place
50
Why is it usually hard to distinguish between white and red pulp?
The pulp looks the same in mammalians
51
What is bacteria in blood called?
Septicemia
52
What are the three parts of white pulp?
Lymphoid follicles Periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) Marginal zone
53
What are PALS?
Periarterial lymphatic sheath These are lymphocytes which cover the central arteriole
54
What is the marginal zone? (2)
Area between white pulp and red pulp Contains APCs e.g. macrophages
55
What are the lymph follicles? (2)
B cell area between PALS and marginal zone
56
What is the red pulp?
Connective tissue (cords of Billroth and splenic sinusoids
57
Write a note on asplenia? (4)
A rare condition whereby individuals have no spleen Due to the RPSA gene - dominant mutation It increases the risk of infection by encapsulated bacteria There is a much greater affect on children than adults after a splenectomy

2.1 Molecular Immunology (19 decks)

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