practice problems Flashcards
1
Q
in a study of the _____, participants who were aware that essay writers were told what position to take regarding Fidel Castro made _____ attributions.
a. actor-observer effect; situational
b. fundamental attribution error; situational
c. actor-observer effect; dispositional
d. fundamental attribution error; dispositional
A
d. fundamental attribution error; dispositional
2
Q
in Festinger’s study, participants who were paid _____ to lie to the next group of participants about their enjoyment of the task were most likely to change their attitudes – they then believed that the task was fun.
a. $20
b. $50
c. $1
d. $5
A
c. $1
3
Q
in the previous question, the participants changed their attitudes due to:
a. insufficient justification for their behavior
b. sufficient justification for their behavior
c. effort justification
d. pressures to conform
A
a. insufficient justification for their behavior
4
Q
fraternity pledges who are subjected difficult hazing practices are more committed to their fraternities than pledges who undergo mild initiation rituals due to:
a. the fundamental attribution error
b. self-serving attributions
c. cognitive dissonance
d. group polarization
A
c. cognitive dissonance
5
Q
when other shoppers leave their shopping carts next to their cars rather than putting them in the designated spot, Spencer thinks the other shoppers are selfish and lazy. when Spencer leaves his shopping cart next to his car rather than putting it in the designated spot, he knows that he is in a huge hurry to get to work. This reflects the:
a. self-serving attribution
b. cognitive dissonance effect
c. fundamental attribution error
d. actor-observer effect
A
d. actor-observer effect
6
Q
sophocles assumes that all of his professors have outgoing and talkative personalities since he always sees them talking. this assumption reflects:
a. the actor-observer effect
b. a self-serving attribution
c. the fundamental attribution error
d. cognitive dissonance
A
c. the fundamental attribution error
7
Q
apolo, a speed-skater, feels good about being strong and training hard when he wins, but when he loses, he says that the other skaters cheated. this shows the:
a. self-serving attribution
b. bystander effect
c. fundamental attribution error
d. actor-observer effect
A
a. self-serving attribution
8
Q
jj has just agreed to donate $100 to support the troops, although she has anti-military attitudes. according to _____ theory, she is likely to become more pro-military.
a. attribution
b. cognitive dissonance
c. social role
d. normative social influence
A
b. cognitive dissonance
9
Q
in a study of _____, asch noted that participants chose the incorrect line when the confederates unanimously did so.
a. informational social influence
b. deindividuation
c. obedience to authority
d. normative social influence
A
d. normative social influence
10
Q
what was the basic result of Milgram’s obedience study?
a. most people obeyed the authority figure.
b. most people did not obey the authority figure.
c. most people obeyed the authority figure until the “learner” stopped responding; then, most people refused to obey.
d. all participants refused to shock the “learner” at every point of the study.
A
a. most people obeyed the authority figure.
11
Q
sokka frequently experiences periods of extreme fear; during these periods, his chest feels very tight and he can feel his heart pounding rapidly. sokka most likely has:
a. major depressive disorder
b. bipolar disorder.
c. generalized anxiety disorder.
d. panic disorder.
A
d. panic disorder
12
Q
katara often experiences a sense of fear and heightened sympathetic nervous system arousal. this interferes with her ability to sleep and concentrate. katara likely has:
a. major depressive disorder.
b. bipolar disorder.
c. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
d. generalized anxiety disorder.
A
d. generalized anxiety disorder.
13
Q
for a classroom demonstration, a third-grade teacher separated her class into brown-eyed and blue-eyed students. the students started to form positive feelings toward the others with the same eye color, demonstrating:
a. the fundamental attribution error
b. in-group bias
c. the just-world hypothesis
d. realistic conflict theory
A
b. in-group bias
14
Q
cyrus, a member of team galactic, puts down members of team rocket because this boosts his own self-esteem. cyrus’s prejudice can be explained by:
a. the just-world belief
b. realistic conflict theory
c. social identity theory
d. scapegoating theory
A
c. social identity theory
15
Q
as Hotch walks into class, he notices another student stumbling around and walking into the walls. since other students are ignoring the stumbling and just going into class, Hotch concludes that the student must just be messing around, and finds a seat in class. hotch’s decision to not intervene is due to:
a. pluralistic ignorance
b. the catharsis effect
c. evaluation apprehension
d. the diffusion of responsibility
A
a. pluralistic ignorance
16
Q
peik lin, who is usually mild-mannered, goes to the championship hockey game. when her team wins, she joins the crowd in throwing soda and food on the cars in the parking lot. this demonstrates:
a. groupthink
b. deindividuation
c. social loafing
d. group polarization
A
b. deindividuation
17
Q
if you were shopping alone in a mall and suddenly passed out, how many people would you want to be present (to maximize the likelihood of getting help)?
a. 5
b. 10
c. 1
d. 20
A
c. 1
18
Q
petra, a student, works very hard on papers for her psychology class, but does not work very hard on group projects for her history class. this demonstrates:
a. groupthink
b. deindividuation
c. social loafing
d. group polarization
A
c. social loafing
19
Q
the tendency to feel positively toward people simply because we have seen them many times is the:
a. mere exposure effect
b. similarity effect
c. contact hypothesis
d. proximity effect
A
a. mere exposure effect
20
Q
according to the principle of _____, all behaviors (such as slips of the tongue) have some meaningful cause.
a. projective tests
b. psychological determinism
c. the fundamental attribution error
d. attribution
A
b. psychological determinism
21
Q
in a jigsaw classroom,
a. the teacher reorganizes the seating arrangements every day so that the students interact with different classmates.
b. each student in a group is given a unique piece of information that they share with the group.
c. the students do puzzles together to increase cooperative behaviors.
d. the students take turns in the role of “teacher” so that they can improve both their speaking and listening skills.
A
b. each student in a group is given a unique piece of information that they share with the group.
22
Q
whenever Stewie goes through a doorway, he knocks on the door frame 3 times; if he doesn’t do so, he feels anxious. stewie’s door frame-knocking is a(n):
a. delusion
b. hallucination
c. obsession
d. compulsion
A
d. compulsion
23
Q
jj felt very aggressive and decided to play a game of Wii boxing to release her aggressive feelings. jj is likely to:
a. experience an increase in her aggressive feelings
b. experience an increase in her loving feelings
c. experience a reduction in her aggressive feelings
d. experience no change in her aggressive feelings
A
a. experience an increase in her aggressive feelings
24
Q
to investigate ___, Rosenhan and his colleagues infiltrated a mental hospital and observed how they were treated.
a. the expertise of mental health professionals
b. the subjective experience of patients in mental institutions
c. the treatment of patients in mental institutions
d. the effect of diagnostic labels
A
d. the effect of diagnostic labels
25
rogers’ humanistic theory emphasized the importance of:
a. understanding traits
b. conformity
c. unconditional positive regard
d. unconscious processes
c. unconditional positive regard
26
Zuko does not get upset easily; and people find it easy to get along with him. Zuko seems to have low levels of _____ and high levels of _____
a. openness; agreeableness
b. neuroticism; agreeableness
c. conscientiousness; extraversion
d. neuroticism; extraversion
b. neuroticism; agreeableness
27
Kan often feels deeply sad, but other times, feels energetic and on top of the world. Kan seems to have:
a. borderline personality disorder
b. schizophrenia
c. major depressive disorder
d. bipolar disorder
d. bipolar disorder
28
Frank (falsely) believes he is an undercover FBI agent and that he has secret meetings with other agents, who he can see. Frank’s belief about being an FBI agent is a _____, whereas his visions of other agents is a(n) _____.
a. obsession; compulsion
b. compulsion; obsession
c. delusion; hallucination
d. hallucination; delusion
c. delusion; hallucination
29
Dr. Ryan, a psychologist, listens to their clients’ concerns and then helps them to see their irrational thinking. Dr. Ryan practices _____ therapy.
a. psychoanalytic
b. humanistic
c. behavioral
d. cognitive
d. cognitive
30
To help her client overcome a fear of social situations, Dr. Ryan has her client first practice casually chatting with her, then with a close friend, then with a small group of friends, then with strangers at a party. At each stage, the client uses relaxation techniques that Dr. Ryan has taught her. Dr. Ryan is using:
a. systematic desensitization
b. a token economy
c. flooding
d. humanistic therapy
a. systematic desensitization
31
Tegan sometimes feels worthless, and other times feels very important. Her relationships with others are either very loving or very hateful, and her lovingness or hatred toward her friends varies greatly. Tegan seems to have:
a. borderline personality disorder
b. generalized anxiety disorder
c. schizophrenia
d. bipolar disorder
a. borderline personality disorder
32
When Monica leaves her dirty dishes in the sink, she tells herself that she did so because she is very busy; when Rachel leaves her dirty dishes in the sink, Monica thinks that Rachel is lazy and inconsiderate. Monica is demonstrating the:
a. fundamental attribution error.
b. actor-observer effect.
c. self-serving bias.
d. cognitive dissonance effect.
b. actor-observer effect.
33
Suppose you see a child pushing other children at the playground. If you make the fundamental attribution error, you are likely to attribute the child’s behavior to:
a. the presence of bees on the playground from which the child wanted to protect the other children.
b. the high level of conflict and physical aggression the child witnesses at home.
c. the child’s bullying nature.
d. the child’s history of being rewarded for violence.
b. the high level of conflict and physical aggression the child witnesses at home.
34
When Akio was promoted to Assistant Director, he said that he had earned it by being smart and hard-working. When he was later passed over for the Director position, he said that the selection committee was unfair and biased. This illustrates the:
a. fundamental attribution error.
b. actor-observer effect.
c. self-serving bias.
d. representativeness heuristic.
c. self-serving bias.
35
In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) study, who came to enjoy the activities (e.g., moving spools back and forth) the most?
a. the participants paid $1
b. the participants paid $20
c. All participants found the task boring regardless of how much they were paid.
a. the participants paid $1
36
In an experiment, students (who generally supported free speech) wrote essays in favor of banning controversial speakers from campus. Some were told that they must write the essay for the study; others were told that it would be appreciated if they did so, but it was their choice. Consistent with cognitive dissonance theory, which students came to be less supportive of free speech?
a. the students who were told that they were required to write the essay
b. the students who were told that they could choose whether or not to write the essay
c. the students who were in neither condition - they all maintained their initial attitudes
d. the students who were in both conditions - they were all affected by writing the essay
b. the students who were told that they could choose whether or not to write the essay
37
What type of social influence did Asch's participants demonstrate?
a. normative
b. informational
a. normative
38
Suppose, for a speech competition, a student gives a speech arguing the merits of tight legal restrictions on gun ownership. _____ theory would predict that they would feel more strongly in favor of gun control laws after the competition.
a. attribution theory
b. Cognitive dissonance theory
c. Social influence theory
d. Social role theory
b. Cognitive dissonance theory
39
Cyrus, a member of team Galactic, puts down members of team Rocket because this boosts his own self-esteem. Cyrus's prejudice can be explained by:
a. the just-world belief
b. realistic conflict theory
c. social identity theory
d. scapegoating theory
c. social identity theory
40
Though Blaine and Koga just met, they form positive feelings toward each other because they're both on Team Rocket. These feelings are due to:
a. in-group favoritism.
b. a confirmation bias.
c. cooperative interdependence.
d. implicit prejudice.
a. in-group favoritism.
41
Bo is at a local park when he sees a young man shoving and hitting another young man. After seeing several cars drive by the two men without stopping to intervene, Bo concludes that he should not try to step in either. Bo's decision stems from:
a. the diffusion of responsibility.
b. pluralistic ignorance.
c. evaluation apprehension.
b. pluralistic ignorance.
42
From her window, An hears someone screaming outside. She decides not to go outside to see if someone needs help, thinking that many other neighbors must have heard the screaming and will help if necessary. An's decision is based on:
a. the diffusion of responsibility.
b. pluralistic ignorance.
c. evaluation apprehension.
a. the diffusion of responsibility.
43
Monica is overly neat and rigid about order. Freud would suggest that she is fixated in the _____ stage.
a. phallic
b. genital
c. oral
d. anal
d. anal
44
You are a baseball player, and you have just struck out. You want to punch the pitcher, but instead, you go back to the dugout and throw your batting gloves at your teammate. This illustrates:
a. regression
b. denial
c. displacement
d. repression
c. displacement
45
Toph accuses her spouse of being very negative; in reality, Toph is very negative. Which defense mechanism does this illustrate?
a. displacement
b. denial
c. projection
d. repression
c. projection
46
Rob gets into an argument with his dad, and as a result, is very angry. He goes home and yells at his kids. This illustrates:
a. denial
b. displacement
c. projection
d. rationalization
b. displacement
47
Phoebe is using a Big Five-based dating app to look for a potential mate. Although David is kind, gets along well with others, and is dependable, Phoebe decides not to meet with him because he isn't interested in having adventures and trying new things. Phoebe is rejecting David based on his:
a. low extraversion
b. high conscientiousness
c. low openness
d. high neuroticism
c. low openness
48
Joey wants to be an actor, but has not been successful because he shows up late for auditions and forgets which part he’s auditioning for. Joey’s failure can be attributed to his:
a. low openness
b. low conscientiousness
c. low extraversion
d. low agreeableness
b. low conscientiousness
49
Katya thinks repeatedly about whether or not she has unplugged the hair dryer after using it, and returns to the bathroom 20 times a day to make sure she has unplugged it. Thinking about whether or not she has unplugged the hair dryer is a(n) ___, and making sure she has unplugged it is a(n) _____.
a. delusion; hallucination
b. hallucination; delusion
c. obsession; compulsion
d. compulsion; obsession
c. obsession; compulsion
50
John Nash sees images of personnel from the DOD and believes that there is a Soviet plot to extract information from him. Seeing people from the DOD was a _____ and the belief that the Soviets are after him was a _____.
a. delusion; hallucination
b. hallucination; delusion
b. hallucination; delusion
51
When Kady voices thoughts to her therapist such as “I will never find someone who loves me” and “I’m a terrible person,” her therapist points out the errors in her thinking. Kady’s therapist is using the _____ approach to therapy.
a. psychoanalytic
b. humanistic
c. cognitive
d. behavioral
c. cognitive
52
Gretchen’s therapist asks her to voice all of the thoughts that come to mind immediately, without processing them, so that she can gain insight into her unconscious thoughts and desires. Gretchen’s therapist is using the _____ approach to therapy.
a. psychoanalytic
b. humanistic
c. cognitive
d. behavioral
a. psychoanalytic
53
Regina’s therapist listens attentively to her and demonstrates understanding and compassion by repeating back to her the content of what she said. Regina’s therapist is using the _____ approach to therapy.
a. psychoanalytic
b. humanistic
c. cognitive
d. behavioral
b. humanistic
54
Which scenario supports the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
a. Ash approaches his friend Avery, who is walking a dog. As the dog begins to bark, Ash’s heart races; he thinks about why this is the case, and realizes he has a crush on Avery.
b. Brock wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear to ear and laugh out loud, and then he begins to feel happy.
c. Shauna feels very depressed about her recent break-up. She slumps down on her couch and cries for an hour, and then she begins to feel better.
d. Kiawe relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.
d. Kiawe relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.
55
According to the _____ theory of emotion, after someone steals our car, we will first experience an increased heart rate and then experience anger.
a. James-Lange
b. Cannon-Bard
c. Schachter-Singer
d. Craik-Tulving
a. James-Lange
56
In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the need that is highest (last) on the hierarchy is:
a. belongingness and love
b. self-actualization
c. physiological
d. esteem
b. self-actualization
57
Laurel, a law student assisting on a case, believes that her client is guilty of a crime. When her fellow law students point out various pieces of evidence that point to the client’s innocence, Laurel doesn’t pay attention, and when later reviewing the case, only remembers the evidence suggesting that the client is guilty; therefore, she maintains her belief that the client did commit the crime. The persistence of Laurel’s belief can be explained by:
a. self-actualization
b. the representativeness heuristic
c. the serial position effect
d. a confirmation bias
d. a confirmation bias
58
Linny, who identifies as male, is about to take an essay exam on literature, and overhears two teachers talking about girls having better verbal skills than boys. Linny is likely to experience:
a. a fixed mindset.
b. self-actualization.
c. the misattribution of arousal.
d. stereotype threat.
d. stereotype threat.
59
Mistakenly concluding that the forgetful acts of an elderly person must be indicative of Alzheimer’s disease (because the memory impairments seem typical of Alzheimer’s disease) best illustrates the _____ heuristic.
a. availability
b. representativeness
c. simulation
d. base-rate
b. representativeness
60
A student who just found out that he was not admitted to Rutgers spends his days rehearsing "if onlys": "If only I had studied more in high school"; "if only I had taken the SATs more seriously"; "if only I had done more volunteer work." The student is demonstrating the _____ heuristic.
a. availability
b. representativeness
c. simulation
d. base-rate
c. simulation
61
Although the patient H.M. suffered severe anterograde amnesia, he remained fairly normal in his ability to learn:
a. the meanings of new words
b. new factual information
c. new skills
d. the names of people who had become famous since his operation
c. new skills
62
Wes, a suspect of a crime, is asked to provide an alibi for between 10 and 11 pm on May 11. Wes recalled studying for his constitutional law exam with Asher at the library at that time, which is an example of _____ memory.
a. episodic
b. implicit
c. recognition
d. semantic
a. episodic
63
After seeing a billboard advertising Rita’s Water Ice, Daenerys feels parched and in the mood for a sweet frozen treat, although she doesn’t realize why she has this craving. Daenerys’s response is affected by her _____ memory.
a. implicit
b. explicit
c. semantic
d. episodic
a. implicit
64
Little Simone really enjoys her gymnastics classes, and to encourage their daughter to do well, her parents start giving her toys and ice cream whenever she has a good practice. Unfortunately, Simone starts to find gymnastics boring, which can be explained by:
a. counterconditioning.
b. the use of continuous reinforcement.
c. the law of effect.
d. the overjustification effect.
d. the overjustification effect.
65
Spencer makes donations to Unicef because he likes the colorful return address labels they send him in return. He makes the donations due to:
a. observational learning
b. second-order conditioning
c. extrinsic motivation
d. intrinsic motivation
c. extrinsic motivation
66
Petra wants to teach her cat to use her paw to open the bedroom door. To do so, she first rewards the cat for going near the bedroom door, then gives her a reward for putting her paw in the air near the bedroom door, then rewards her for putting her paw on the doorknob, etc. until the cat learns to open the door with her paw. This illustrates:
a. modeling.
b. a fixed interval schedule.
c. shaping.
d. counterconditioning.
c. shaping.
67
Eld is a physically aggressive teenager because his friends have always complimented him when he wins physical fights. This illustrates:
a. explicit memory.
b. observational learning.
c. classical conditioning.
d. operant conditioning.
d. operant conditioning.
68
To train an animal to make some response, a psychologist decides to use the procedure known as shaping. This means that the psychologist will:
a. display the correct response and let the animal imitate.
b. start by reinforcing the animal for a simpler response.
c. force the animal into the necessary position to make the response.
d. deprive the animal of food and water until it makes the response.
b. start by reinforcing the animal for a simpler response.
69
When Kitz uses vulgar words, his mother makes him write “I will not use vulgar words” 100 times. This illustrates:
a. negative punishment
b. positive punishment
c. negative reinforcement
d. positive reinforcement
b. positive punishment
70
When Grisha gets a bad grade, his dad takes away his video games for a week. This illustrates:
a. negative punishment
b. positive punishment
c. negative reinforcement
d. positive reinforcement
a. negative punishment
71
Marge tells her son that he doesn’t have to do his chores one night when he behaves well at home. This illustrates:
a. negative punishment
b. positive punishment
c. negative reinforcement
d. positive reinforcement
c. negative reinforcement
72
In classical conditioning, the opposite of acquisition is:
a. generalization
b. extinction
c. discrimination
d. spontaneous recovery
b. extinction
73
Which of the following is most likely to occur during an experiment on classical conditioning?
a. The participant shows spontaneous recovery before extinction.
b. A participant that has been trained to discriminate responds equally to all stimuli.
c. The participant displays an unconditioned response on the first trial.
d. The participant displays a conditioned response on the first trial.
c. The participant displays an unconditioned response on the first trial.
74
A group of people has learned to blink their eyes whenever they see a flashing blue light, because for the last hour, that flashing blue light has always been followed by a puff of air to their eyes. If we want to test for the possibility of generalization, what procedure should we follow?
a. Present a flashing green light.
b. Produce extinction, then wait and test response to the flashing blue light.
c. Present the flashing blue light without the puff of air.
d. Present the puff of air without the flashing blue light.
a. Present a flashing green light.
75
Anka, who is 1 year old, has been classically conditioned to fear her pediatrician’s office because that is where she receives shots, but she is not fearful when she goes to the dermatologist’s office, where she does not receive shots. This demonstrates:
a. generalization
b. discrimination
c. extinction
d. spontaneous recovery
b. discrimination
76
Suppose your alarm makes a slight clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn’t wake up to the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is:
a. waking up to your alarm
b. the alarm
c. the clicking
d. waking up to the clicking
c. the clicking
77
In Pavlov’s experiments, the food is the:
a. conditioned response
b. conditioned stimulus
c. unconditioned response
d. unconditioned stimulus
d. unconditioned stimulus
78
In Pavlov’s experiments, the dogs’ salivation following the tone is the:
a. conditioned response
b. conditioned stimulus
c. unconditioned response
d. unconditioned stimulus
a. conditioned response
79
Arizona is watching a movie, and her sister turns up the brightness on the screen just enough for Arizona to notice the change. The difference in volume is:
a. her absolute threshold.
b. her difference threshold.
c. her response bias.
d. sensory adaptation.
b. her difference threshold.
80
Dr. Torres’s friend wears scented lotion, but Dr. Torres usually can’t smell it because it is:
a. below her absolute threshold for smell.
b. above her absolute threshold for smell.
c. below her difference threshold for smell.
d. above her difference threshold for smell.
a. below her absolute threshold for smell.
81
According to Kohlberg’s theory, Mercedes, who doesn’t run in the hallways because it’s against the rules, is probably in the _____ stage of moral development.
a. preconventional
b. conventional
c. postconventional
d. concrete operational
b. conventional
82
Rachel and Ross have recently retired and have begun doing volunteer work at their local elementary school. Rachel and Ross seem to be in Erikson’s _____ stage.
a. identity vs. confusion
b. intimacy vs. isolation
c. generativity vs. stagnation
d. integrity vs. despair
c. generativity vs. stagnation
83
Tuko, who is 89 years old, looks back at his life and focuses on his mistakes and regrets. According to Erikson’s theory, Tuko is exhibiting:
a. despair.
b. isolation.
c. stagnation.
d. integrity.
a. despair.
84
According to Kohlberg’s theory, Nemo, who shares his toys with his little sister so that his dad doesn’t take them away from him, is probably in the _____ stage of moral development.
a. preconventional
b. conventional
c. postconventional
d. concrete operational
a. preconventional
85
Ravi shares his toys with his classmates because his teacher requires all of the students to share with each other. Ravi is in the _____ stage of moral development.
a. preoperational
b. preconventional
c. conventional
d. postconventional
c. conventional
86
Katara’s son, Tenzin, cries when she leaves the room, but when she returns, he runs to her and then runs away. Tenzin probably has a(n) _____ attachment style.
a. insecure-anxious/ambivalent
b. insecure-avoidant
c. insecure-disorganized
d. secure
a. insecure-anxious/ambivalent
87
Gendry is easily frustrated and gets bad grades. According to research based on Baumrind’s parenting styles, his parents probably used the ______ parenting style.
a. authoritarian
b. permissive
c. uninvolved
d. authoritative
b. permissive
88
Tuck’s mom sends him to his room for 5 minutes after he kicks his sister, and explains to him that he is getting a time-out because kicking can hurt people. She also cuddles with him and reads his favorite books to him for 20 minutes each night before he goes to sleep. Tuck’s mom is exhibiting the _____ parenting style.
a. authoritarian
b. permissive
c. uninvolved
d. authoritative
d. authoritative
89
Linny’s parents let her do whatever she wants to do – in fact, they are hardly ever around and don’t pay much attention to her when they are. Linny’s parents exhibit the _____ parenting style.
a. authoritarian
b. permissive
c. uninvolved
d. authoritative
c. uninvolved
90
Ollie’s parents are very involved in his life – they require that he completes his homework right after school and his time with friends is closely monitored. However, they rarely show his affection. Ollie’s parents are exhibiting the _____ parenting style.
a. authoritarian
b. permissive
c. uninvolved
d. authoritative
a. authoritarian
91
Ming-ming is a pretty happy 11-year-old – she does well in school and is pretty friendly and responsible. It is likely that her parents have a(n) _____ parenting style.
a. authoritarian
b. permissive
c. uninvolved
d. authoritative
d. authoritative
92
Tyrion lets his daughter do whatever she wants and is very demonstrative in his affection for her. Tyrion is exhibiting the _____ parenting style.
a. authoritarian
b. permissive
c. uninvolved
d. authoritative
b. permissive
93
Which of the following parts of the body has the largest corresponding area on the motor cortex?
a. wrists
b. fingers
c. legs
d. back
b. fingers
94
Which part of your cortex processes the feeling of a dog licking your foot?
a. frontal lobes
b. parietal lobes
c. occipital lobes
d. temporal lobes
b. parietal lobes
95
After a skiing accident caused damage to her _____ lobe, Ikki’s vision was impaired.
a. frontal
b. parietal
c. occipital
d. temporal
c. occipital
96
When Meelo learned how to speak Italian, the language-processing area of her brain grew bigger with new synapses and neural connections. This reflects:
a. plasticity.
b. neurogenesis.
c. mirror neurons.
d. the homunculus.
a. plasticity.
97
Olenna had thought that a firefighter was a “man who fights fires” until she saw a female firefighter and then realized that a firefighter is a “person who fights fires.” Olenna went through the process of:
a. assimilation.
b. accommodation.
c. conservation.
d. transitivity.
b. accommodation.
98
Little Anri really wants to pet a cute skunk she sees outside, and is chasing it with determination. Luckily, the skunk runs under a bush where Anri can’t see it. She immediately forgets about the skunk and picks up a ball to play with instead. Anri doesn’t yet understand:
a. object permanence.
b. conservation.
c. transitivity.
d. assimilation.
a. object permanence.
99
Khal is starting to understand that when his dad cuts his birthday cake into pieces, the total amount of cake is the same. Khal is learning the concept of:
a. object permanence.
b. conservation.
c. transitivity.
d. egocentrism.
b. conservation.
100
In a study on mood and helping behavior, Dr. Carlomagno had one group of participants receive compliments from a research assistant before being asked to donate money to a charity organization and had another group of participants receive criticism from a research assistant before being asked to donate money. Dr. Carlomagno measured the difference between the two groups of participants in the amount of money donated to the charity. Dr. Carlomagno conducted _____ research.
a. correlational
b. experimental
c. survey
d. case study
b. experimental
101
In order to study how well SAT scores predict college GPA, Dr. Jang should employ the _____ method.
a. observational
b. case study
c. experimental
d. correlational
d. correlational
102
Dr. Jean-Philippe is conducting a study on the effects of exercise on depression. She has the treatment group jog together in a park for 30 minutes 5 times a week for 2 months. The control group watches TV together in Dr. Jean-Philippe’s lab during the same time periods. The results show that, after 2 months, the treatment group has a lower average level of depression than the control group. Which of the following is a potential confound in this experiment?
a. exercise vs. TV
b. depression vs. anxiety
c. being outside vs. inside
d. jogging vs. sitting
c. being outside vs. inside
103
In Dr. Notemwanta’s study on the effect of caffeine on mood, she makes sure the only difference between the treatment and control groups’ experience during the study is that the treatment group consumes caffeine, whereas the control group does not. In doing so, Dr. Notemwanta is using _____ to _____.
a. random assignment; eliminate potential confounds
b. experimental control; eliminate potential confounds
c. random assignment; increase generalizability
d. experimental control; increase generalizability
b. experimental control; eliminate potential confounds
104
If Korra wants to study the relationship between students’ exercise patterns and their sleep quality, she should use the _____ method.
a. experimental
b. correlational
c. case study
d. naturalistic observational
b. correlational
105
Dr. Ozai just read an article describing an experiment on the effect of doing a morning meditation on the stress level of students in elementary schools. He wants to replicate this study, but the authors of the article did not specify how they measured students’ stress. Therefore, this study is lacking:
a. an operational definition.
b. an independent variable.
c. generalizability.
d. random assignment.
a. an operational definition.
106
To test the effect of collaboration on prejudice, the treatment group does collaborative tasks with people of different ethnicities; the control group does the tasks individually. Both groups are given the same amount of time and no participants are permitted to use their phone. The researchers are using:
a. random sampling
b. experimental control
c. double-blind procedures
d. random assignment
b. experimental control
107
Zuko wants to find out about the relation between patient satisfaction and smoking behavior among patients at a medical group. To get a group of participants for his study, Zuko gets a list of all of the patients at the medical group and picks 100 of them by chance. Zuko is using ____ so that he can ____.
a. random assignment; rule out confounds
b. random assignment; get a representative sample
c. random sampling; rule out confounds
d. random sampling; get a representative sample
d. random sampling; get a representative sample
108
Dr. Oruebor is studying the link between students’ beliefs about climate change and their use of environmentally-friendly products. Dr. Oruebor should probably use the _____ method.
a. survey
b. observational
c. experimental
d. case study
a. survey
109
If _____ is(are) damaged, the action potential will travel more slowly than normal.
a. myelin sheath
b. the synapse
c. receptors
d. neurotransmitters
a. myelin sheath
110
The explosion of electrical activity sent down an axon when a neuron sends information is called a(n):
a. synaptic gap.
b. neurotransmitter.
c. action potential.
d. blood-brain barrier.
c. action potential.
111
In his study on meditation and gratitude, Dr. Robes wants to ensure that there are no initial differences between his experimental and control groups before he has the experimental group meditate for 20 minutes. To do so, he should use:
a. random assignment
b. random sampling
c. experimental control
d. double-blind procedures
a. random assignment
112
After going for a long run, Dustin experiences feelings of pleasure due to the increased release of:
a. epinephrine
b. acetylcholine
c. endorphins
d. GABA
c. endorphins
113
Azula is very anxious and tense. The type of drug that would help to calm her is a(n):
a. GABA agonist.
b. GABA antagonist.
c. serotonin agonist.
d. serotonin antagonist.
a. GABA agonist.
114
Botulism, a food-borne toxin that causes muscle paralysis, is a(n):
a. dopamine antagonist.
b. dopamine agonist.
c. acetylcholine antagonist.
d. acetylcholine agonist.
c. acetylcholine antagonist.
115
Ron is given Narcan, which is an _____ _____. As a result, he experiences pain throughout his body.
a. acetylcholine agonist
b. acetylcholine antagonist
c. endorphin agonist
d. endorphin antagonist
d. endorphin antagonist
116
Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin are used to treat:
a. depression.
b. schizophrenia.
c. Alzheimer’s disease.
d. Parkinson’s disease.
a. depression.
117
A deer just ran out in front of Mai’s car, almost causing her to hit it. Her heart is pounding rapidly due to the increase in _____ that she is experiencing.
a. endorphins.
b. dopamine.
c. acetylcholine.
d. epinephrine.
d. epinephrine.
118
When Korra has a stress response, her levels of _____ become elevated.
a. serotonin.
b. GABA.
c. acetylcholine.
d. norepinephrine.
d. norepinephrine.
119
When Ty Lee finds out that her sister is in the hospital, her heart begins to beat faster, her digestion slows, and her muscles become tense as a result of her _____ nervous system’s activity.
a. central
b. somatic
c. sympathetic
d. parasympathetic
c. sympathetic
120
Chemicals that travel through the bloodstream to give messages to parts of the body and are regulated by the endocrine system are called:
a. agonists
b. hormones
c. neurotransmitters
d. axons
b. hormones
121
The body’s “master gland,” found in the brain, is called the:
a. adrenal gland
b. pituitary gland
c. thyroid gland
d. hypothalamus
b. pituitary gland
122
While participating in a study, Amon is asked to look at pictures of happy, sad, and neutral faces while a machine produces pictures of her brain activity. Amon is participating in a study using:
a. an MRI.
b. a CAT scan
c. an EEG
d. an fMRI
d. an fMRI
123
To learn about how parental divorce affects children, a researcher used medical records, personality questionnaires, and behavioral observations to assess 5 children, using the _____ method.
a. naturalistic observation
b. case study
c. survey
b. case study
124
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using the survey method?
a. You can rely on getting truthful information from the participants.
b. You can get lots of data quickly.
c. You can get information about participants' inner thoughts and feelings.
a. You can rely on getting truthful information from the participants.
125
Is the correlation between time spent studying and GPA likely to be positive or negative?
a. positive
b. negative
a. positive
126
Is the correlation between sleep duration and vulnerability to colds likely to be positive or negative?
a. positive
b. negative
b. negative
127
Is the correlation between stress levels and patience levels likely to be positive or negative?
a. positive
b. negative
b. negative
128
Is the correlation between age (in adulthood) and agility likely to be positive or negative?
a. positive
b. negative
b. negative
129
A developmental psychologist wants to know if aggressive behavior increases with age. She goes to a playground where children are playing and she records the number of aggressive behaviors displayed by 2-year-olds, 4-year-olds, and 6-year-olds.
a. experimental
b. non-experimental
b. non-experimental
130
A speech coach wants to know the physical effects of public speaking. He assigns half the participants to a “no public speaking” group and assigns the other half to a “public speaking group.” The no public speaking group does not have to get up and talk. The public speaking group must give a 10-minute talk in front of the other participants. The speech coach has participants measure their heart rate after the study is over.
a. experimental
b. non-experimental
a. experimental
131
A cognitive psychologist wants to know if television has an effect on dreaming (which is measured in REM sleep). She assigns 1/3 of the participants to watch 0 hours of TV before going to sleep in a sleep lab, another 1/3 of the participants to watch 2 hours of TV before going to sleep in a sleep lab, and the final 1/3 of the participants to watch 4 hours of TV before going to sleep in a sleep lab. Once they fall asleep, the number of minutes of REM activity is recorded.
a. experimental
b. non-experimental
a. experimental
132
The director of the learning center has a hypothesis that students who have a positive attitude about school have higher GPAs. He administers a questionnaire to 200 students in which they answer questions about their attitude towards school. He then gets a list of students’ GPAs from the registrar’s office.
a. experimental
b. non-experimental
b. non-experimental
133
A researcher wants to know if paying artists for their work causes them to lose motivation.
a. IV = motivation level; DV = paying or not
b. IV = paying or not; DV = motivation level
b. IV = paying or not; DV = motivation level
134
An advertising company wants to know which will increase sales more, a commercial with a teacher spokesperson or a commercial with a doctor spokesperson.
a. IV = type of spokesperson; DV = sales
b. IV = sales; DV = type of spokesperson
a. IV = type of spokesperson; DV = sales
135
A sociologist wants to know if students are more committed to a fraternity after undergoing hazardous hazing rituals.
a. IV = level of commitment; DV = hazardousness of hazing rituals
b. IV = hazardousness of hazing rituals; DV = level of commitment
b. IV = hazardousness of hazing rituals; DV = level of commitment
136
An executive at Match.com wants to know if people are more attracted to others who share many of their own interests or who are very different from themselves.
a. IV = attraction; DV = level of similarity
b. IV = level of similarity; DV = attraction
b. IV = level of similarity; DV = attraction
137
A teacher wants to know if homework assignments help students do better on weekly quizzes.
a. IV = having homework assignments; DV = performance on quizzes
b. IV = performance on quizzes; DV = having homework assignments
a. IV = having homework assignments; DV = performance on quizzes
138
A psychologist wants to know if counting your blessings makes you a happier person.
a. IV = counting blessings or not; happiness level
b. IV = happiness level; DV = counting blessings or not
a. IV = counting blessings or not; happiness level
139
Which of the following would NOT be helpful in eliminating potential confounds?
a. random assignment
b. random sampling
c. experimental control
b. random sampling
140
Researchers want to test whether mountain climbing will increase self-esteem in juvenile offenders. A one-week mountain climbing expedition to the Pocono Mountains is planned. Twenty-five early teenagers (age 13-14) in a New Jersey youth detention facility were assigned to the experimental group. Twenty-five mid-teenagers (age 15-16) from a Pennsylvania youth detention facility will serve as the control group. All participants will be tested daily on self-esteem as measured by a questionnaire. What is a potential confound?
age
state
facility
141
The local school district wants to compare three anti-smoking programs used at the sixth-grade level. The superintendent makes the following assignments: School 1 will view a film program that features celebrities promoting the anti-smoking message, School 2 will listen to guest lecturers who are suffering from lung cancer in an assembly, and School 3 will receive training in a workshop on resisting peer pressure during physical education classes. After the program, all students will be surveyed about their smoking behavior. What is a potential confound?
school
142
After reading a scientific article that reports higher divorce levels among couples who lived together before marriage, a college student decides to move out of the apartment she shares with her partner. What is a potential problem with this?
inferring causation from a correlation
143
Compared to when we experience minor pain (e.g., when we bump our shin on a table), when we experience significant pain (e.g., we break our leg):
a. our neurons have stronger action potentials.
b. our neurons have more action potentials.
c. more neurons have action potentials.
d. both a and b
e. both b and c
e. both b and c
144
Beta blockers are often prescribed to reduce patients' blood pressure. Beta blockers are:
a. dopamine agonists.
b. dopamine antagonists.
c. epinephrine agonists.
d. epinephrine antagonists.
d. epinephrine antagonists.
145
Curare has been used by some indigenous Central and South Americans in hunting; when targets are hit by a dart with curare, they experience muscle paralysis due to an inability to contract their muscles. Curare is a(n):
a. acetylcholine agonist.
b. acetylcholine antagonist.
c. norepinephrine agonist.
d. norepinephrine antagonist.
b. acetylcholine antagonist.
146
The part of the nervous system that enables Michaela's heart rate to slow to normal levels after a stressful law school exam is the:
a. central nervous system.
b. somatic nervous system.
c. sympathetic nervous system.
d. parasympathetic nervous system.
d. parasympathetic nervous system.
147
What is the part of the endocrine system responsible for the release of stress hormones such as cortisol?
a. hypothalamus
b. pituitary gland
c. adrenal glands
d. pineal gland
c. adrenal glands
148
Of the following, the neurotransmitter most involved in the body’s response to stress is:
a. serotonin.
b. GABA.
c. acetylcholine.
d. norepinephrine.
d. norepinephrine.
149
Which of the following tools for mapping the brain does NOT produce an image of the brain?
a. EEG
b. PET scan
c. CAT scan
d. fMRI
a. EEG
150
Which part of the body is represented by the largest area on the motor cortex?
a. legs
b. back
c. toes
d. lips
d. lips
151
Swami, who enjoys bird-watching with his grandfather, sees an airplane for the first time and says, “bird!” Swami is using the process of:
a. assimilation
b. accommodation
a. assimilation
152
Izumi, who enjoys bird-watching with her grandfather, sees an airplane and realizes that it is not alive, so cannot fit into her schema for bird. She then revises her schema for bird to exclude non-living things using the process of:
a. assimilation
b. accommodation
b. accommodation
153
Aang really wants to play with Katara’s keys, so Katara quickly hid them under a pillow, and Aang forgot about them. Aang does not seem to understand:
a. animistic thinking
b. conservation
c. object permanence
d. transitivity
e. egocentrism
c. object permanence
154
Five-year-old Meelo and his father are playing with clay. They make two round balls of the same size. Meelo flattens one into a pancake shape and says, “look, Daddy, now this one has more clay.” In this context, Meelo does not yet understand:
a. animistic thinking
b. conservation
c. object permanence
d. transitivity
e. egocentrism
b. conservation
155
Phoebe, a high school math teacher, introduces geometry theories to her sophomore class, which they don't quite understand yet, but are capable of learning with help. This demonstrates:
a. the zone of proximal development.
b. scaffolding.
c. assimilation.
d. accommodation.
a. the zone of proximal development.
156
When Ikki’s mother brings him to day care in the morning, he cries for a few minutes and is then comforted by his teacher. When Ikki’s mother returns later, Ikki smiles and runs to her. Ikki exhibits a(n) _____ attachment.
a. secure
b. insecure-anxious-ambivalent
c. insecure-avoidant
a. secure
157
When Chio’s mom brings her to day care in the morning, she goes right into her classroom and starts looking at the books. When Chio’s mom returns later, Chio ignores her and continues playing with blocks. Chio exhibits a(n) _____ attachment.
a. secure
b. insecure-anxious-ambivalent
c. insecure-avoidant
c. insecure-avoidant
158
When Mula’s dad brings him to day care in the morning, he cries for a long time and refuses his teacher’s attempts to comfort him. When Mula’s dad returns later, Mula runs to him for a hug, but then wriggles out of his arms. Mula exhibits a(n) _____ attachment style.
a. secure
b. insecure-anxious-ambivalent
c. insecure-avoidant
b. insecure-anxious-ambivalent
159
Noa wants their children to work hard. They have rules and expect their children to obey them without question. Noa is most likely a(n) _____ parent.
a. authoritative
b. authoritarian
c. permissive
d. uninvolved
b. authoritarian
160
When Iroh is notified that his daughter has not turned in several assignments for her science class, he asked her what happened and explained why he was taking away her screen privileges for a week; he then gave her a hug. This shows a(n) _____ style.
a. authoritarian
b. permissive
c. uninvolved
d. authoritative
d. authoritative
161
Chio obeys speed limits because he thinks it’s important to follow the rules of the road. According to Kohlberg’s stages, Chio is in the stage of _____ morality.
a. preconventional
b. conventional
c. postconventional
b. conventional
162
Joey dares Ross by saying, “let’s take a bottle of wine from your grandmother’s house; she’ll never notice, so we won’t get in trouble.” Joey is in Kolhberg's _____ stage.
a. preconventional
b. conventional
c. postconventional
a. preconventional
163
Professor Oak prepares an exam for his general psychology class. In a rush, he writes: proivde the corrcet answres for the following questoins. While quickly proofreading the exam, he misses his mistakes. What caused this oversight?
a. bottom-up processing
b. top-down processing
c. response bias
d. sensory adaptation
b. top-down processing
164
Zuko is not allowed to touch the TV remote, but he uses it to change the volume from 15 to 17. His uncle doesn't notice. The next day, Zuko turns the volume from 15 to 30. His uncle says, “stop touching the remote!” Why didn't he notice previously?
a. sensory adaptation
b. signal detection
c. absolute threshold
d. difference threshold
d. difference threshold
