practice questions

Question 1

who was the first person to observe bacteria with a microscope

Answer 1

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Question 2

what is the order of the phases in a bacterial growth curve

Answer 2

lag, exponential, stationary, death

Question 3

a symbiotic association between fungus and the root of a higher plant is called a …

Answer 3

mycorrhizae

Question 4

which compound is an important component of bacterial endospores

Answer 4

calcium dipicolinate

Question 5

what colour would gram-negative bacterial cells exhibit when viewed microscopically after gram’s staining

Answer 5

red

Question 6

proteins are made up of

Answer 6

L- amino acids

Question 7

which type of protein secondary structure looks like two bent pieces of wood stacked ontop of each other

Answer 7

beta-pleated sheet

Question 8

the inside of a globular protein is usually

Answer 8

hydrophobic

Question 9

an aflatoxin is

Answer 9

a fungal produced anti toxin

Question 10

mercury poisoning lead to toxic effects and damage in the brain, kidneys and liver because of…

Answer 10

its reactivity with cells

Question 11

regulation of metabolic pathways is controlled by

Answer 11

allosteric regulation, covalent modification and enzyme levels

Question 12

gluconeogenesis is defined as…

Answer 12

the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors

Question 13

metabolic pathways can be affected by

Answer 13

all of the above (food, drugs, changes within organs due to death, and starvation)

Question 14

which of the following statements applies to glycogen?
a. it is stored in the liver and skeletal muscles
b. it increases availability of glucose
c. it is present in the cytosol
d. it has two types of linkages
e. all of the above

Answer 14

all of the above

Question 15

where do rete ridges form in the skin

Answer 15

areas exposed to stress

Question 16

which are not a component of sweat

Answer 16

keratin, collagen and elastin

Question 17

which statement is not correct about melanin
a. it absorbs ultrviolet light
b. it scavenges free radicals
c. the brown/black form is called phaemelanin
d. it is made by melanocytes
e. it forms a cap over keratinocyte nuclei

Answer 17

c. the brown/ black form is called phaemelanin

it is eumelanin

Question 18

sebum is made of?

Answer 18

triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins and electrolytes

Question 19

which statement is correct about the epidermis
a. the transition layer contains keratin 5 and keratin 14
b. the granular layer contains keratohyalin
c. the basal layer contains involucrin
d. the spinous layer contains filaggrin
e. the cornified layer contains keratin 1 and keratin 10

Answer 19

b. the granular layer contains keratohyalin

Question 20

which part of a hair is proliferative

Answer 20

hair bulb or dermal papilla

Question 21

blood is made up of three main groups of cells, what are they

Answer 21

erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes

Question 22

which group of cells could be defined as granulocytes

Answer 22

neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

Question 23

which of the following could be termed as polymorphonuclear
a. thrombocyte
b. monocyte
c. T-lymphocyte
d. B-lymphocyte
e. none of the above

Answer 23

none of the above

Question 24

if an epithelial cell has a flat, scale-like morphology, it is referred to as…

Answer 24

squamous

Question 25

epithelial cells which are specialised for absorption have which of the following features a. cilia b. microvilli c. goblet-shaped morphology d. a horseshoe-shaped nuclei e. none of the above

Answer 25

microvilli

Question 26

which of the following statements is not correct a. human epithelial cells can exist in multiple layers b. epithelia form the structure of the lung c. epithelia is the first type of cell to differentiate in the embryo d. in body cavities, the cells are typically endothelial cells e. epithelial cells can transform into mesenchymal cells

Answer 26

d. in body cavities, the cells are typically endothelial cells

Question 27

the three predominant fibre types in extracellular matrix are?

Answer 27

collagen, elastic and reticular

Question 28

which of the following cells are you most likely to find in cartilage a. osteoblasts b. myocytes c. hepatocytes d. columnar epithelial cells e. chondrocytes

Answer 28

chondrocytes

Question 29

glycolysis and the krebs cycle are found in which two different parts of the cell

Answer 29

glycolysis in the cytoplasm and krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix

Question 30

in humans the reaction that describes anaerobic respiration involves the conversion of pyruvate to?

Answer 30

lactate

Question 31

DNA analysis is unlikely to be useful in? a. analysis of blood samples from a crime scene b. identification of disaster victims c. analysing semen samples from a rape d. diagnosis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency e. drug quantitation

Answer 31

drug quantitation

Question 32

the victim of a crime has turner syndrome. this means the victim must...

Answer 32

have a single X chromosome

Question 33

when studying a geographically isolated population is is noticed that an unexpectedly high proportion of individuals have an autosomal recessive genetic disorder called jaricytosis, which causes some cells in the GI tract to have unusual water transport properties. In this geographical area, cholera is prevalent. the researcher suspects that jaricytosis allows individuals to be resistant to development of cholera. this is called?

Answer 33

the dominant lethal effect

Question 34

who was the father of daniel

Answer 34

david

Question 35

the number of purine molecules in a molecule to DNA is _____ the number of pyramidines

Answer 35

equal to

Question 36

Okazaki fragments are generated on the lagging strand during replication. What are Okazaki fragments

Answer 36

DNA fragments

Question 37

the single strand of the mRNA that is produced when a gene is read has the same polarity as the ____ strand of DNA

Answer 37

non-template

Question 38

DNA primase is an enzyme that catalyses the reaction necessary to synthesise a molecule of

Answer 38

RNA

Question 39

the difference in RNA bases compare to DNA bases is?

Answer 39

RNA contains U instead of T

Question 40

how does a nucleotide differ from a nucleoside

Answer 40

a nucleotide is a nucleoside with a phosphate ester linked to the sugar

Question 41

in DNA, bases are linked to sugars via what

Answer 41

beta-glycosidic linkages

Question 42

which of the following statements is correct a. DNA synthesis leads to protein transcription via RNA replication b. RNA cannot travel from nucleus to cytoplasm c. DNA is a polymer but proteins are not d. Uracil is one of the amino acids found from proteins e. proteins are synthesised from m-RNA

Answer 42

e. proteins are synthesised from mRNA

Question 43

which of the following structures do eukaryotic cells NOT have a. cilia b. centrioles c. pili d. peroxisome e. thylakoid membranes

Answer 43

c. pili

Question 44

which of the following statements is NOT correct a. Eukaryotic nuclei have pores b. Plasmids are typical for higher eukaryotes c. Eukaryotic cells can have both microtubules and microfilaments d. Bacterial cells, animal cells as well as plant cells have ribosomes e. Chromatin contains DNA

Answer 44

plasmids are typical for higher eukaryotes

Question 45

which of the following statements is correct? a. the mitochondria in plants is called chloroplast b. the vacuole membrane is also known as tonoplast c. plant cells do not have actin filaments like other eukaryotic cells d. plant cells have nuclei but no nucleoli e. a vacuole is a plant cell organelle filled with air

Answer 45

b. the vacuole membrane is also known as a tonoplast

Question 46

the length of living cell is typically between 1-100...

Answer 46

micrometres

Question 47

which of the following statements is correct? a. Ribosomes are sent to mitochondria in nuclear envelopes b. mitochondria produce the ADP needed in muscle contraction c. The outer membrane contains most of the total protein found in mitochondria d. cells have one copy of genomic DNA and one copy of mitochondrial DNA e. Mitochondria contain DNA, matrix and cristae

Answer 47

e. Mitochondria contain DNA, matrix and cristae

Question 48

which of the following statements is correct? a. In exocytosis, internal lipid vesicles fuse with plasma membrane b. Nutrients are imported to cells via exocytosis c. exocytosis is part of the lysosome functionality d. endocytosis imports round vesicles from golgi apparatus to the cell e. in animal cells, endocytosis is the mechanism to refill vacuoles

Answer 48

a. in exocytosis, internal lipid vesicles fuse with plasma membrane

Question 49

which of the following statements is not correct a. in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria are enriched in regions with high metabolic activity b. microtubules form an imperfect helix from alpha and beta tubulin molecules c. during evolution, aerobic bacterium is thought to have entered the eukaryotic cell d. Vimentin and lamin are intermediate filaments which support eukaryotic cells e. sperm cells do not usually have mitochondria

Answer 49

e. sperm cells do not usually have mitochondria (yes they do)

Question 50

which of the following statements is NOT correct? a. the vast majority of the membrane proteins of the sarcoplasmic reticulum are calcium pumps b. carbon dioxide is a poisonous gas for humans c. oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse rapidly across lipid bilayers d. protein-free lipid bilayers are virtually impermeable to ions e. glucose transport can be fuelled by sodium gradient

Answer 50

b. carbon dioxide is a poisonous gas for humans