practicals Flashcards

Question

Maxx TV / coil TV unit Maxx event - TV Maxx near Design features

Answer 1

Galilean telescope System Positive object and negative eye piece adjustable focus for room distance use frosted objective lens eliminates reflections 2x mag adjustable to compensate for up to 3.00D Ametropia

Answer 2

Simple and economic solution for room distance can be used for distance and some intermediate ( room distance use) hands free Heavy and relatively uncomfortable for long periods of Wear Requires dexterity for adjustment cannot compensate a high RX but available as clip on

Answer 3

use for specific tasks (TV) Demonstrate adjustment of Working Distance Do not walk around when wearing

Answer 4

fresnel lens multiple concentric rings providing magnification Some may have foldable stand for Support Available in low magnification powers of 2x - 3x

Answer 5

large Fov due to size of magnifier and low power Cosmetically acceptable Inexpensive light easily portable only available in low mag Posture Sometime difficult to maintain- needs to be Parallel optically poor - due to aberations

Answer 6

Hold on page move away until clear use with near vision Specs - often be working within focal length can be used for eccentric Viewing keep page flat Good Illumination angle poise lamp directly onto page

Answer 7

low magnification plus Powered lens Bracket and neck Strap to support against chest may have Smaller High mag Segment 1.5 x - 2 x mag up to 6x mag

Answer 8

Constantly Supported at appropriate working distance Hands free low magnification means less aberrations wider fov Inexpensive

Answer 9

Position close to eye to boost fov + magnification ol wearing reading Specs Mark an neck Strap where appropriate fitting is use while Seated may need additional lighting angle poise can be used for reading if only low mag is required steady eye strategy

Answer 10

Spectacle mounted magnification single high Powered plus lenticular lens the other lens to be occluded/ frosted / CX own Rx A available up to 12 x magnification

Answer 11

Psychologically acceptable as looks Similar to normal Spec's Able to incorporate prescription into lenses Hands free large fov due to short eye mag distance short WD maybe hard to maintain monocular only Requires good illumination due to short WD

Answer 12

Hold page in front of dominant eye and bring closer until Clear use for specific Tasks Do not walk around when Wearing good lighting angle poise

Answer 13

Plano tinted / filter lenses wrap around design to shield disabling glare Specific filters to absorb certain wavelengths Blue light blocking ( 47Onm + less) FL - 41 Rose filter Px with gluacoma,retinitis pigmentosa,ARMD,Photosensitivity

Answer 14

Lightweight use over own Spec's many filter options wrap around - Shields glare psychologically acceptable- like large Sunnies Bulky unattractive only benefit in day time May restrict driving

Answer 15

wear over existing Spec's wear in bright conditions or if light a problem Do not wear for driving due to contrast filter

Answer 16

silicone Cupping and head strap to create a water tight fit including over nose tiltable to allow clearing of water glazeable Insert to full RX

Answer 17

fit close not too tight CD and vertical heights Record vertex Rinse trap water air dry

Answer 18

Single shield wrap style to protect debris + UV Glazeable insert Polycarbonate /Trivex 100% Uv Protection Mirror coating

Answer 19

Polycarbonate or trivex for safety measure CD 's and heights Adjustable headstrap for secure fit Avoid lens Spray due to mirror coat

Answer 20

Available as Plano modular or full RX Silicone Cups + head strap water tight flat form lenses ( Plano front surface) choice of bridge Size Tints available Maximum depth of 1. 5 m not used for diving

Answer 21

Modular Rx = Sphere + 1 / 2 cyl Available In 0.50D steps check VA'S with trail frame fit close but not too tight as can cause pinching and Increase Ocular pressure Bridge width can alter horizontal OC /Position Rinse in tap water air dry

Answer 22

wider field of View than Swimming goggles Available with glazeable Insert full Rx Tintable Inserts available Silicone cups and head stone for water tight fitting max depthof 1.5m not used for diving

Answer 23

fit close but not too tight measure CD and vertical height Record Vertex distance Rinse in tapwater + air dry

Answer 24

Designed for monvision non- dominant eye will be occluded Adjustable horizontal positions of lens and occluder Adjustable vertical positions from bridge Adjustable apertures for depth of field adjustable angle of side Curled Sides forSecure fit

Answer 25

Dispense dominant eye position lens and occluder before measuring CD Dispense trivex/ Polycarb tints or filters maybe measure CD's + vertical heights Record vertex distance Adjust Pantoscoptic angle worn depending on posture

Answer 26

wrap around Protection of debris high base curve maybe glazable insert straight sides adjustable nose pads Range of tints interchangeable Shields maybe an option

Answer 27

may need to dispense high base curve Trivex/ Polycarbonate Tints as required consider road Safety Head Strap for Secure fittings measure CD + vertical heights Record vertex distance Consider face form angle and Panto angle worn

Answer 28

large frame increased fov low crest to provide high fit adjustable Joints to Induce retroscopic tilt thin metal frame Supra / rimless

Answer 29

non - Aspheric SV lens measure horizontal + vertical CD's mark pupil Centre in full retro + full Panto tilt place OC in middle MAR Or photochromic tint as appropriate Record Vertex distance

Answer 30

Silicone bumpers on bridge + templesto increase Impact Bevel built up on back surface causing lenses to fall forwards on Impact nylon frame Air vents to Prevent steaming Adjustable head strap

Answer 31

Polycarbonate or trivex lenses for Safety Demonstrates use of head Strap fit Securely maybe tinted or photochromic for outdoor Sports measures CD and heights Record Vertex distance

Answer 32

Simple high Powered plus lens Available up to 3x binocular 7x monocular clip over Own Spec's Hands free for Occupational,vocational use flip up when not needed Some have extendable vertex distance

Answer 33

magnification required - acuity achieved / acuity desired ef N8 / N4 = 2x clip over bridge on Cx can Spec's Adjustable vertex distance - Increased field of view Demonstrate Working distance

Answer 34

Wear for Specific tasks Hold task away from face + bring closer until clear close working distance Good illumination required angle poise lamp directly over task flip up when not required

Answer 35

Temp Prism made of Upvc consists of multiple Parallell Prism 1mm thick available up to 30 Prism dioptres

Answer 36

check Prism base direction Apply underwater to remove air bubbles Apply to back Surface of lens check VA'S for Suitability for driving ect as can reduce VA by 2 Snellen lines

Answer 37

wear as advised by orthoptist / Optometrists Do not attempt to clean or rub back Surface Can reapply if needed

Answer 38

Single lens held in gallery Gallery gripped by Orbicolaris Oculi muscle Gallery holds lens away from globe neck cord to Prevent loss

Answer 39

Dispense to dominant eye Dispense best Vision Sphere Glaze with trivex for safety Glaze flat form lens Glaze oC at Centre of aperture Ensure Cx has enough muscular Control to hold in place can be used for distance / Correction

Answer 40

use with dominant eye use for specific tasks Do not use for prolonged tasks keep on neckCord to prevent loss

Answer 41

Shallow lens covering lower Portion of orbit wide distance between Pad centres long LTB to allow C x to sit on end of nose ideal for emmetropic Presbyopes and CL wearers

Answer 42

adjust for lower frame fitting Record near CD at Specified WD Glaze OC appropriately high Record vertex distance

Answer 43

sit low on nose to allow distance Vision over the top Wear for Specific tasks ( intermediate /near ) only Remove Spectacle to walk around View distance objects over frame

Answer 44

Prism and Mirrors mounted into frame to deviate light by 90° Prism displace Image mirrors reflect image can be worn over current Spec's Silicone nose pads adjustable Sides for Snug fit

Answer 45

Ideal for bedbound cx/ with Stoop/ climbling fit Snug to avoid Slipping down due to heavy prism may require head strap fit low and shallow to allow Cx to look of top if needed Some tiltable may need to secure in optimum Position

Answer 46

wear to view object below Or above wear with specs if required Take care if wearing while moving look over the top to see directly in front Patient should try before Purchase

Answer 47

Spec mounted telescope Galilean telescope unit adjustable focus used by Surgeons / dentists

Answer 48

must accurately measure CD'S measure working Distance and CD' S with frame in place Some units adjustable focus may need to secure at appropriate focus Some allow Cx Rx to be glazed into Carrier

Answer 49

Demonstrate working distance wear for Specific tasks do not move around when wearing Requires Good Illumination angle poise lamp directly onto task

Answer 50

large frame with side Shields maybe wrap to Protect from debris Impact resistant marked to confirm with BSEn 166/167 kite mark

Answer 51

Ensure fit close for adequate Protection from debris frame and lenses Specified by safety officer adjustments maybe made in practice but not repairs the Spec's must be Sent to manufacturer

Answer 52

wear for designated tasks (keep at work) Do not remove side shields / Interfere with device clean as Specified by manufacturer

Answer 53

large frame with side Shields Not BSEN marked maybe tinted may have curled Sides for close secure fit

Answer 54

Dispensed to patients with paralysis of trigeminal nerve curl sides for close Secure fit Tint's to reduce photophobia side Shields to Prevent debris as lack of Corneal Sensitivity

Answer 55

prop / loop tend to back plane, Upper rim of Spectacle frame Aims to lift upper lid to keep pupil clear for adequate vision ideal for Patients with Ptosis

Answer 56

Select suitable frame that fits in line with Cx brow Select appropriate material - if metal good quality coated Pre adjust before measuring measure distance from back of frame to orbit can be Silicone covered as hypoallergenic Silicone nose pads if necessary to prevent Slipping

Answer 57

use artifical tears ( lack at blinking) Ensure prop / loop is fitting comfortable Replace Silicone covers if Perishing

Answer 58

flip attached to top Rim of frame 2 Seperate Sets ofglazed lenses Range of Prescription tint combinations available

Answer 59

ideal for occupational use identify patient requirements task analysis Rembember to glaze add /negative add only in flip up lens measure cd with frame on can dispense tints to flip up lenses

Answer 60

Wear for Specific tasks flip up lenses when not in use

Answer 61

Double Spectacle lenses glazed to SV RX lenses can flip down when not in use flip attached to lower rim Single Single positive lens lens can be rotated to sit in front of either eye flip attached to bridge

Answer 62

Double Glazed to fill SV RX measure CDwith frame in place ideal for hyperopes for Application of make up I & R contacts Single ideal for hyperopes makeup+ cl Glaze to Best vision Sphere measure CD with Frame on use binocular measurement

Answer 63

Double Demonstrate use and movement of lenses flip down lens to apply makeup/ cL wear only for Specific tasks Do not drive when wearing Single Demonstrate use and movement of lenses wear for specific tasks No driving

Answer 64

Spec's with 360° hinges can be wom either way round number of RX combinations available curl Sides for Secure fit

Answer 65

dispensed to patent with monocular vision Dispense trivex lenses for Safety Measure distance and near CD with Frame on face

Answer 66

Demonstrate how to flip when changing task wear withappropriate lens in front of dominant / functioning eye may wish to mark one side So easy to determine lens

Answer 67

Silicone No joints/ Screws Loop end Sides with elastic head Strap low crest height Moulds to shape of baby's face Hypoallergenic

Answer 68

adjust head Strap to fit comfortably ( underhair line) Record CD cover test trivex for Safety ordered Surfaced lenses to reduce Centre substance if Plus Powered not mini bevel - may catch cheeks May often glaze BVS as easy to wear upside down

Answer 69

Explain Importance of continous wear to Parent call in for regular fitting checks Return if broke/ damaged Adaptation time clean with warm water / Soft cloth

Answer 70

50% Inter + Reading ratio inter 28×7 Reading 28 x 11mm Cr39 + Polycarbonate

Answer 71

50% IP/ RP ratio Inter 35 x 8mm Reading 35×20mm CR39

Answer 72

50% IP/RP ratio inter 35×14mm Reading 35×18mm Available in CR39

Answer 73

CR39 7mn intermediate depth 50% IP /RP ratio -ve Rx - flat top - less Jump

Answer 74

CR39 7mm intermediate 22 mm diameter near 50% IP/RP ratio Also 7×28

Answer 75

CR39 12 mm inter 12mm reading

Answer 76

Double D Seg DD 28 Plastic Segs 14 mm apart 60% IP /RP ratio Or same add Top + bottom depending on occupation bottom Seg lower limbus Dispense large frame

Answer 77

ideal for cx requiring wide areas of distance near + intermediate good for non tol to PPL when dispensing standard trifocals the Seg top of the intermediate Portion is normally fitted Midway between the pupil Centre and lower limbus D Dseg - lower limbus

Answer 78

BS/EN 2738 includes powers to two decimal places,vertex distance,specified for powers over combination of + / - 5.00D and no degree Sign if not written correctly refer to Prescriber

Answer 79

Steep Base curve = Centre thickness, distortion,Spec mag + retinal Image will be Increased Plus power are surfaced on negative Base curves and Minus Powered lenses are Surfaced on positive base Curves

Answer 80

Vertical = opposite Horizontal = Same direction

Answer 81

difference of 2.00 D or more in Power between 2 eyes if VA's are recorded may determine whether this will lead to visual problems Such as vertical Prism and diplopia at near

Answer 82

.if the Rx are different and both VA'S are good this may Cause Unequal retinal image size (x will complain of blurred Vision,headaches,dizziness when wearing Spec's and viewing distance objects An ISecikonic maybe dispensed to increase RIS of least Positive eye known as Sized lens

Answer 83

occurs when patient looks down through the lens to read may experience diplopia caused by Anisometropia due to the different amounts of vertical Prism when looking away from the optical Centres of the lens Solution Drop Spec's for near vision tasks 2nd pair of Spec's with OC lower slab off Base down from most negative Powered lens Tilt head down Slightly for near vision contact lenses

Answer 84

difference of 2 lines or more in VA between 2 eyes when no reported clinical Problems

Answer 85

plastic = dip dyed, Polarised,vacuum coated ( mirror tints) or photochromic Glass - Vacuum coated Or Solid Or bonded equitint a lens which is vacuum coated/ dip dyed will not have Same properties as a glass Solid tint -give the most protection as the tint is all the way through the lens

Answer 86

not harmful radiation more than 750nm which is troublesome in equatorial regions + industrial welding Rayban G15 lenses Zeiss umbra = solid glass - ferrous oxide to absorb 100% IR and uv Thicker lens Colour darker where thicker makes uneven

Answer 87

covers plano Sun Spec's tints, Filters

Answer 88

A layer of light sensitive photochromic molecules imbibed into top Surface of lens - depth of 150 microns uv + temp dependent

Answer 89

only type of plastic lens to eliminate glare + Uv Protection up to 400 nm

Answer 90

covers lens power and Centration tolerances and the making and supply of the Spectacles

Answer 91

personal eye protection

Answer 92

1.5= 58 1.6 = 42 1.67 as = 33 1.74 as = 31 1.76 as = 30 Glass 1.9 =30 1.8 as =35 1.7= 40 Poly = 1.586 =30 Trivex = 1.53 = 43 Airwear =1.59 = 31

Answer 93

Sign- irregular keyhole shaped pupil,hole lower region of iris, unilateral/bilateral Symptom-photophobia,reduced va, field loss History-congenital Treatment- cosmetic CL opaque to match iris ,large specs uv Protection, photochromic for all light conditions Referral- manage in practice

Answer 94

Sign- small lumps along lid margin, red eyes, sometimes crusty appearance Symptom- discomfort, gritty, itchy,blurred Vision, similar to dry eye History- dry syndrome and blepharitis Treatment-massage lids to promote secretion of oils by glands, hot compress, flax seeds, defer CL wear Referral- GP if need antibiotics

Answer 95

Signs- dandruff on eyelashes, swollen inflamed lid margins Symptoms- discomfort, sore itchy lids, burning sensation, sticky lids History- scalp disorder, poor lid hygiene,dry eyes Treatment- improve lid hygiene Sterile wipes , warm eye pads with wheat gem ,defer CL wear Referral -GP if antibiotics needed

Answer 96

Signs- lower lid rolling outwards, drooping lower lid,conjunctiva becomes red and dry symptoms- dry eye epihoria,soreness of facial skin History- possible trauma usually senile, loss of muscle tone or shrinking of scar tissue following surgery Treatment- surgery, dispense larger frame side Shields Referral- GP -non urgent

Answer 97

Signs- lower lid rolling outwards, drooping lower lid,conjunctiva becomes red and dry symptoms- dry eye epihoria,soreness of facial skin History- possible trauma usually senile, loss of muscle tone or shrinking of scar tissue following surgery Treatment- surgery, dispense larger frame side Shields Referral- GP -non urgent

Answer 98

Sign- lower lid rolling in, inflammation, corneal scarring Symptoms-painful, lacrimation, corneal scarring, may lead reduced VA History- eyelashes abrading cornea Treatment- Bandage CL, removal of lashes , surgery Referral- GP

Answer 99

Signs- dropping upper lid Symptoms- poor VA if eyelid obscures the pupil, no pain, no photophobia History- paralysis of levator muscle, maybe congenital, senile, or due to a stroke Treatment-ptosis prop , surgery Referral GP- non urgent unless sudden onset

Answer 100

Signs- inflammation, swelling of lid margin Symptoms- discomfort, no photophobia, no vision loss History- blockage of tarsal gland causing meibomian cyst, bacterial infection of eyelash follicle - dirty make up brushes Treatment-hot compress, golden eye ointment, eyelash removal Referral- manage in practice

Answer 101

Signs-swelling hard and gradually enlarges Symptoms-generally no pain, as enlarges may cause pressure on cornea causing distortion and blurred Vision, no photophobia History- swelling of tarsal gland, maybe blockage of duct following infection, if recurrent- blepharitis, or skin conditions Treatment- may disappear surgical removal through the tarsal conjunctival for long standing lesions Referral- non urgent- unless abrading cornea

Answer 102

Signs-flat yellow lumps of fat on lids Symptoms- cosmetic appearance, no pain,no photophobia, no vision loss History- raised cholesterol, possible diabetes Treatment- removal by laser, reduce fat intake Referral- GP non urgent GP for cholesterol

Answer 103

Signs- inflamed conjunctiva, blood shot eye, usually both eyes,mucous discharge on lid margin and lashes Symptoms-lids sticky in morning eyes feel gritty and hot,photophobia History-previous occurrence, bacterial, viral, allergic Treatment- cx managed bathe lids, boil pillow case and towels, antibiotic eye drops mayb required, defer CL wear Referral - Mecs, triage, GP in antibiotic required

Answer 104

Sign- raised yellow area on the conjunctiva most common in elderly Symptom- possible irritation with CL, no pain, no photophobia,no vision loss History-exposure to uv, living in hot/ dry climate, hardening of the Bulbar of the conjunctiva and degeneration of conjunctiva Treatment- cosmetic appearance Referral- GP non urgent

Answer 105

Signs- Raised triangular growth on conjunctiva and invades the epithelium, often bilateral Symptoms - Possible irritation with CL, Reduced VA if encroaches on cornea,no photophobia History- Living in hot climate excessive uv working in dusty conditions, possible previous occurence Treatment- surgical removal before pupil invasion Referral- GP. non urgent

Answer 106

Signs - Burst blood vessel between conjunction and Tenon's capsule Symptoms - Possible discomfort,no pain,no photophobia,no vision loss History- Exertion, possible previous occurence,high blood pressure Treatment- none Referral - GP if recurring - blood pressure checks

Answer 107

signs- opaque white/ grey band at periphery of Iris Symptoms- no pain, no photophobia,no vision loss History - Raised cholestrol, caused by fat deposited in cornea Treatment ~ Reduce cholesterol intake Referral - GP for cholesterol check

Answer 108

Signs- Commonly seen in young children as the bridge of the nose is not fully developed usually bilateral gives the appearance of esotropia Symptoms - no symptoms,no pain,no photophobia,no vision loss History- is still preser adulthood in in oriental Races + downs Syndrome,Careful examination to ensure hetero tropia use pen torch to check reflex Treatment- Surgery if required Referral- GP if Surgery if required for cosmetic reasons

Answer 109

Signs- Unilateral inflammation of the Iris Irregular Shaped pupil,usually one eye Symptoms- Acute iritis - Pain, reduced VA,lacrimation and photophobia, Chrome Iritis - very few symptoms History - Arthritis, aids ,TB Treatment- mydriatic drops followed by systemic steroids Referral - urgent A+ E Telephone ahead

Answer 110

Signs - Red eye Corneal lesion inflamation of Cornea, lacrimation,discharge,Corneal ulcer visible as white Patch on the Cornea,usually are eye Symptoms - pain, blurred vision,Photophobia,reduced VA if ulcer centrally On Cornea,FB Sensation History-.Corneal Trauma,CL wearer,Dry elderly,Herpes simplex Treatment. Antibiotic Drops,steroids and antiviral drops Referral - urgent to A+ E

Answer 111

signs - white blood cells deposited in the lower anterior chamber Symptoms - None,NO Pain/ photophobia /Vision loss History - linked with bacteria Keratitis (corneal ulcer) in servere or long standing cases hypopyon may be present,may lead to acute secondary glaucoma Treatment- antibiotics drops or oinment or subconjunctival injections Referral- Urgent A&E

Answer 112

Signs-Blood in the anterior chamber Symptoms- Pain, blurred vision, particulary in the crystaline lens is displaced, possible visual field loss if a retinal detachment has occured History- A blow to the eye or orbital region, caused by fall or struck by blunt object- may lead to 2nd glaucoma Treatment- Miotics to reduce IOP, surgery maybe needed to remove blood clot or crystaline lens Referral- Urgent to A&E

Answer 113

Signs- Darker iris area, may appear thicker and cause distortion of the pupil bleeding may occur causing hyphaema Blood in lower iris) Symptoms- none unless the tumour blocs the angle of the anterior chamber producing secondary glaucoma History- Increased uncontrolled growth of melanocytes commom in over 60's Treatment- none if no bleeding/ pupil distortion surgical if enlrgment occurs, removal of tumour, possible enucleation(removal of eye) Referral- GP urgent

Answer 114

Signs- Red eye cloudy cornea oval shaped pupil Symptoms- Severve pain, frontal headaches, blurred vision, vomitting due to pain History- haloes round lights, 4 types, Acue open angle, closed angle congenital. NICE guidlines state if IOPs 34 or more in 1 or both eyes immediate referral to A&E Treatment- Miotics to reduce IOP NICE guidelines look above Referral A&E phone ahead & email referral letter

Answer 115

Signs- Inflammation of the orbital connective tissues, Lids red, swollen, serervly closing, conjuntiva also swollen and inflamed Symptoms- moderate to servere orbital pain, may be worse with eye movement possible diplopia and reduced VA feverish History- Bacterial infection spread from infected tooth/sinus Treatment- immediate HES possible leading to optic neuritis/ meningitis, antibiotics, surgery to drain orbit and infectied sinues Referral- Urgent to A&E.

Answer 116

Signs- inflammed sclera, redness swelling of the surface of the sclera, affecting a diffuse area or a well defined patch near the limbus Symptoms- slight discomfort, gritty sensation, photophobia History- commonly affects young people linked with herpeszoster (shingles) or gout Treatment- often go without treatment reaccurance are common steroid drop maybe used reduce discomfort, Defer CL wear Referral- GP only (urgent refer if reaccuring)

Answer 117

Signs-Inflammed sclera redness often with bluish tinge and swelling of the deep layers of the sclera symtoms- Pain affecting the orbital area including the forehead and jaw and eyeball History- linked with systemic conditions arthritis, herpes zoster, often accompained by uveitis may lead to keratitis, glaucoma and cataract Treatment- steriod drops systemic and tropical,Defer CL wear Referral - A&E

Answer 118

Signs- white/yellow appearance to the pupil usually unilateral. rare tumour found affecting young children Symptoms- reduced VA, rarely noticed unless bilateral, advanced tumours can cause 2ndary glaucoma History- Nuclear layers in the foetal retina arise from genitic mutation, hereditarry Treatment- Radiation therapy/ enucleation removal of the eye Referral- A&E

Answer 119

Signs Lesion on eyelid or nose,misaligned eyelashes, pearly edge dipped centre , red area, (similar to a pizza) Symptoms- no pain possible slight discomfort, may come ulcerated History- Possible previous occurance Treatment- Surgical treatment Referral GP further referral to dermatologist for treatment

Answer 120

Signs- red eye, inflammation, lacrimation symtoms- inflammatory reaction, paun reduced VA, photophobia,blurred vision depentant on trauma History- Occupational or DIY accident Treatment - Removal if possible Referral - Urgent to A&E if embedded or penetrating

Answer 121

Signs- inflammation, lacrimation Symptoms- pain & blurred vision, photophobia History- Occupational accident, DIY accident Acid attack Treatment- Immediate irrigation, Flush excessivley with saline/water Referral- Urgent A&E

Answer 122

Signs- misdirected eyelashes growing inwards, abrading the cornea, inflammation, lacrimation, can result in ulceration of the cornea Symptoms- pain, reduced VA Caused by eyelashes rubbing History, Eyelash follicles in an abnomal position, Entropian, blepharitis, congenital Treatment- lash removal, bandge CL Referral - G{

Answer 123

signs- No external visible signs, ophthalmoscope shows pale spots in fundus Symptoms- progressive central vision loss- difficuly reading and near vision tasks, straight lines appear wavy, loss of sharp detail History- Hereditary- prevalent in females, smokers, poor diet, lacking luteins, eventually the Macular degenerates completley choroidal vessels may become visible Treatment- WEt AMD antivascular endothelial growth (anti vegf injections into viterous) , Lucentis injections Referral - WEt AMD clinic -

Answer 124

signs- no visible external, ophthalmoscope shows purple grey area on the fundus which appears ripped or folded, retinal blood vessels in this area may appear darker Symtoms- progressive visual field loss -(curtain) flashes occurs with eye movement, floaters, Reduced VA History- High myopia exertion, can be caused by aging or cataract surgery Treament - Referral - A&E

Answer 125

signs- Red eye cloudy cornea oval shaped pupil Symptoms- servere pain int he eye, frontal headaches, blurred vision, vomitting due to pain History - Haloes round lights- 4 types acute open angle, closed angle congenital NICE guidelines state if IOPS 34 or more in ome or both eyes immediate referral Treatment -

Answer 126

1.5mm to 4mm

Answer 127

Design Softer design = more inset Add low add = more inset Distance rx - minus rx will have more inset that plus rx as myopes converge more

Answer 128

Dip dyed Vacuum Polarised

Answer 129

Solid Vacuum coated Bonded Equi tint

Answer 130

A lens designed to eliminate 9r minimalise aberrations and distortions

Answer 131

Coma Oblique astigmatism Distortion Curvature Tca transverse chromatic aberration

Answer 132

Tangential and sagittal

Answer 133

Flatter Thinner Lighter Less speg mag/min

Answer 134

Lens is flatter and thinner Sm = power factor x shape factor

Answer 135

Point focal- steeper base curve , therefore thicker Percival- flatter base curve therefore thinner but more distortion

Answer 136

Minimum tangential error

Answer 137

Add (temporal) Manufacturer logo Lens design Material Index Base curve

Answer 138

Distance between f8tting Cross and prism reference point varies between 0,2,4,6mm

Answer 139

2/3 of add is worked as base down

Answer 140

Sudden introduction of base down prism as the eye crosses the dividing line

Answer 141

Jump=seg radius cm x add

Answer 142

E line Franklin spilt D40 seg

Answer 143

Senile Congenital Trauma Medication Excessive UV

Answer 144

Destructive interference Reflected light is1/2 wavelength out of phase so reflections cancel

Answer 145

Restricted distance hoya tact (pupil) Room distance ziess Rd (pupil) Enhanced reader sola access (lower limbus)

Answer 146

Certificate of visual impairment

Answer 147

Cr39 round 24

Answer 148

50-55 years