Practice Questions Flashcards
Which of the following is most correct in regards to ADHD treatments:
A.) Treatments reduce the amount of time that dopamine or noradrenaline is in the synaptic cleft –> Decreases neurotransmitter amount –> Increases frequency of firing –> The ‘signal’ is clarified —> Noradrenaline and dopamine can remain in control!
B.) Treatments enhance the amount of time that dopamine or noradrenaline is in the synaptic cleft –> Increases neurotransmitter amount –> Increases frequency of firing –> The ‘signal’ is clarified —> Noradrenaline and dopamine are no longer in control.
C.) Treatments enhance the amount of time that dopamine or noradrenaline is in the synaptic cleft –> Increases neurotransmitter amount –> Decreases frequency of firing –> The ‘signal’ is clarified —> Noradrenaline and dopamine can remain in control!
D.) Treatments reduce the amount of time that dopamine or noradrenaline is in the synaptic cleft –> Decreases neurotransmitter amount –> Decreases frequency of firing –> The ‘signal’ is clarified —> Noradrenaline and dopamine are no longer in control.
E.) None of the above
C.) Treatments enhance the amount of time that dopamine or noradrenaline is in the synaptic cleft –> Increases neurotransmitter amount –> Decreases frequency of firing –> The ‘signal’ is clarified —> Noradrenaline and dopamine can remain in control!
Which of the following is MOST correct when comparing the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to the endocrine system?
A.) The PNS is faster and has a more widespread range of effect than the endocrine system.
B.) The PNS is slower and has a more localised/specific range of effect than the endocrine system.
C.) The endocrine system is faster and has a more widespread range of effect than the PNS.
D.) The endocrine system is slower and has a more widespread range of effect than the PNS.
E.) None of the above.
D.) The endocrine system is slower and has a more widespread range of effect than the PNS.
Which brain regions have impact on substance use disorder?
A.) Prefrontal cortex and cerebellum
B.) Ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra
C.) thalamus and ventral tegmental area
D.) Hippocampus and Amgdala
E.) Prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens
E.) Prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens
Which of the following best describe 5-HT2 antagonists in treating schizophrenia symptoms?
A.) It helps improve the cognitive symptoms
B.) It activates the GABA in prefrontal cortex
C.) It reduces the activity of glutamate neurons in prefrontal cortex
D.) It helps with negative symptoms
E.) C and D
E.) C and D
How does dexamphetamine (e.g., Aspen, Vynvase) work to treat ADHD?
A) It blocks DA and noradrenaline reuptake.
B) It blocks DA and noradrenaline reuptake by reversing their function and increases release of catecholamines via transporter.
C) It activates alpha-2 receptors which activates NA neurons and A2 receptors in the PFC which regulate attention/behaviour.
D) It functions as a direct agonist of dopamine and noradrenaline receptors, enhancing their activity in the synaptic cleft without affecting reuptake mechanisms.
E) It inhibits the degradation of dopamine and noradrenaline by blocking the activity of monoamine oxidase enzymes, thereby increasing their availability in the synaptic cleft.
B) It blocks DA and noradrenaline reuptake by reversing their function and increases release of catecholamines via transporter.
What does the Opioid Excess Theory suggest is the cause of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
A) People with ASD are unable to break down phenylalanine to make DA which impacts the myelination of neurons when phenylalanine gets into the brain.
B) People with ASD have a leaky stomach lining which increases absorption of gluten and casein in the brain and causes a craving for foods related to gluten and casein.
C) People with ASD have increased serotonin in the periphery which causes high levels of negative feedback on serotonin cells which impacts the development of synapses/dendrites and oxytocin release.
D) The theory proposes that individuals with ASD have impaired dopamine receptors in the brain, leading to altered neurotransmitter signalling and neural development.
E) According to the theory, ASD is caused by a deficiency in endorphin production, resulting in abnormal pain perception and social communication difficulties.
B) People with ASD have a leaky stomach lining which increases absorption of gluten and casein in the brain and causes a craving for foods related to gluten and casein.
The ED50 of a drug is defined as
A) Drug dose at which 50% of the population will be effectively treated
B) Drug dose at which 50% of the population will die
C) Drug dose at which 50% of the population will become lethargic
D) Drug dose which is at the high end of the therapeutic index
E) None of the above
A) Drug dose at which 50% of the population will be effectively treated
Methamphetamine is an addictive psychostimulant. Effective treatments for Methamphetamine addiction work as
A) Mu opiate receptor antagonists
B) Mu opiate receptor agonists
C) Physiological antagonists to produce unpleasant side effects when methamphetamine is consumed
D) Nicotine agonists
E) None of the above
E) None of the above
Cell bodies of the dopamine (DA) neurotransmitter system are located where in the brain?
A. ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra
B. prefrontal cortex and cerebellum
C. caudal raphe nucleus and locus coeruleus
D. rostral raphe nucleus and caudal raphe nucleus
E. thalamus and ventral tegmental area
A. ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra
The pharmacological action of SNRI antidepressants is to
A. inhibit the breakdown of dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline
B. inhibit the breakdown of serotonin only
C. inhibit the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline
D. inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline
E. inhibit the reuptake of serotonin only
D. inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline
The main pharmacological action of the first generation typical antipsychotics (neuroleptics) was to:
A. antagonise NMDA receptors
B. antagonise AMPA receptors
C. antagonise dopamine D1 and D2 receptors
D. selectively antagonise dopamine D2 receptors
E. selectively antagonise serotonin 5HT2 receptors
C. antagonise dopamine D1 and D2 receptors
Which molecules must be actively transported across the blood brain barrier?
A. Amino acids & glucose
B. Lipophilic molecules
C. Small uncharged molecules
D. Oxygen
E. Carbon dioxide
A. Amino acids & glucose
The sympathetic nervous system drives
A. food digestion
B. energy storage
C. immune responses
D. arousal
E. growth
D. arousal
Cue elicited craving in drug addicted individuals is thought to:
A. Enhance dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex
B. Inhibit dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens
C. Enhance glutamate release in the nucleus accumbens
D. Enhance glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex
E. Inhibit glutamate and dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex
C. Enhance glutamate release in the nucleus accumbens
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI’s) have a delayed effect in the treatment of anxiety. Why is this?
A. SSRI’s have poor bioavailability and take weeks to reach the brain
B. presynaptic inhibitory 5HT1A receptors take weeks to desensitise
C. postsynaptic inhibitory 5HT2 receptors take weeks to desensitise
D. presynaptic inhibitory 5HT1A receptors take weeks to sensitise
E. presynaptic inhibitory 5HT2 receptors take weeks to sensitise
B. presynaptic inhibitory 5HT1A receptors take weeks to desensitise
Reducing which essential amino acid in the diet reduces the manufacture of serotonin and leads to symptoms of depression?
A. taurine
B. tyrosine
C. tryptophan
D. phenylalanine
E. tyramine
C. tryptophan
