practice exam

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT part of a nephron?

Answer 1

Vasa recta

Question 2

Aldosterone targets cells in the __________ to increase the expression of ____________ transporter as a mean to retain/reabsorb sodium.

Answer 2

Distal convoluted tubule; sodium

Question 3

Arrange the following in the sequence in which filtrate moves through them.

(1) Loop of Henle
(2) Bowman capsule
(3) Distal convoluted tubule
(4) Proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 3

2, 4, 1, 3

Question 4

The site of renin production is found in the ___________

Answer 4

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 5

Renin converts

Answer 5

Angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Question 6

In glomerulonephritis, the permeability of the filtration membrane increases, allowing proteins to cross the membrane. Which of the following would you expect to observe?

Answer 6

Increase in filtration volume

Question 7

Urine is carried from the kidneys to the urinary bladder by the _______

Answer 7

Ureter

Question 8

Tubular reabsorption occurs in which of the following structures?

Answer 8

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 9

The amount of filtrate produced per minute is called the __________.

Answer 9

Glomerular filtration rate

Question 10

Decreased blood pressure in the afferent arterioles results in

Answer 10

increased renin secretion.

Question 11

Water is moved from the __________ into the capillaries of the vasa recta by way of the process of __________.

Answer 11

descending loop; osmosis

Question 12

Antidiuretic hormone

Answer 12

Enhances water reabsorption

Question 13

The function of the urinary system includes:

Answer 13

Regulate pH of extracellular fluid

Question 14

Which of the following hormone has longer half-life?

Answer 14

Aldosterone

Question 15

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone prevents the release of additional growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. This is an example of_______.

Answer 15

Hormonal stimulus

Question 16

Humoral stimuli usually involve stimulation by _______

Answer 16

Metabolites or molecules

Question 17

Which of the following occurs when a hormone binds to a nuclear receptor?

Answer 17

Activation of RNA (mRNA) synthesis

Question 18

How do hormones and target cells recognize one another?

Answer 18

By the presence of specific receptor molecules on the target cells

Question 19

Thyroid hormone inhibits its own secretion, which is an example of ___________ feedback. In contrast, __________ feedback occurs when oxytocin induces the production of more oxytocin, leading to an amplification effect.

Answer 19

Negative; positive

Question 20

The following action can be activated by membrane-bound receptors EXCEPT:

Answer 20

Activate the mRNA synthesis

Question 21

Which mechanism of hormonal stimulation would be affected if signaling and hormone release from the hypothalamus was blocked?

Answer 21

hormonal and neural stimuli

Question 22

Water-soluble hormones bind to ____________receptors, and lipid-soluble hormones bind to_______ receptors.

Answer 22

Membrane-bound; nuclear

Question 23

The tendency of one hormone bind to only type of receptor is called _______.

Answer 23

Specificity

Question 24

A hormone can set off a cascade-like response due to its activation of secondary messenger. This is an example of __________

Answer 24

Signal amplification

Question 25

Lipid-soluble hormones respond faster than water-soluble hormones because they can bind to DNA promoter region directly to induce transcription.

Answer 25

False

Question 26

Tissues can change their sensitivity to hormones by changing the expression of targeted receptor.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

A receptor is used to maximize the response of a hormone but is not necessary in order for a target cell to respond to its hormone.

Answer 27

False

Question 28

Stable levels of thyroid hormone are maintained over a long period of time

Answer 28

chronic hormone secretion

Question 29

Epinephrine levels spike during a stress event

Answer 29

acute hormone secretion

Question 30

Estrogen and progesterone levels change cyclically and predictably every month

Answer 30

episodic hormone secretion

Question 31

Which of the following hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary?

Answer 31

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 32

Oxytocin is associated with___________

Answer 32

Social bonding and maternal nurturing

Question 33

What would happen if secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is inhibited?

Answer 33

Prevents water reabsorption by the kidney

Question 34

The activation of vitamin D occurs in ___

Answer 34

Kidney

Question 35

Which of the following is associated with hypersecretion of thyroid hormones?

Answer 35

Increased metabolic rate

Question 36

Elevated levels of T3 and T4 __________ metabolic rate, while decreased levels of T3 and T4 _________ metabolic rate.

Answer 36

increase; decrease

Question 37

If parathyroid hormone levels increase, which of these conditions is expected?

Answer 37

Osteoclast activity increases

Question 38

Leptin is released by _________________

Answer 38

adipose tissue

Question 39

Deficiency in iodine can cause the hypertrophy and hyperplasia of this gland, leading to goiter.

Answer 39

Thyroid

Question 40

Calcitonin is secreted when the blood calcium level is_______

Answer 40

High

Question 41

Increased calcitonin levels result in __________ osteoclast activity in the bones.

Answer 41

Decreased

Question 42

Which of the following are actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Answer 42

Stimulates increased reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys

Question 43

Which of the following is more likely to occur following a meal?

Answer 43

All of the above

Question 44

This GI hormone has the following characteristics: -It is released by the small intestine -It can slow motility in the stomach and stimulates insulin release and inhibits glucagon activity -Its secretion can be stimulated by food intake

Answer 44

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)

Question 45

Tropic hormones

Answer 45

All of the above choices are correct.

Question 46

The term for fullness that occurs within a meal is:

Answer 46

Satiation

Question 47

Which is not true of ghrelin?

Answer 47

Has the same basic effect on satiety as insulin.

Question 48

Which of the following is orexigenic?

Answer 48

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

Question 49

Which hypothalamic nucleus is responsible for search for food, initiation, and stimulation of eating?

Answer 49

Lateral hypothalamic area

Question 50

This hypothalamic nucleus monitors blood nutrient concentrations and responsible for feelings of hunger and initiation of eating.

Answer 50

Arcuate nucleus