Practicals Flashcards
How is an ear examined?
- Lift up the pinna and identify the external auditory meatus/ear canal opening – gently, nurse holding
- Gentle introduce otoscope tip into ear, lift pinna and you move with this movement
What is the magnification used for distant direct examination using an ophthalmoscope?
Set at 0 magnification and look through and look for reflection and pupil – pick up any transparency in the transparent ocular media
What is slit beam on an ophthalmoscope used for?
Slit beam used to assess the curvature of the cornea, depth or thickness of a structure. Slit beam is used to elicit the Purkinje samson images
What is the grid on an ophthalmoscope used for?
Grid used to describe the extension and location of a lesion
What is the blue cobalt filter on an ophthalmoscope used for?
To visualise corneal erosions and ulceration after fluorescein staining
Why is liquid paraffin used in skin scrapes?
Place one drop of liquid paraffin in the centre of the microscope slide ready for the scraped material. Liquid paraffin acts as a mounting medium which helps to make the detection and identification of ectoparasites easier. Remember – liquid paraffin will also mark clothing so handle with care.
How is the skin scraped for a sample?
Hold the blade at a 45° angle to the skin surface, with the point slightly up and the majority of the flat part of the blade in contact with the skin – this allows collection of plenty of skin debris. This also helps protect the animal from any accidental cuts during collection of the skin scrape or if the animal moves.
When do you stop skin scraping?
Continue to scrape until there is a slight capillary ooze.
Be careful not to incise the skin. If there is a lot of blood in the sample it will be more difficult to examine.
How is the image for a patient having TPLO radiographs centred?
- The cranial-caudal guideline is positioned long the long axis of the tibia.
- The proximal-distal guideline is placed in the middle of the tibia and perpendicular to this bone.
How is the image for a patient having TPLO radiographs collimated?
- The cranial limit of the primary beam is collimated to include the skin margin
- The distal limit of the primary beam is collimated to include the entire tarsus and a 3rd of the metatarsals
- The caudal limit of the primary beam is collimated to include the skin margin
- The proximal limit of the primary beam is collimated to include the entire stifle and a 3rd of the femur
What are the 5 ultrasound transducer movements?
Sliding
Tilting/fanning
Rotating
Rocking
Compression
What are the normal parameters in sheep?
RR is 16-35bpm
HR is 70-80bpm
Rumen contraction rate is 1-2 per minute
Temperature is 38.3-39.9˚C
How are sheep aged from dentition?
1st pair permanent incisors erupt = 1 year 3 months
2nd pair permanent incisors erupt = 1 year 9 months
3rd pair permanent incisors erupt = 2 year 3 months
4th pair permanent incisors erupt = 2 year 9 months
Distinguish full and broken mouthed sheep.
Full mouthed = all 4 incisor pairs erupted
Broken mouthed = starting to loose front incisors. Look at size of animal, udder development
How are intradermal sutures done?
- Grab dermis for anchoring stich, something deeper near the top of the incision
- In dermal layer and then out of junction between dermis and epidermis
- At this junction, go back in and come out again at dermal-epidermal junction on one side
- Go in at the other side at a slight step behind the other
- Repeat
- At the end, go out through apex of the incision, get another bite of the dermis like at the beginning in order to hide the knot
- Put fingers through loop and grab free end and pull through the loop. 3 knots
- Then pull needle through first and then tighten knot.
- Hide knot
How is a modified miler’s knot done?
- Suture in non-dominant hand
- Place over 2 length of tubing
- Place forceps under tubing to grab end of suturing to bring under
- Make a loop and tuck the suture underneath the thumb of non-dominant hand
- Lay suture back down ready and do not let go in non-dominant hand
- Needle holders under again for a second loop of suture
- Bring short end over across two loops
- Bring needle holders through loop to grab short end and pull through
- Pull parallel
- Constructing knot
- To secure, put 4 more throws on top using single loop square throws
How are cruciate sutures done?
- Pass the needle through the tissue on the near side of the incision
- Pull the suture through until the short end is approximately 3-4cm long.
- Do not tie a knot or cut the suture at this point, but pass the needle through the tissue again, approximately 1cm away from the first part of the suture.
- The needle and suture material should pass through the tissue perpendicular to the incision at all times.
- Pull the suture through until the suture material lies flat
- Tie a knot and do 4 throws
- Cut the ends to approximately 1cm
How long should you spent on 1 tooth when scaling?
After approximately 10 seconds move on to an adjacent tooth and then return to the previous tooth to complete the scaling.
What is the function of a dental explorer?
Used to detect surface defect on teeth – caries, complicated crown fractures, pulp exposure, resorptive lesions
What is the function of a periodontal probe?
- Used to probe gingiva to assess gum recession and gingival bleeding (probes have millimeter markings for depth)
- Can be used to assess furcational involvement in multi-rooted teeth (can you get your probe in between the roots?)
- Can assess tooth mobility
What is the function of luxators?
To penetrate narrow periodontal ligament space and cut periodontal ligament fibres between tooth and alveolar bone
What is the function of elevators?
Used to loosen teeth to be extracted
What is the difference between luxators and elevators?
Traditionally these were two different instruments: luxators were thin instruments that were used to cut/break down the periodontal ligament. Elevators were thicker instruments used to lever/elevate the tooth out of the socket
What is the function of extraction forceps?
- Used to remove teeth from socket
- Only applied when tooth is loose and ready to be removed
