Practice Exam 1 Incorrect Answers Flashcards
(19 cards)
What is the role of antibodies?
To detect and remove foreign antigens or attack specific bacteria and viruses.
What is the role of insulin in regulating metabolism?
When insulin is present, it enhances cells ability to take in glucose as energy. If there is sufficient energy, insulin tells the liver to take up glucose and store it as glycogen.
What’s a point mutation?
A mutation in which one or very few nucleotides in a sequence is affected. Since the frame is not shifted in any way, this is usually a minute issue.
What is nondisjunction?
The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis.
*Can occur during Meiosis I or Meiosis II
Which stage during embryonic development would we not expect differentiation?
Division at the one cell stage. This stage is indeterminate, while all other stages undergo determinate cell division.
How many hydrogen bonds do Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C) form?
3
What is recombination frequency, and what does it measure?
Recombination frequency is a measure of the genetic difference between genes, not the actual physical difference.
*It’s the likelihood (frequency, number of times per division) that recombination will occur
What are the different levels of CentiMorgans and what do each tell about inheritance probabilities?
*Look up
Which alleles have the highest recombination frequencies?
Alleles that are furthest apart
What structure types stem from the ectoderm?
External layers of the body. This includes epidermis layer of skin, neurons of brain, and pigment cells.
How does the lac operon work?
When allolactose (inducer) is present, the represser (ie lac operon) binds to the inducer, freeing up the operator and RNA polymerase to transcribe the desired protein. When the inducer is absent, the repressor binds to the operator, preventing RNA polymerase from transcribing the eukaryotic genes.
Where do microtubules attach to on chromosomes?
Centromeres
*look up other structural aspects of the chromosome
What are the basic amino acids at ph 7.4? (hint, give a positive charge)
Arginine and lysine, and somewhat histidine - look up histidine’s pKa
What are the acidic amino acids at ph 7.4? (hint: they give a negative charge)
Aspartic acid and glutamic acid
At what phase in mitosis do tubulin polymers shorten?
Anaphase - when the chromosomes are pulled towards the two poles of the cell.
*Look up phases of Mitosis and Meiosis
What does isoosmotic mean? What implication does this have on net movement between two fluids?
Isoosmotic means that the target fluid has the same concentration of particles as whatever its being compared to.
AKA: osmotic pressure is constant. Iso = constant, osmotic = osmotic pressure
Therefore, the same osmotic pressure exists on either side of the membrane, creating no net movement of water between the two substances (ie blood and dialyzing fluid)
What are self-splicing introns?
Introns that do not involve protein enzymes in their splicing reactions.
What structures are formed from the endoderm?
Epithelial linings of the digestive and respiratory tracts (includes lungs), parts of liver, pancreas, thyroid, and bladder.
What structures are formed from the mesoderm?
Muscle, connective tissue, cartilage, bone, lymphoid tissue, and circulatory system.
