Practice

Question 1

Cells derived from fusion of monocytes that release enzymes for breakdown of bone

Answer 1

Osteoclasts (clasts = Kill)

Question 2

Mature bone cells that maintain daily bone metabolism

Answer 2

Osteocyte

Question 3

Trabeculae

Answer 3

Lattice work of thin plates of bone

Question 4

Four primary tissue types are

Answer 4

connective, epithelial, skin and blood

Question 5

Muscle around the mouth

Answer 5

orbicularis Oris

Question 6

Forehead Muscle

Answer 6

Occipitofrontalis

Question 7

Chest muscle

Answer 7

pectoralis major

Question 8

Forearm muscle

Answer 8

supinator

Question 9

Muscle centre of Quad

Answer 9

Rectus femoris

Question 10

Muscle next to tibia

Answer 10

soleus

Question 11

main hamstring muscle

Answer 11

Bicep femoris

Question 12

calf muscle

Answer 12

gastrocnemius

Question 13

Interphase

Answer 13

G1- cells grow larger, copies organelles

S Phase - synthesises complete copy of DNA, duplicates centrosome

G2 - Cell continues to grow, makes proteins and organelles

Question 14

Early prophase

Answer 14

• Chromosomes start to condense
• mitotic spindle begins to form
• nucleolus disappears

Question 15

Late prophase

Answer 15

• Nuclear envelope breaks down
• Chromosomes fully condensed
• Mitotic spindle continues to grow and starts to capture chromosomes

Question 16

Metaphase

Answer 16

Spindle has captured all chromosomes and lined them up on the metaphase plate ready to divide

Question 17

Anaphase

Answer 17

The sister chromatids seperate from each other, each now their own chromosome

They are pulled towards opposite ends of the elongated cell

Question 18

Telophase

Answer 18

Mitotic spindle is broken down

2 new nuclei form, one for each set of chromosomes

Nuclear membrane reappears

Chromosomes de-condense

Cytokinesis begins

Question 19

Cytokinesis

Answer 19

Division of cytoplasm to form two new cells

It is a contractile band of filaments made of protein actin that pinches the cell

The pinch crease is known as cleavage furrow

When complete 2 new daughter cells are formed with a complete set of chromosomes

Question 20

Cell junctions

Answer 20

Tight junction
Gap junction
Desmosomes

Question 21

Tight junction

Answer 21

forms watertight cell and prevents liquid escaping between cells

Question 22

Gap junctions

Answer 22

they are channels between neighbouring cells that allow for the transport of ions, water, and other substances

Question 23

Desmosomes

Answer 23

anchoring junction, pin adjacents cells together

Question 24

Bone growth in length

Answer 24

The epiphyseal plate is the site of bone growth. Cartilage cells are produced by mitosis on the epiphysis side of the plate. Cartilage cells are destroyed and replaced by bone on diaphyseal side of the plate. This produces growth in length. Epiphyseal plates close at ages 18-25 therefore cartilage cells stop dividing and bone replaces the cartilage producing the epiphyseal line

Question 25

Describe muscle contraction cycle

Answer 25

Myosin heads hydrolyse ATP and become reorientated and energised Myosin heads bind to actin forming crossbridges Myosin crossbridges rotate toward centre of the sarcomere (contraction) As myosin heads bind ATP, the crossbridges detach from actin

Question 26

Neuroglia Phagocyte like cell

Answer 26

Microgila

Question 27

Form myelin sheath around axons

Answer 27

Oligodendrocyte

Question 28

Astrocytes

Answer 28

form Blood brain barrier, metabolise neurotransmitters

Question 29

Conducts nerve impulses towards the cell body

Answer 29

dendrites

Question 30

Axons

Answer 30

conduct nerve impulses away from cell body

Question 31

Neuron communication - graded potentials

Answer 31

local membrane changes only

Question 32

Neuron communication - action potential

Answer 32

Travel long distances, widespread distance in change

Question 33

Ganglia

Answer 33

Collection of nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS

Question 34

All or none principle

Answer 34

when stimulus reaches a threshold, action potential is always the same ( a stronger stimulus will not cause a larger impulse

Question 35

During this period a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

Answer 35

Relative refractory period

Question 36

Absolute refractory period

Answer 36

very strong stimulus will not begin another action potential

Question 37

Endorphins belong to

Answer 37

Neuropeptide neurotransmitter class

Question 38

elevated ridges on the surface of cerebal cortex are called

Answer 38

the gyri - these occur between the sulci

Question 39

Determine stretch or tension in tendons

Answer 39

Golgi organs

Question 40

otholitic organs (inner ear) are sense organs for

Answer 40

static equilibrium

Question 41

Fight or flight response is the role of

Answer 41

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 42

located on the trachea and Releases hormonones involved in metabolism and calcium blood level regulation

Answer 42

thyroid gland

Question 43

which gland is classified as an endocrine and exocrine gland

Answer 43

pancreas