Practice Exam Flashcards by Harry Rice

Epigenetic theory…

in development, the continuous bidirectional interactions between genes (heredity) and environment

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Which question best captures the spirit of most individuals who study human development with
regard to the nurture/nature question?

How do genes and environmental factors interact in the development of memory
processes?

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Compared to adults, neonates spend an especially high proportion of their sleep in…

REM

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_____ means the degree to which development can be influenced by environmental
circumstances…

Plasticity

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How many neurons in the avg. infant brain?

100-200 billion :o

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The fibre that carries signals towards the neuron’s cell body is called a…

Dendrite

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Compared to other animals, the human brain is very large at birth, but it is also…

Relatively immature

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______ is when new information is altered to fit an existing scheme, whereas ________ is when
a scheme is changed to adapt to new information…

Assimilation; accomodation

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During which substage of sensorimotor development do we see an infant’s actions become
intentional, goal-directed behaviour?

Coordination of secondary schemes

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Sensorimotor stage(Piaget)

-First 2 years of cognitive development

-involves learning how to coordinate the activities of the senses with motor activities

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Preoperational stage (Piaget)

from age 2 to 7
child becomes capable of representing the world symbolically—for example, through the use of language—but is still very limited in ability to use mental operations

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Concrete operational stage (Piaget)

-ages 7-11

-children become capable of using mental operations

-develop logical thinking skills

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Formal operational (Piaget)

-Beginning age 11

-people learn to think systematically about possibilities and hypotheses

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. ______ describes the process of becoming more adept at observing others’ emotional responses
to ambiguous and uncertain situations, and using that information to shape one’s own emotional
responses…

Social referencing

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Social referencing…

term for process of becoming more adept at observing others’ emotional responses to ambiguous and uncertain situations, and using that information to shape one’s own emotional responses

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Vygotsky’s two most influential ideas…

Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding

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zone of proximal development…

difference between skills or tasks that children can accomplish alone and those they are capable of performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer

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Private Speech…

in Vygotsky’s theory, self-guiding and self-directing comments children make to themselves as they learn in the zone of proximal development

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Scaffolding…

degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learner’s skills develop

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If someone suffered damage to their Broca’s area, what may result?

Difficulty producing speech

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Broca’s Area..

portion of the left frontal lobe of the human brain that is specialised for language production

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For infants, stranger anxiety appears to develop at approximately ________ old, and peaks at
approximately _______ old….

6-12 months

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Ingrid, age six, loves to make little books by drawing pictures and putting in words to describe
them. She has formed stable concepts and has started to reason. At the same time, she is egocentric
and holds what her parents describe as ‘magical beliefs’. Ingrid is in Jean Piaget’s _____ stage of
development…

Preoperational

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According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterises early childhood is

Initiative vs Guilt

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In early childhood, moral judgements tend to be rigid and _____...

based more on fear of punishment compared to older children

In early childhood, a combination of _______ along with _________ between siblings is common worldwide.

Conflict; help and sharing

. Today's estimates suggest that autism spectrum disorders occur in about _____ children...

2.5%.... BS Much?!?

At what stage of cognitive development do children start using seriation?

Concrete (7-11 yrs)

Types of mnemonics..

-Elaboration: involves transforming bits of information in a way that connects them and hence makes them easier to remember (e.g. My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos" which represents Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.) -Rehearsal -Organisation

Stages of Kohlberg's theory of moral development...

-Preconventional reasoning: moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments; occurs til roughly age 9 -Conventional reasoning: moral reasoning is based on the expectations of others; 9-15 -Postconventional reasoning: moral reasoning is based on the individual’s own independent judgments rather than on what others view as wrong or right; 15-

Lawrence Kohlberg studied moral development by:

classifying children's solutions to difficult moral problems.

In modern developed countries, children’s gender attitudes and behaviour during middle childhood ____

become more stereotyped

Based on children’s ratings of who they like or dislike among their peers, researchers have described four categories of social status: ___

Popular, rejected, neglected and controversial children

Pubertal changes begin when a threshold of ___ is reached

Body fat

At what age is the brain approximately 95% of its adult size

6 years old

When asked, ‘Do you feel that you have reached adulthood?’ the majority of emerging adults respond: ____

In some ways

Sleep researchers have established that people vary in their morningness and eveningness. These preferences change with age due to ____.

Growth hormone levels

Osgood and others have found that there is a relationship between risky behaviour such as crime and dangerous driving and ____.

Unstructured socialisation

What is the most obvious indicator that ageing begins in young adulthood?

Greying hair

During young adulthood, what age-related change occurs to the heart muscle?

It becomes more rigid

In terms of the respiratory system, Vital Capacity is the maximum ____

amount of air that can be contained in the lungs

By age 60, the rod and cone receptors diminish by what percentage?

50%

What are the tiny hairs in the inner ear known as?

Cilia

What is the risk factor for osteoporosis?

Smokin'

What type of intelligence includes the person’s vocabulary, cultural information stored in long term memory and logical reasoning abilities?

Crystalised intelligence

Crystalised intelligence...

accumulation of a person’s culturally based knowledge, language and understanding of social conventions

Fluid intelligence...

Involves information-processing abilities such as short-term memory, the ability to discern relationships between visual stimuli and the speed of synthesising new information

According to Carstensen’s socioemotional selectivity theory, in late adulthood the goals that people have for their social relationships are ________.

Emotions-based

Socioemotional selectivity theory (Carstensen)..

older adults maximise their emotional wellbeing by becoming increasingly selective in their social contacts

. When do most children understand that death is permanent?

Early childhood

When is death anxiety at its lowest?

Late adulthood

. In which two countries have participation in organised religion faded substantially in the past century and few people participate in religious institutions today?

Denmark and France

Your grandfather was diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease several years ago. Your mother has been taking care of your grandfather for the past 5 years, which has been very difficult. As the Alzheimer’s disease progressed, she was required to provide more assistance and by the time he died 2 months ago, he was less and less who he used to be. Your mother’s grief for the loss of her father is likely accompanied by ____.

Relief at having her life back

Underextension...

a language development error that occurs when a child limits the use of a word to a specific instance. For example, a child might only use the word "dog" to refer to their family pet.

Wernicke's Area...

portion of the left temporal lobe of the human brain that is specialised for language comprehension

Jean Piaget based his ideas about infants’ cognitive development on his detailed observations of his own three children. What research method is this an example of?

Case study

As compared to the Apgar scale, the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale differs in that:

it is performed about a day after birth and can be given any time within the first two months.

Orphans in Romania had been seriously deprived. What was found regarding cognitive development for the children who were more than six months old when they were adopted?

They had a rate of cognitive impairment several times higher than the children adopted at less than six months of age.

____ occurs in the laboratory setting when parents are instructed to interact with their infant without showing any signs of emotion:

Still-face Paradigm

What difficulties can be seen in the cognitive development of young children who are lacking in iodine?

They show IQ deficiencies of 10 to 15 points.

What concept would accurately describe teaching your daughter how to dress herself? You first dressed her, indicating what you were doing and why, then you let her help as you dressed her, and finally you watched as she dressed herself, offering help if needed.

Scaffolding

Your five-year-old daughter has not eaten very much during the past couple of days. You are slightly worried, but after thinking about your developmental course, you remember that five-year-old children:

sometimes do not eat very much; she will probably eat more tomorrow.

which of the following best describes a child who is centred?

They often focus on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects.

When is requiring a young child to sit still in a designated place for a brief period a good discipline strategy?

It is only effective for children who have behavioural problems.

Which of the following pairs has the highest concordance rate for myopia?

Monozygotic twins in a developed nation

In development, what allows children in middle childhood to respond rapidly to changing information, such as hitting a tennis ball or catching a baseball?

Reaction time

In middle childhood, what is one of the main reasons for ending a friendship?

Betrayal of trust

Researchers have described four categories of social status. Which children were rarely described as either ‘liked’ or ‘disliked’?

Neglected

Which adolescents are more likely than others to exhibit formal operational thought?

Adolescents who have had coursework in math and science

____ is when an individual distinguishes their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others.

Adolescent egocentrism

For which of the following time periods is an individual the least susceptible to physical illness?

Emerging adulthood

Two of the most notable aspects of post-formal thinking in emerging adulthood are:

Pragmatism and reflective judgement

Reflective judgment...

capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments, theorised to develop during emerging adulthood

Compared to those who do not attend university, emerging adults who obtain tertiary education tend to have considerably:

higher earnings, occupational status and career attainment over time.

The gains in reflective judgment that take place in emerging adulthood mainly appear to be due to:

Education

Which of the following are two aspects of cognitive development that occur during young adulthood?

The acquisition of expertise and creativity

During what stage of Donald Super’s stages of occupational development do individuals establish themselves in their careers?

Stabilisation

During middle age both vision and hearing decline, although the decline is greater for ____.

Vision

Which of the three measures of fluid intelligence decline steeply throughout adulthood?

Perceptual speed

The relationship between individuals in midlife with their parents tends to be:

Mutually supportive

Older adults often believe that they can remember events of long ago with special clarity. Research has found that there are:

Substantial declines in episodic memory

In late adulthood, the brain ____ and total brain mass ____.

Shrinks; declines

Wisdom is positively correlated with:

Educational level

The major sources of death in the later stages of the lifespan are:

cardiovascular disease and cancer

Shortened telomeres of cells have been found to be associated with a wide range of diseases, including:

Cancer

What type of care involves not just ceasing medical interventions that would prolong a person’s life, but also taking steps that would hasten death?

Active euthanasia

Practice Exam Flashcards

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