practical 3- inflammation

Question 1

state the difference in histological change in tissue during acute and chronic inflammation

Answer 1

production of fluid exudate in acute inflammation

this is replaced with fibrous tissue in chronic inflammation

Question 2

why does inflammation occur

Answer 2

occurs in response to microbiological infection, trauma including physical, chemical, hypersensitivity and necrosis of surrounding tissue

Question 3

what does inflammation indicate

Answer 3

indicates repair is required

Question 4

what does the inflammation process involve

Answer 4

progressive changes which start from original damage (not destroyed) to final healing

Question 5

what are the 4 characteristics of inflammation on the skin

Answer 5

rubor - red

tumor - swelling

dolor - pain

calor - heat

Question 6

what are the 2 classifications of inflammation

Answer 6

acute- exudative

chronic- productive or formative

Question 7

what does acute inflammation produce

Answer 7

exudate

Question 8

what are the 3 principle events of acute inflammation

Answer 8

vasodilation

increased vascular permeability (due to fluid exudate)

margination, emigration and chemotaxis of leukocytes from blood into tissues

Question 9

give an example of serious inflammation

Answer 9

blister- thermal injury

comprises of fluid with a few leukocytes

Question 10

give a characteristic of suppurative inflammation

Answer 10

pus

Question 11

give 5 types of acute inflammation

Answer 11

catarrhal
muco-purulent
pseudomembranous
fibrinous
haemorrhagic

Question 12

in terms of outcomes of acute inflammation, what happens when there is no tissue damage

Answer 12

exudate is reabsorbed and tissue restored to normal

Question 13

in terms of outcomes of acute inflammation, what happens when the tissue is destroyed

Answer 13

chronic inflammation occurs

Question 14

what is meant by chronic inflammation

Answer 14

process where there is continuing inflammation in addition to healing, result of longer exposure to injury

Question 15

what accompanies chronic inflammation

Answer 15

acute inflammation, they both often occur together

Question 16

chronic inflammation usually occurs after what 2 processes, give an example each

Answer 16

acute inflammation e.g. continued presence of a foreign body (splinter)

result of a long term, low grade injury e.g. ingestion of silica into lungs (silicosis)

Question 17

chronic inflammation is characterized by which 3 things

Answer 17

production of fibrous tissue (by fibroblasts)

high concentration of macrophages and lymphocytes

fewer neutrophils

Question 18

what are the 7 cells of chronic inflammation

Answer 18

macrophages
langhans cells
touton cells
aschoff giant-cells
eosinophils
lymphocytes
plasma cells

Question 19

when would we find langhan cells

Answer 19

TB, fungal infections, syphilis

Question 20

what is the function of Touton giant cells, when would we find them

Answer 20

phagocytose lipids

in dermatofibroma

Question 21

when would we find aschoff giant-cells

Answer 21

collagen diseases such as rheumatic fever

Question 22

what is the function of eosinophils

Answer 22

neutralise histamine and 5-HT
process antigens
phagocytose Ab-Ag complexes

Question 23

what are the 2 types of lymphocytes and what is their function

Answer 23

T lymphocytes- cellular immunity, produce soluble factors such as lymphokines which are important in mediating chronic inflammation

B lymphocytes- humoral/Ab immunity

Question 24

what is the function of plasma cells

Answer 24

produced from differentiated B cells, secrete Ab’s

Question 25

what does haematoxylin stain

Answer 25

nucleic acids

Question 26

what does eosin stain

Answer 26

cell cytoplasm, collagen and muscle

Question 27

what is the masson trichome and mallory trichome stain used for

Answer 27

to distinguish collagen from muscle

Question 28

what is the MSB (martius scarlet blue) stain used for

Answer 28

to show fibrin

Question 29

what is fibrin and which tissues is it seen in

Answer 29

an insoluble fibrillary protein formed from fibrinogen seen in tissues in acute inflammation

Question 30

how is the MSB (martius scarlet blue) stain applied

Answer 30

based on size of dye molecules smaller dye molecules are applied first, then larger

Question 31

state the 3 components that make up the MSB (martius scarlet blue) dye

Answer 31

martius yellow (small acid dye) brilliant crystal scarlet (medium acid dye) methyl blue (large acid dye)

Question 32

in MSB staining, what structures does martius yellow dye stain why do we wash it with water after

Answer 32

stains all basic structures with +ve charge enters collagen easily muscle less easily erythrocytes least easily to remove the dye from less dense structures such as collagen and muscle

Question 33

in MSB staining, what structures does the brilliant crystal scarlet dye stain why do we wash with phosphotungstic acid after

Answer 33

stains muscle and collagen removes dye from collagen

Question 34

in MSB staining, what structures does the methyl blue dye stain how do we remove the excess blue dye

Answer 34

stains collagen washing with 1% acetic acid

Question 35

describe the following cell nuclei in terms of lobes neutrophil eosinophil basophil lymphocyte

Answer 35

3-5 lobed nucleus 2 lobed nucleus, corse orange cytoplasmic granules 2 lobed nucleus, corse black/blue cytoplasmic granules no lobed nucleus

Question 36

what is the difference between a sub-acute and gangrenous appendix

Answer 36

gangrenous- neutrophils in lumen ulceration of tissue larger and more numerous lymphoid follicles in lamina propria and submucosa

Question 37

with an MSB stain, what colour do nuclei, RBCs, fibrin, muscle and collagen stain

Answer 37

``` blue/black yellow red red blue ```

Question 38

with a H&E stain, what colour do nuclei, fibrin, muscle and cytoplasm stain

Answer 38

purple pink pink pink

Question 39

what is are the first 2 stains used in MSB staining

Answer 39

stain in celestine blue solution | stain in haematoxylin

Question 40

after using haematoxylin in MSB staining, what is used to differentiate the stain

Answer 40

differentiate in 1% acid alcohol | rinse in 95% alcohol

Question 41

what stains are used after differentiating in MSB staining

Answer 41

stain in martius yellow | stain in brilliant crystal scarlet

Question 42

in MSB staining, what do we do after staining with brilliant crystal scarlet, what dye do we stain with after that

Answer 42

treat with phosphotungstic acid solution methyl blue solution

Question 43

what are the final steps in MSB staining, after using methyl blue solution

Answer 43

rinse in 1% acetic acid dehydrate through ascending alcohols clean in xylene mount in DePeX