Practice Test 1 Flashcards

Question

Which statement holds true about a desktop/workstation when comparing it to a server? Server components cost less than those of a desktop Servers use the same type of components as a desktop Desktop components are more powerful Desktop components are more reliable

Answer 1

In this context, a server is a powerful computer that supports a number of users simultaneously in a computer network. Most servers use the same type of components as a desktop. The server components are more powerful and more reliable, and consequently more expensive. If a desktop PC (Personal Computer) stops working, a single user may be unable to do their job; if a server computer stops working, tens or even hundreds of users may not be able to do their jobs, which means that servers need to be very reliable. This higher level of reliability is achieved by specifying high quality (and more expensive) components and also by using extra copies of components for redundancy.

Answer 2

The Animal(9,9) array is a 2-dimensional array, with up to 10 elements in each dimension (elements in the array are counted from zero). The elements are similar to rows and columns, with the first dimension serving as the row, and the second dimension serving as columns for each row. The Animal(9,9) array can have up to 100 total elements, in 10 rows by 10 columns. The Animal(1) array is a 1-dimensional array with up to 2 elements. The Animal(2) array is a 1-dimensional array with up to 3 elements. The Animal(2,2,2) array is a 3-dimensional array with up to 3 elements in each dimension.

Answer 3

To calculate the decimal value of a number in hexadecimal notation, multiply each digit with its corresponding power of 16 from right to left. The calculation for 16 is: 6 * 1 + 1 * 16 = 22. 10 would be the correct answer if the question was to convert 16 in decimal into hexadecimal. Hexadecimal numbers are the same as decimal for 0 to 9, and A to F is decimal 10 to 15. Hexadecimal and decimal numbers are the same for 0 to 9, not all the way to 16. 16 in hexadecimal converts to 22 in decimal. F is not part of decimal notation. It is part of hexadecimal notation and converts to 15 in decimal notation.

Answer 4

The manual data input process typically involves a form. The forms can be generic as part of the database administration software, or custom in a desktop or web application. Importing data from a flat file is typically not done through a form in a web application. It's usually done though database administration tools, or a series of scripts. A form in a web application is not the right tool to create a database. It's usually done though database administration tools, or a script. A web application can create files for its users, usually with information about the browsing session. Data that the user fills out on the form is typically for input into a database.

Answer 5

A network carrying both voice and data is said to be converged. There is also a greater vulnerability to Denial of Service (DoS) (without redundancy the network is a single point of failure for both voice and data traffic) and eavesdropping on voice communications. To increase site redundancy, you must consider implementing service and data replication between multiple data centers. To increase site redundancy, you can synchronize data between servers and potentially between sites. To increase site redundancy, you can implement replication which might be real-time or bundled into batches for periodic synchronization.

Answer 6

Firewire was based on IEEE 1394, which is an interface standard for a serial bus for high-speed communications and isochronous real-time data transfer. Firewire was used on some Apple Mac computers; it was a competitor to USB (Universal Serial Bus) but never received mainstream support amongst PC vendors. The Firewire 400 standard uses 6-pin "alpha" connectors and cabling, with the maximum transfer rate of 400 Mbps (Megabits per second). There is no Firewire standard with a maximum transfer rate of 600 Mbps. The Firewire 800 standard uses 9-pin ("beta") connectors and cabling, and supports transfer rates up to 800 Mbps. There is no Firewire standard which supports transfer rates up to 1 Gbps (Gigabits per second).

Answer 7

The terms workstation, PC (Personal Computer), and desktop computer are often used interchangeably, so this refers to an "all-in-one" desktop unit or PC. All-in-one means that the computer components (except the keyboard and mouse) are contained within the monitor case. These components typically include the processor, system memory, disk storage, and audio/visual equipment, such as a camera, speakers, and a microphone. A keyboard is not contained inside the monitor case of an "all-in-one". A mouse is not contained inside the monitor case of an "all-in-one". A scanner is part of an "all-in-one" PSC (Printer-Scanner-Copier) or MFP (Multifunction Printer) but not a workstation/PC.

Answer 8

Memory leaks refer to Windows memory loss, caused by a program or an app. This occurs when an application does not release memory when it's done with it, eventually causing a system slowdown. If the software that is outdated and no longer supported has proper memory management in the code, then it would not cause more leaks than current but badly written programs. Damaged memory chips cause problems, but memory leaks refer specifically to memory losses due to software programs incorrectly managing memory allocation. Upgrading the operating system can be a cause of memory leaks, with an increase in memory usage by the new drivers. Operating system upgrades are done less frequently than everyday use of programs that cause leaks.

Answer 9

A database consists of tables of information, organized into columns and rows. Each row represents a separate record in the database, and each column represents a single field within a record. Name, Address, Phone, and Email are fields for each customer, and the collection of these fields is a table. Name, Address, Phone, and Email do not need to be individual tables. They are all part of a record for each customer. Name, Address, Phone, and Email are not records, they are fields, or columns in the table. A record is one set of information about a customer. Fields make up a table, and tables make up a database.

Answer 10

Google Drive is a cloud-based document storage and sharing service used for collaboration among users. The workspace server hosts the document and contains the accounts and permissions of the users allowed to access it. The Google Drive client software provides the user with the tools to view and edit the document within the workspace using Google Docs or using a productivity software suite such as Microsoft Office (via the Drive plug-in). Businesses use Google Drive for document storage and sharing, but it is not considered to be specialized business software. Networking software is for administrators to deploy, manage, and monitor a network, not sharing documents.

Answer 11

In the Microsoft Windows operating system, file sizes and memory capacity use binary measurements. 5 GB equals to 5 * 1024 MB = 5120 MB (MegaBytes). Storage capacity is typically quoted in decimal measurements. If this was a hard disk with a capacity of 5 GB, it would equal 5000 MB. But in the Microsoft Windows operating system, the calculation for each GB of memory is 1024 MB. 5210 MB = 5.088 GB, not 5 GB. If this was a hard disk with a capacity of 5 GB, it would equal 5,000,000 KB (KiloBytes). But in the Microsoft Windows operating system, the calculation for each GB of memory is 1024 * 1024 = 1,048,576 KB; 5 GB = 5,242,880 KB.

Answer 12

DML commands refer to SQL commands that access or modify the contents of the database. The DROP command deletes (drops) a table or the entire database, and is a DDL (Data Definition Language) command, which modifies the structure of the database. DML commands include DELETE, which deletes records from a table, and therefore modifies the contents of the database. DML commands include INSERT, which adds a new row into a table, and therefore modifies the contents of the database. DML commands include SELECT, which is the first building block of a query to retrieve data from a database.

Answer 13

Most languages can call (or "wrap") system commands as part of the code and can therefore also be used for scripting. Machine code is the instructions converted to strings of ones and zeros for the CPU (Central Processing Unit) to process. Machine code calls can be used to optimize certain parts of a program, but not for scripting. Query statements are requests to a database, for the purpose of retrieving data which the program needs for additional processing. Embedded query statements are not used for scripting. Markup instructions can be used to format the output of a program, not for scripting.

Answer 14

Plain text is also known as clear text and is an unencrypted message. To secure transmissions from eavesdropping, sniffing and MitM attacks, data should be encrypted. Cipher text is an encrypted document or message that can travel across a public network, such as the Internet, and remain private. With encryption, even if an eavesdropper could intercept and examine the data packets, the content would be unreadable. Cryptographic hashing is a type of encryption that can be used to prove that a message has not been tampered with and for secure storage of data where the original meaning does not have to be recovered (e.g., passwords).

Answer 15

Network cabling should be designed to allow for multiple paths between the various servers, so that during a failure of one part of the network, the rest remains operational (redundant connections). Identity fraud can either mean compromising someone's computer account or masquerading as that person. Strong authentication makes this type of attack much more difficult to perform. Being convincing or establishing trust usually depends on the attacker obtaining privileged information about the organization. Integrity means that the data being stored and transferred has not been altered without authorization. In a network outage, availability to the data is the top concern.

Answer 16

A Bluetooth device can establish a connection with another device if the devices are put into discoverable mode. This enables Bluetooth devices to search, connect, and transfer data (i.e., "pair" or "bond") with each other. Bluetooth is often described as "Bluetooth wireless technology," giving the impression that wireless is a mode of a Bluetooth device. However, wireless typically refers to wireless networking, better known as Wi-Fi, which provides high-speed access to the internet, while Bluetooth is primarily used to connect devices without using cables. Work mode is an option on a smartphone, for business users who want to keep their work-related apps and features separate from personal ones. Public mode is a setting for network connections.

Answer 17

Application virtualization software is installed and executed on a network server. Client workstations access the application using a remote terminal or viewer, with a local network connection to the server. Locating the application and its data files on a server is easier to secure. Security is implemented in one location, the server, instead of each workstation running a locally installed application. Having the all of the application's data files on one server is easier to back up, than having local installations and corresponding sets of data files. Application virtualization software allows applications to run in environments that do not suit the native application, meaning that they can run from different operating systems without being developed as a cross-platform application.

Answer 18

Wireless networks and residential Internet links, as well as many internal computer interfaces, typically have their data transfer capacity measured in Mbps or Mb/s (Megabits per second). Older computer peripheral interfaces run slower than their more modern counterparts. They have their data transfer capacity measured in Kbps or Kb/s (Kilobits per second). The latest PC bus standards can support higher data transfer capacity measured in Gbps or Gb/s (Gigabits per second). Major telecommunications links between data centers, cities, and countries have the highest data transfer capacity measured in Tbps or Tb/s (Terabits per second).

Answer 19

Binary numbers can be calculated from right to left, with each position being worth twice the previous one. 100011 is 1 * 1 + 1 * 2 + 0 * 4 + 0 * 8 + 0 * 16 + 1 * 32 = 35. 11111 is 1 * 1 + 1 * 2 + 1 * 4 + 1 * 8 + 1 * 16 = 31. Alternately, it can be calculated as 100000 - 1, or 32 - 1 = 31. 100101 is 1 * 1 + 0 * 2 + 1 * 4 + 0 * 8 + 0 * 16 + 1 * 32 = 37. 1000001 is 1 * 1 + 0 * 2 + 0 * 4 + 0 * 8 + 0 * 16 + 0 * 32 + 1 * 64 = 65.

Answer 20

When installing new software applications or drivers, it is important to obtain the setup files from a legitimate source. Search for references to the site on the web and in forums to find out if anyone has posted warnings about it. When using a website to install software, ensure that the software is being downloaded over a secure HTTPS connection. Ideally, driver software should also be digitally signed by the vendor, and the vendor's certificate should be trusted by your computer. A patch or update is a file containing replacement system or application files and can fix coding problems in the original file. This should be installed after installing the driver.

Answer 21

A software token is an example of an authentication factor of something you have and is generated by an application and stored on the user's device as a cookie. Many types of biometric information can be recorded, including fingerprint patterns, iris or retina recognition, or facial recognition. This is an authentication factor of "something you are". Location-based authentication measures some statistic about "where" you are (your presence in a specific geographic location). This is considered "somewhere you are" authentication. The typical "something you know" technology is the logon or sign-in. A sign-in comprises a username and a password.

Answer 22

Hybrid laptops can be used like a tablet or a traditional laptop. They need touchscreens to have tablet functionality. Some laptops are converted into tablets by flipping the screen. Others have a detachable keyboard, which functions as a cover for the screen. Laptops can be used to make video calls, but it is not a replacement for the phone and not a hybrid laptop. Laptops can be used like a desktop, and bigger models are often called "desktop replacements," but they are not hybrid laptops. For a laptop to be used like a gaming console, it needs to have a powerful CPU and graphics processor, as well as a gaming pad, but that does not make it a hybrid laptop.

Answer 23

Users must keep their work passwords known only to themselves. This means not writing down the password. Employees should be trained to understand what information is confidential, and how to handle it correctly. An Acceptable Use Policy, or Fair Use Policy, sets out what someone is allowed to use a particular service or resource for. CCTV surveillance cameras can be used in the workplace for security assurance and to observe someone writing down a password, but not to prevent the password from being written on a sticky note. Monitoring data means analyzing data communications to measure an employee's productivity.

Answer 24

An executable file contains program code, and can make changes to the computer system. Executable file extensions include "exe", "bat", "cmd", and "js". The slash symbol (/) is reserved for listing folders or directories in all operating systems, and the back-slash symbol (\) is also used for this on some systems. Image file extensions include "jpg" and "jpeg", but not "js" which stands for JavaScript code, a script file that runs within an interpreter. File names cannot contain the reserved symbol "/", so the entire name is not the file name. "Books" is the folder, and "CoverPhoto.js" is the file. Document file formats are used by word processing software, with extensions such as "txt", "rtf", "doc", and "docx".

Answer 25

Malware such as worms propagate over networks. Therefore, one of the first actions should be to disconnect the network link. If a file is infected with a virus, the antivirus software should detect it and take the appropriate action. You can use antivirus software to try to remove the infection. After you have determined you cannot clean a file or if the antivirus software does not detect it, and allows the virus to infect the computer, then you should get help by escalating the problem to a support professional. With on-access scanning, when a file is accessed, the antivirus software scans the file and blocks access if it detects anything suspicious. If a worm propagates, on-access scanning has failed.

Answer 26

You must always change the default password (typically "default," "password," or "admin") for any new device to prevent unauthorized access to it. It is best practice not to enable services you do not need, especially on a multifunction device such as a wireless access point. You must choose a strong password that cannot be cracked by password-guessing software. Use a long, memorable phrase of at least 12 characters. However, to maintain confidentiality, you should never write down a password. It is a good idea to change the SSID from the default to something unique to your network. Remember that the SSID is easily visible to other wireless devices, so do not use one that identifies you personally or your address.

Answer 27

Latency is the delay in seconds that a packet of data takes to travel over a network. Tasks which need to be real-time are more sensitive to latency, where slight delays impact the ability to perform the task. Such delays do not greatly impact the sharing of documents, which are often done passively and not in real-time. Screen sharing is when a remote user views the host's desktop, often used for software demonstrations and product support, and need to be in real-time. Instant messaging software allows users to communicate in real-time, through text as well as voice and video calls. Video conferencing software allows users to configure virtual meeting rooms, and need to be in real-time.

Answer 28

Scalability means being able to expand usage without increasing costs at the same rate. For example, in a nonscalable system, doubling the number of users would also double the costs of the system. Nonscalable systems do not have limits for the number of users they can support, other than trying to not incur the high costs of having many users. Nonscalable systems do not have limits for the amount of data they can support. Some systems have more efficient processes to work with large amounts of data than other systems, but even if inefficiently, they can still support it. Data exchange can happen between different types of systems.

Answer 29

There is no page or window called "Driver Manager". Drivers are installed for specific devices, and can be managed from the Device Manager page. A good way to uninstall a driver is by uninstalling the software package used to install the driver in the first place, on the Programs and Features page from Control Panel. A user can locate the device and uninstall it on the Device Manager page. Uninstalling the device usually comes with the option to uninstall the related drivers as well. A user can delete drivers using command-line syntax from the Command Prompt window.

Answer 30

An employee's handbook should set out the terms under which use of web browser/email/social networking/P2P software is permitted for personal use. Many employees expect relatively unrestricted access to Internet facilities for personal use. However, employees' use of social networking poses substantial risks to the organization. Many employees expect relatively unrestricted access to Internet facilities for personal use. However, employees' use of P2P networks for file sharing poses substantial risks to the organization. Portable devices, such as smartphones, USB sticks, media players, and so on, pose a considerable threat to data security as they facilitate file copying.

Answer 31

IoT-enabled medical devices include portable devices such as cardiac monitors/defibrillators and insulin pumps, which allow doctors and nurses to adjust dosages and monitor a patient remotely. While these devices may be located at a patient's home, they are not part of the home controlled by IoT home automation. The ability to control HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems from an app installed on a smartphone is functionality provided by IoT thermostats, part of IoT home automation. The ability to control alarms, locks, lighting, and entry systems is functionality provided by IoT home automation security systems. The ability to control devices such as outdoor sprinkler systems is functionality provided by IoT home automation lawn/gardening management systems.

Answer 32

A variable is used in a program to access a program element. Its value can be a text string, a number, or any other data type if the programming language supports it. It's good practice to declare all variables in a program before using them, but not all programming languages require it. It is often possible to use undeclared variables, although this can make code harder to read and more prone to errors. A variable contains a value that can change during the execution of the program, but it can also remain unchanged. Variables can have initial value assignments, but it is not mandatory.

Answer 33

Network redundancy provides fault tolerance to the connections to the network, if a network adapter fails, but will not avoid unavailable service if one or more disks fail. Combining hard disks into an array of disks can help to avoid service unavailability due to one or more disks failing. A Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) offers a variety of fault tolerant solutions. To help protect against losing access to a computer system when a component fails, you must implement fault tolerance. Fault tolerant systems are those that contain additional components to help avoid single points of failure. Vulnerabilities in critical workflows and resources can be mitigated by creating contingency plans and resources that allow the system to be resilient to failures and unexpected outages.

Answer 34

A flat file is a good way of exporting and importing information between systems. It's easier to work with flat files than try to ensure compatibility between different databases or data formats. Databases support a wider variety of data formats than text files or spreadsheets do. In a file-based storage model, when one user opens the file, it's locked to other users. They may be able to view the file but not change it. A database system supports concurrent users without locking the whole database. A single file-based data storage solution does not offer high enough speed for the volumes of transactions (adding and updating records) on enterprise-level systems.

Answer 35

When single or double quotes can be used to delimit a string, the quotes are not part of the string itself. To use a quote character within a string, an escape character (\) is used. Embedding \"Thank you\" into the rest of the string is the proper way of defining it. The quoted portion needs to have an escape character (\) preceding each quote character: \"Have a nice day!\", for the string to be processed correctly. The apostrophe (single quote) needs to have an escape character (\) preceding it: 'It\'s going to be a great day.' The delimiter needs to be consistent: if it starts with a double quote, it needs to end with a double quote.

Answer 36

LAN is a network in a single location. WAN is a network in different geographic locations but with shared links. A company with employees in more than one location needs to use a WAN. LAN is not limited to just a few computers; it can accommodate enterprise networks with hundreds of servers and thousands of workstations. Regardless of how close the offices are to each other, they are not in the same location, so WAN needs to be used. Even if the company already owns the equipment and cabling required to set up a LAN, it needs a WAN to connect all of the employees across multiple locations.

Answer 37

When an account creates an object, it becomes the owner of that object, with complete control over it. The account has permission over the object as long as it remains the owner of the object. The owner of a database object can be changed using the ALTER AUTHORIZATION statement. The owner of a database object, as well as the owner of the database itself, can grant permission over that object to other users. SQL supports a secure access control system where specific user accounts receive rights over different objects in the database, including at the column level. An account can have permission to access only specific list of columns in a table, instead of the entire table.

Answer 38

A program is a sequence of instructions which the computer performs. The sequence can consist of just one instruction, such as the popular example "print 'Hello World'", or thousands, even millions of instructions in a single program. Functions are elements of programs, and can be something that the programmer creates, or internal system functions. But a program is not a sequence of functions. A graphical flow chart helps to visualize the program sequence and understand the processes. It's a tool that programmers use, not a component of a program. An attribute is a term of OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) to define objects.

Answer 39

Using a public workstation carries a risk of malware, which can capture sensitive information. A good practice is to clear the browser cache before shutting down or logging off, and not to allow passwords to be cached. Disabling first-party cookies is likely to leave a website unusable. Public workstations usually have layers of protection against intrusive settings changes. The options for deleting stored cookies are usually in the same place as clearing the cache, so can be done at the same time. A pop-up blocker can protect the computer from adware, but not malware. Public workstations typically do not allow users to make system changes, such as setting up a firewall.

Answer 40

Script blocker add-ons prevent unauthorized websites from running JavaScript, and provide control over which websites are allowed to run scripts. Browsers that do not allow the user to disable scripts can have add-ons. If Microsoft Edge is the user's preferred browser, then using a different browser is not as desirable as installing a script blocker add-on, and continuing to use the preferred browser. If there was a good reason for the user to decide to disable scripting, then keeping it enabled is not the ideal solution. Switching to a different operating system is a complicated process that takes a lot of time to do, while installing a script blocker add-on can take less than a minute.

Answer 41

The key difference between a procedure and a function is that a function can return a value to whatever called it, whereas a procedure cannot. Nested loops work the same way in both functions and procedures. There are many factors which affect code efficiency, including ways to program function calls. But using a function over a procedure for this reason is not a consideration. Functions and procedures exist in all programming languages. Some languages make very little distinction between the two, and consider functions to be procedures which return a value.

Answer 42

A Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attack is where a host sits between two communicating nodes, and transparently monitors, captures, and relays all communications between them. A replay attack is where a host captures another host's response to some server and replays that response in an effort to gain unauthorized access. An impersonation attack is where a person will attempt to figure out a password to gain access to a host, then hijacks the authorizations to the account and masquerades as that user. A Denial of Service (DoS) attack is where an attacker targets the availability of a service. A DoS attack might tamper with a system or try to overload it in some way.

Answer 43

"Better" code is a matter of some judgement, but it is desirable for a program to be as compact and efficient as possible. The fewer lines of code that can be used to perform the necessary instructions, the easier the code will be to maintain and update. The pseudocode stage is a very early stage of the process, often before the selection of the programming languages. Compiling happens at a much later stage, for programs which use a compiled language. Pseudocode is already human-readable. Faster execution time is part of program optimization, which happens at a much later stage of the programming process.

Answer 44

A container is a term for a special type of identifier that can reference multiple values (or elements). One example of a container construct is a simple array. An identifier is a way to access a program element, such as a stored value, class, method, or interface. An identifier can be a variable, a constant, or a container. A container is a set of values, not limited to constants. Objects have attributes, properties, and methods. An identifier can reference an object, or other types of elements which do not have attributes, properties, or methods.

Answer 45

A proper relational database design has as little redundancy as possible in the data. In this example, customers can make multiple purchases, and multiple customers can purchase the same type of product. This relationship calls for a 3-table design: a list of customers, a list of products, and a cross-reference of which customers purchased which products. A 2-table design, with a list of customers and a list of each of their purchases, means there is a duplication of product information. A Purchases table, without a foreign key field to connect with the Customers table, is not a good relational model. Adding new fields to the Customers table with information about a purchase creates redundancy when a Customer makes multiple purchases.

Answer 46

Most modern workstations and laptops use 64-bit CPUs. Some budget laptop models might come with a 32-bit chip, though this is increasingly unusual. 16-bit CPUs were used several decades ago and were replaced by 32-bit CPUs. The first 32-bit CPU was introduced in 1985. There are currently no mainstream general-purpose processors built to operate on 128-bit technology. Most modern CPUs feature Single-Instruction Multiple-Data (SIMD) instruction sets where 128-bit vector registers are used to store several smaller numbers, such as four 32-bit floating-point numbers. In other words, 128-bit processing is emulated with 32-bit or 64-bit architecture.

Answer 47

Accounting is usually provided for by logging events. This allows the accounting system to track what users are doing within the system and enforce non-repudiation. Least privilege means that a user should be granted rights necessary to perform their job and no more. As part of least privilege, access controls are usually founded on the principle of implicit deny. This means that unless there is a rule specifying that access should be granted (explicit authorization), any request for access is denied. Access control or authorization models determine how users receive rights.

Answer 48

Windows devices are now all Plug-and-Play (PnP). This means that when a new device is connected Windows identifies it and tries to install a device driver. When Plug-and-Play does not work, driver software may need to be installed manually before the device can be recognized. Plug-and-Play is an automatic process and does not require any expertise to run. Wireless devices need to be connected to the computer by adding them to the network or with a USB cable. Once the computer recognizes the device, Plug-and-Play starts automatically. The earliest version of Windows that attempted PnP (not very successfully) is Windows 95. Windows 2000/XP provided highly improved PnP capability, and all subsequent versions, including Windows 7, have fully functional PnP.

Answer 49

Wireless radio frequency interference can be caused by many different things, including fluorescent lighting, microwave ovens, cordless phones, and heavy machinery. Attenuation is the loss of strength of the wireless signal, and is determined by the distance between the wireless client and access point. Modulation is the process of converting data into radio waves; it is what wireless networks use to send data. Bluetooth uses the 2.4 GHz frequency range but a different modulation technique, so interference is not common. Even if the cordless phone was used with a Bluetooth-enabled headset, it is unlikely that the signal overlapped with the wireless network.

Answer 50

Most browsers have a list of exceptions, called Trusted Sites, of websites and individual web pages which are allowed to display pop-ups. Adding a trusted site is done through Settings or Options or Preferences, depending on the browser. Disabling the pop-up blocker will have all websites with pop-ups displaying them, which can be very distracting, and interferes with a good browsing experience. Using a different browser, one with the pop-up blocker disabled, for websites with important notifications as pop-ups, is time-consuming, and adds an unnecessary layer of complexity to web browsing. If the problem is that an important notification is blocked, that means that the user needs to visit this website for a reason, otherwise the notification is unimportant.

Answer 51

A Dell PC (Personal Computer) and a Samsung smartphone do not have the same type of OS (Operating System) installed (unless they both have the Linux OS, which is unlikely). In most cases, the PC runs a version of Windows, and the smartphone has a version of Android OS. Applications that run on both of them are cross-platform. A Dell PC and a Samsung laptop are likely to have the Windows OS. Single-platform software can work on both, even with different versions of Windows. A Samsung tablet and a Motorola smartphone are likely to have Android OS. An app designed for just the Android OS is not cross-platform. Web-only applications are single-platform, regardless of which browsers they support.

Answer 52

PII is often used for password reset authentication to confirm identity over the telephone. Password-type credentials are generally seen as not providing adequate security for high-risk applications. One solution is to provide each user with a unique hardware token to prove their identity. "Something you are" authentication means employing some sort of biometric recognition system. Many types of biometric information can be recorded, including fingerprint patterns, iris or retina recognition, or facial recognition. An IP address can be used to refer to a logical network segment or it could be linked to a geographic location using geoip.

Answer 53

HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface) is the most widely used graphic device interface. HDMI can be used to connect the computer to an output device, such as a monitor, but not to input devices, such as keyboard or mouse. Historically, mice and keyboards used the PS/2 interface, which had a round connector with pins. A keyboard PS/2 port is colored purple to differentiate it from the otherwise identical mouse connector, which is color-coded green. Modern mice and keyboards use USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports to connect to a computer. The connection can be wired or wireless via a USB dongle. Modern mice and keyboards use Bluetooth ports for wireless connections to a computer.

Answer 54

Project management involves breaking a project into a number of tasks and assigning responsibilities, resources, and timescales to ensure the completion of those tasks. Specialized business software such as Microsoft Project assists with this process by visualizing task timelines and dependencies, and recording information about task properties and progress. Productivity software refers to applications that help users complete typical office tasks. Project management is a more complex task with many functions, and requires specialized business software. Collaboration software means that multiple users can work together on the same file or project. Working on a project is very different from managing a project, and requires different type of software. Networking software is for administrators to deploy, manage, and monitor a network.

Answer 55

Social engineering is best defeated by training users to recognize and respond to social engineering attacks. Users should understand what constitutes secure information and know in what circumstances, if any, it should be revealed to other people. Shoulder surfing is a social engineering attack that involves stealing a password or PIN, or other secure information, by watching the user type it. Being convincing or establishing trust is a social engineering trick that usually depends on the attacker obtaining privileged information about the organization. Often, malicious people can start to gain access to your network resources through the use of seemingly innocuous data.

Answer 56

The CREATE DATABASE command requires just one parameter: the name of the database. Other parameters which configure the new database are optional. The CREATE TABLE command requires the name of the table, as well as at least one column name and its specifications. The CREATE INDEX command requires the name of the index, the table that will have the index, and which column(s) are in the index. The CREATE VIEW command requires the name of the view, and the contents of the view, such as a query from a table with some criteria.

Answer 57

The most widely implemented way to authenticate a user, based on something they have, is the smart card or Universal Serial Bus (USB) fob, which contains a chip with authentication data, such as a digital certificate. Network access control is one way of preventing the attachment of portable devices, such as smartphones and USB sticks to corporate networks. Endpoint security is one way of preventing the attachment of portable devices, such as smartphones and USB sticks to corporate networks. Data loss prevention solutions are one way of preventing the attachment of portable devices, such as smartphones and USB sticks to corporate networks.

Answer 58

Users need to have the "read" permission on a file to view its contents. If the owner of the file set the permissions to deny access for all users, then nobody can view the contents of the file, not even its owner or the administrator. An administrator can take ownership of the file and change the permissions. If the permissions are set to restrict the owner from being able to read the file, then the owner cannot view the contents. The owner can change the permissions to be able to view the contents of the file. Users have access to the public profile, but can only view the contents of files with "read" permissions granted to their accounts.

Answer 59

Databases support a wider variety of data formats than text files or spreadsheets do. String, number, and date fields offer a wide range of storage and computing formats, as well as processing capabilities. Tinyint, integer, float, and decimal fields represent numerical data fields. They differ in how they store the data, but not enough in their computing operations. Variety of data refers to multiple data formats, not languages. A string field has certain operations available to it, such as combining it with another string field, and the multi-language content of the field makes no difference to that. Variety of data does not refer to a wide range of values in one data format.

Answer 60

This pseudocode loops 10 times. It branches to set the array Animal to "dog" only when i is more than 5, which happens with values 6 through 9. For the first 6 values (0 through 5), it branches to set the array to "cat". If the condition was "i >= 5", then it would set the first 5 elements of the array to "cat", and the rest to "dog". If the condition was "i < 5", then it would set the first 5 elements of the array to "dog", and the rest to "cat". If the condition was "i >= 5", then it would set the first 6 elements of the array to "dog", and the rest to "cat".

Answer 61

Resuing the same password on different organizations' sites is unsecure, as your security becomes dependent on the security of these other (unknown) organizations. Passwords should be changed periodically. Many systems can automatically enforce password expiration, meaning users have to choose a new password. Using a long phrase, perhaps with one or two symbols and numbers mixed into it, can offer a good balance between complexity and memorability. To maintain confidentiality, users should neither write down passwords nor share them with others. Users must keep their work passwords known only to themselves. Employees should be trained to understand what information is confidential and how to handle it correctly.

Answer 62

A service is a Windows process that runs in the background, without a window or user interaction. Task Scheduler is a service which sets up computers to run automated tasks. An application is a program with which users interact on the desktop. Task Scheduler runs in the background, whether or not a user scheduled anything manually via its console, as many of Windows' processes come with predefined task schedules. A batch file is a plain-text script file, with a series of commands which are executed by the command-line interpreter. Windows built-in administration tools such as the Task Scheduler are not batch files. The software utility cron is a time-based job scheduler in Unix and Linux computer operating systems.

Answer 63

Most browsers have a list of exceptions, called Trusted Sites, of websites and individual web pages which are allowed to display pop-ups. Adding a trusted site is done through Settings or Options or Preferences, depending on the browser. Disabling the pop-up blocker will have all websites with pop-ups displaying them, which can be very distracting, and interferes with a good browsing experience. Using a different browser, one with the pop-up blocker disabled, for websites with important notifications as pop-ups, is time-consuming, and adds an unnecessary layer of complexity to web browsing. If the problem is that an important notification is blocked, that means that the user needs to visit this website for a reason, otherwise the notification is unimportant.

Answer 64

A standard mouse does not need a special driver for installing. Basic settings can be configured using the Mouse applet in Control Panel/Settings. To access and configure extra buttons on some mice, the manufacturer's driver is needed. The driver is on a disk included with the mouse. In the absence of a disk with the driver, it can usually be found online on the manufacturer's website, and downloaded for installation. The driver is needed to access and configure extra buttons on some mice, not to install the mouse and configure basic settings. There are apps on the smartphone which enable the smartphone to operate as a mouse, but they are not used for installing and configuring a standard mouse.

Answer 65

RAM (Random Access Memory) is the main storage area for programs and data when the computer is running. Having more RAM allows the PC to open more programs simultaneously and work on large files more efficiently. RAM only works while the power is on, so when the computer is turned off, programs and data are stored on an HDD (Hard Disk Drive), a mass storage drive based on magnetic disk technology. The size of HDD does not affect efficiency of working on programs and files. SSD (Solid State Drive) is similar to HDD, which uses a type of transistor-based memory called flash memory, so is much faster than HDD. CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the device that runs software programs.

Answer 66

CalculateSalesTax works with information which is not in the Employee object, so it needs to be an independent function in the program, and not a method of the Employee object. EstimateRaise uses the Salary field of the Employee object to make a calculation which the calling program needs for its purposes. This is a good example of a method of the Employee object. UpdateAge updates a field in the Employee object, which is the proper use for a method. PrintAddressLabel works with multiple fields in the Employee object, and is a good example of a method.

Answer 67

Key/value pair databases usually do not have query languages to retrieve data. They only provide some simple operations such as get, put, and delete, so any data querying (retrieving) takes place manually at the application level. Key/value pair data does not need to have a formal structure, which means that its data model is less complex than a relational database. Key/value pair databases do not use placeholders to store optional values, which most relational databases do. This means that key/value pair databases often use far less memory to store the same amount of data. Key-value databases do not have any restrictions for data types. Relational databases support a wide range of data types, but not an unlimited amount.

Answer 68

The external hard drive is shipped in a special enclosure, which provides some combination of USB, Firewire, eSATA, and/or Thunderbolt ports to connect the drive to the computer. An external hard drive can be used as an internal drive, but the special enclosure that comes with it is not used for that purpose. External units may be designed for desk use (3.5" drives) or to be portable (2.5" drives). 3.5" drives require a separate power supply, so most external drives now use the 2.5" form factor. The enclosure that comes with the drive is not used to convert one into the other. There are special waterproof enclosures available to protect the external drive from water damage, but most do not.

Answer 69

The SELECT command is the first building block of a query to retrieve data from a database. SQL clauses such as FROM, WHERE, and ORDER BY are other building blocks of a query statement. Even though specifications for queries frequently use the term "retrieve", it is not part of the SQL syntax. EXTRACT is a SQL function which extracts a part from a given date, e.g. SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM "2020-01-01"). This function is not available in all SQL versions. A VIEW is a virtual table based on the result set of an SQL statement.

Answer 70

XOR (Exclusive OR) evaluates if either condition is true but not both. In this example, i is always either equal to, or not equal to, 0, at different times, so the branch sequence always executes. If the operator was AND, then the statement would always be false, because "i is equal to 0" and "i is not equal to 0" cannot be true at the same time, and the branch sequence would never execute. If this example had only the first condition, then the branch sequence would execute when i is equal to 0. If this example had only the second condition, then the branch sequence would execute when i is not equal to 0.

Answer 71

The 802.11n standard, available since 2009, can use either 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz frequency band and supports data rates of up to 600 Mbps (Megabits per second). The 802.11g standard, available since 2003, uses the 2.4 GHz frequency band and supports data rates of up to 54 Mbps. 802.11a is the original standard, available since 1999. It uses the 5 GHz frequency band and supports data rates of up to 54 Mbps. 802.11a was not as widely adopted as the other standards. 802.11ac is the latest standard, available since 2013. It is widely supported, and delivers up to 1.7 Gbps throughput, but only in the 5 GHz range.

Answer 72

Writing data to storage devices, such as hard disks or optical discs, is an important step for preserving data for later use, because data stored in most types of system memory is only preserved while the computer is powered on. Data can be processed by the CPU when it's on a storage device or in system memory. Data can be shown or played to the user when it's on a storage device or in system memory. The space used by data is determined by the content of the data, and not its location.

Answer 73

-10,9,8,7,5,3,1-This pseudocode loops backwards from 10, decreasing the value of i inside the loop. Until i is less than 7, it decreases by 1, after that it decreases by 1 twice per loop (once inside the branch, and once outside the branch). If the pseudocode did not include the branch, then every number from 10 to 1 would be printed. If the pseudocode did not include the branch, and the print command followed the command to decrease i, then every number from 9 to 0 would be printed. If the branch condition was always true (for example, "if i <= 10") then only the odd numbers from 9 to 1 would be printed.

Answer 74

Many systems can automatically enforce password expiration, meaning users have to choose a new password. Such a system may keep a history of previously used passwords to prevent users from reusing passwords. A typical user might be faced with having to remember many logons for different services at work and on the Internet and resort to reusing the same password for each, which is unsecure. Maintaining confidentiality means that a user should not write down a password or share it with other users. Artificial complexity makes a password hard to remember, meaning users write them down or have to reset them often. Using a long passphrase, with symbols and numbers mixed, can offer a good balance between complexity and memorability.

Answer 75

In this pseudocode, the variable i never changes. First it increases by 1, and then decreases by 1, so the condition to end the loop is never met. The program never stops displaying number "1", and is stuck in an infinite loop until the system crashes or the user interrupts it. If the pseudocode did not include "i = i - 1", then it would display numbers from 1 to 100. If the pseudocode did not include "i = i - 1" and the print statement was first inside the loop, then it would display numbers from 1 to 100. The pseudocode displays number "1" an infinite number of times.

Answer 76

DML (Data Manipulation Language) commands refer to SQL (Structured Query Language) commands that access or modify the contents of the database. DML commands include UPDATE, which changes the value of one or more table columns, for a specified set of rows. DDL (Data Definition Language) commands refer to SQL commands that add to or modify the structure of the database. DCL (Data Control Language) mainly deals with the rights, permissions, and other controls of the database system, with commands such as GRANT and REVOKE. XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable.

Answer 77

GHz stands for Gigahertz, which is 1000 million or 1 billion (1,000,000,000) cycles per second, when measuring a computer's internal clock and the speed at which its processors work. MHz stands for Megahertz, which is 1 million (1,000,000) cycles per second, when measuring a computer's internal clock and the speed at which its processors work. Bps stands for Bytes per second when measuring the rate at which data is transferred between components in the computer or between computers over a network. GBps stands for Gigabytes per second (1,000,000,000 bytes per second) when measuring the rate at which data is transferred between components in the computer or between computers over a network.

Answer 78

A firewall restricts access to a computer or network to a defined list of hosts and applications, by blocking or allowing specific IP (Internet Protocol) addresses and port numbers. A firewall can be set up to block all outside access to a computer, but its purpose is to offer protection while allowing the computer to be connected to the Internet, which means that some hosts and/or applications need to be on the "approved" list. One type of firewall is a hardware firewall, which is a dedicated appliance with the firewall installed as firmware. Other types of firewalls are software applications. More than one host firewall running at the same time can conflict with each other.

Answer 79

The MAC address, also called a hardware address, is a 48-bit value expressed in hexadecimal notation. There are several accepted formats to display the numbers in equal-sized groups, and separators include colons, hyphens, and periods. There is no accepted format with slashes or groups of unequal lengths. The MAC address is often displayed as six groups of two hexadecimal digits with colon or hyphen separators. MAC addresses can be displayed with no separators at all, as one 12-digit hex number. MAC addresses can be displayed as three groups of four hex digits with period separators.

Answer 80

Productivity software covers general office functions and tasks, while business software is designed to assist with a particular business process or consumer demand. Both business and productivity software are used by managers, executives, and general office staff. An executive may use presentation software to show projections to the shareholders, while the office employees use specialized database software to generate daily reports. Both business and productivity software are used by business owners and their employees. Specialized accounting software is used by employees in the payroll department and by small business owners to generate invoices. Business software is designed to assist with a particular business process or consumer demand, which can fall into any category of a business, including increasing productivity.

Answer 81

It is important to know all 8 steps of the CompTIA troubleshooting model in their proper order. Step 2 in CompTIA's troubleshooting model is to research knowledge base/Internet, if applicable. Step 1 in CompTIA's troubleshooting model is to identify the problem. One of the six components of this step is to identify symptoms, which might not be necessary if the problem can be easily duplicated. Step 3 in CompTIA's troubleshooting model is to establish a theory of probable cause. Step 5 in CompTIA's troubleshooting model is to establish a plan of action to resolve the problem and identify potential effects.

Answer 82

File systems have a number of reserved characters which cannot be used in a file name. Ext4 (4th extended file system), used by Linux distributions, only reserves the slash (/), which means that all other characters are acceptable in a file name. No system allows the slash character in their file names, as it's used to indicate folders or subdirectories. HFS+ (extended Hierarchical File System), used by Apple Mac computers, does not allow colons (:) in addition to the slash. NTFS (New Technology File System) has 9 reserved characters, including the colon. FAT32 (File Allocation Table, 32-bit version) has 16 reserved characters, including the colon.

Answer 83

With data at rest, it is usually possible to encrypt the data using techniques such as whole disk encryption, mobile device encryption, database encryption, and file- or folder-level encryption. With data in transit (or data in motion) data can be transmitted over a network such as communicating with a web page via HTTPS. With data in transit (or data in motion) data can be protected by Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)/Transport Layer Security (TLS). With data in transit (or data in motion) data can be protected by a transport encryption protocol.

Answer 84

An IP (Internet Protocol) address is the location of any device that connects to the internet. IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numbers presented in 4 8-bit sequences, each sequence between 0 and 255. IPv6 addresses are 128-bit numbers, represented as 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits, each group representing 16 bits. IPv4 addresses are 32 bits, and so was the next version, IPv5, which was created but never became an official protocol. IPv6 did not double the bits to 64. The "4" and "6" in IPv4 and IPv6 stand for "version", not the number of bits. IPv4 addresses are presented in 4 groups, and IPv6 addresses are presented in 8 groups, but the total bit count is not 4 and 8.

Answer 85

Attributes are values and data types that define the object. The object stores the attributes as fields or private variables. Other programs cannot access or change the attributes of an object directly, the way that they can with public variables. Most programming languages support container types called vectors that can grow or shrink in size as elements are added or removed. Vectors are specialized types with their own rules and limitations, and objects do not use them to store their attributes. Programmers use comments in code to assist with maintaining it, not for attributes of objects.

Answer 86

Boolean data types are stored as a special numeric data type, which take up one bit. The only possible values are 0 and 1. User-friendly constants such as FALSE and TRUE must be defined in the program prior to using them for working with boolean variables. These constants are typically defined as 0 and 1 respectively, which is how they are stored in the system. Definitions such as "false" or "true" are of string data type, using several bytes of storage instead of one bit that boolean data types use. Definitions such as "F" or "T" are of char data type, using one byte of storage instead of one bit that boolean data types use.

Answer 87

With a one-time purchase of a software license, subsequent upgrades normally involve a new license fee. One-time license holders typically receive incremental upgrades and security fixes, but not full-feature upgrades. With subscription-based licensing, organizations pay a per-user monthly fee to get access to the software, with full-feature upgrades as part of the subscription. The one-time purchase of a software license grants perpetual use of the software to the buyer, but without full-feature upgrades, so after a period of time, the software becomes outdated. One-time purchases of licenses can be for group use, with installations on a specified number of devices or user seats. The one-time purchase of a software license includes full customer support.

Answer 88

With the WHERE clause, an SQL command (such as SELECT, UPDATE, or DELETE) extracts only those records, or rows, that fulfill a condition. The WHERE clause does not affect the number of columns. SELECT and UPDATE commands list the columns which the SQL statement processes, for the rows that fulfill the condition in the WHERE clause. Fields are the same as columns, and the WHERE clause does not affect them. The WHERE clause can include tables in the condition. For example, if the SQL statement involves more than one table, then the WHERE clause contains the logic to connect them. But the result set is only the records, or rows, that fulfill the condition in the WHERE clause.

Answer 89

Security controls are designed to prevent, deter, detect, and/or recover from attempts to view or modify data without authorization. Typical examples of security controls include backups, access control, data encryption, and firewalls. Data breach is when private data is exposed publicly without authorization. Preventing data breach is one of the reasons for having security controls in place. Data capture refers to collection of data points from many different sources as part of data analytics. Intellectual property refers to information assets, such as patents, which need to be protected from theft.

Answer 90

For fully "anonymous" browsing, the user needs to use a VPN (Virtual Private Network) which is a software service that encrypts the data sent to and from the internet and routes it through a VPN server in another location, so that websites see the server’s IP address. Most VPN's do not require extra configuration. Proxies hide the device's IP address from websites, but an SSL proxy typically lacks the encryption and other security features offered by VPNs. Proxies also usually require extra configuration. In private mode, the browser doesn't store cookies or temporary files, but the browser does send some information to the website, such as the computer's IP address. Incognito mode is the same as private browsing mode.

Answer 91

A markup language is not a programming language but a means of making data in a document accessible to a program. A markup language, such as HTML (HyperText Markup Language) or XML (eXtensible Markup Language), defines a series of nested tags that describe the structure and/or meaning of the tag contents. Human-readable data is encoded as text, and machine-readable data (machine code) is the binary representation. Markup language documents contain text data. Markup language documents are used by programming languages on different platforms. Web pages can display HTML files, but in general, markup language documents present data to programs for processing. These programs include web pages and applications, as well as locally installed applications on other platforms.

Answer 92

The main difference between WPA and WPA2 is the use of the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) cipher for encryption. AES is much stronger than the ciphers used by the other standards, WPA and WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy). WEP is an older standard which uses the weak RC4 (Rivest Cipher), and should only be used for encryption if there is an issue of compatibility with legacy devices and software. WPA uses the same weak RC4 cipher as WEP but adds a mechanism called TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) to make it stronger. A captive portal is a secondary authentication mechanism managed via a browser, when open authentication is required, such as on a public access point.

Answer 93

If the information provided about the problem is insufficient to successfully troubleshoot, the next step is to consider other sources, such as viewing system, application, or network log files, or monitoring other support requests to identify similar problems. Once sufficient information is gathered, then it may be necessary to use a product Knowledge Base or a web/Internet search tool to research the symptoms. If none of the available resources are sufficient to diagnose or resolve the problem, it may be necessary to escalate it. If one troubleshooting method does not yield results, it may be time to suggest workarounds which can provide a way for the user to continue to work with the system while the problem is being resolved.

Answer 94

Offsite/cloud-based is backing up data over the Internet to cloud-based storage. Keeping offsite copies of data is very important in mitigating against the risk of fire or theft. Locally attached storage uses hard disks or flash drives attached to a local PC or server. Hard disks or flash drives can be stolen or destroyed. A system backup is an operating system (OS) backup that makes a copy of the OS and installed applications so that a workstation or server can be recovered without having to manually reinstall software and reconfigure settings. A test restore is important when using new backup software, to test old backup media, to check a new job, and to carry out random spot checks.

Answer 95

The Thunderbolt interface is primarily used on Apple workstations and laptops. Thunderbolt can be used as a display interface and as a general peripheral interface. In its first two versions, Thunderbolt uses the same physical interface as MiniDP. Thunderbolt ports are distinguished from MiniDP by a lightning bolt icon. DisplayPort uses a 20-pin connector. The Mini DisplayPort (MiniDP or mDP) is a miniaturized version of DisplayPort developed by Apple. HDMI uses a proprietary 19-pin connector, as does its miniaturized version, Mini HDMI, frequently used on portable devices, such as camcorders. Micro HDMI, an even smaller connector than Mini HDMI, also has 19 pins.

Answer 96

Privacy considerations should affect your choice of Internet Service Provider (ISP) and web search engines. Your browsing and search history reveal an enormous amount of very valuable personal information. If you make something public accidentally, it can be very difficult to stop people from continuing to publish it elsewhere. Public data can be archived and continue to appear in web searches. Information about individual consumers gleaned from web search and social media histories allows for personalized advertising. Large data sets, such as web searches and social media histories, can be used to identify trends, and develop products and services to meet changing demands and interests.

Answer 97

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) is used for rendering web pages, and features forms mechanisms GET and POST which allow a user to submit data from the client (user's device) to the server (where the website is being processed). POP3 (Post Office Protocol v3) is used for retrieving email messages to the user's mail client software (such as Microsoft Outlook). With POP3, the messages are usually deleted from the server when they are downloaded. IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) is used for retrieving email messages to the user's mail client software, allowing the client to manage the mailbox on the server. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is used to deliver email messages to the email server of the recipient.

Answer 98

If a password is short (under seven characters) and non-complex (using only letters for instance), a password might be cracked in minutes via brute force. Denial of Service (DoS) is where an attacker targets the availability of a service. A DoS attack might tamper with a system or overload it. A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) uses hosts compromised with bot malware to launch a coordinated attack against a web service. It is possible to capture cleartext password packets in transit via a Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attack. Malware is malicious software threats and tools designed to vandalize or compromise computer systems.

Answer 99

Direct access provides tools for database administrators to run SQL commands. They can run commands, which interact with the data or perform database administration tasks. The GRANT command assigns permissions on database objects to users, so the database access methods for non-administrative users should not run it. Applications with utility or programmatic access use the UPDATE command to make changes to specific records, without risk to the rest of the database. Applications with utility or programmatic access use the INSERT command to add new information into the database. All database access methods use the SELECT command to retrieve data for processing, as well as to run queries/reports.

Answer 100

Most cable service providers offer downlink Internet connection speeds of up to about 100 Mbps in their premium packages. Cable based on the DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification) version 3.0 supports downlink speeds of up to about 1.2 Gbps, but cable service providers do not normally offer that to their customers. Residential DSL services support downlink speeds of up to 24 Mbps. VDSL (Very High Bit Rate DSL), which is implemented by fiber optic services as part of the FTTC (Fiber to the Curb) solution, supports downlink speeds of up to 52 Mbps.

Answer 101

Project management software assists with the process of breaking a project into a number of tasks and assigning responsibilities, resources, and timescales to ensure the completion of those tasks. It is not designed for generating payroll reports. Accounting software is the best way to generate payroll reports. Accounting programs contain ready-made reports which calculate and display payroll data in the most frequently used formats. Reports can also be easily customized to fit most business needs. Database programmers can use database software to create custom reports from the data stored in the database. Payroll data can be stored in a spreadsheet, or imported from a database or accounting software into a spreadsheet, and displayed in report format.

Answer 102

Data files manipulated by the application can be stored on the local disk, usually in a user folder rather than the application folder. Ordinary users should not be able to modify application folders, for security reasons. Data and application layers are terms used in database application architecture models, to describe the way that the application interacts with the database. Data files used by the application are not in this category. If the data files are part of the database uninstall process, they get deleted regardless of their location. Data files can be backed up regardless of their location, with no impact on the speed of the process.

Answer 103

A passphrase is a longer password comprising several words. This has the advantages of being more secure and easier to remember. A passphrase is a longer password comprising several words. While a passphrase is easier to remember than a password, a passphrase is longer than a password. A passphrase is a longer password comprising several words. While a passphrase is longer than a password, it is easier to remember than a password. A passphrase is a longer password comprising several words. A passphrase is longer than a password, and easier to remember.

Answer 104

A locally installed application does not need network access to run, but the network has to be present if the application makes use of network features. Using Microsoft Word to write a letter does not require network connection. Checking email requires an Internet connection. If done from an application like Outlook, it needs network connection to download messages from the email server. Quicken is a personal finance management tool. It does many tasks locally, like budget reports, but it needs Internet connection to send a banking institution the instructions for paying bills. iTunes is a media library and player. It can play locally stored music files, but needs to be connected to the Internet to play or download a podcast.

Answer 105

-User Interface and programmatic access-A GUI (Graphical User Interface) is how software applications allow users access to databases. Programmatic access is when the application interacts with the database through SQL commands. This is the typical combination of database-driven software applications. Direct access provides tools for database administrators to run SQL commands, while non-technical users can interact closely with the database with the help of query builders. Like direct access, manual access is for database administrators, and utility access is when an application uses a database in the background without users being aware of its presence. Report builders have their own basic GUI and utility access to retrieve the data. Complex applications typically use their own custom programming functions for the GUI and programmatic access.

Answer 106

An important aspect of a software agreement is how the software vendor will use, store, and retain any data that the software gathers and processes. Software instructions are the accompanying documentation of software programs, with instructions for using the program. They also include any special installation instructions or known issues. Software installation best practices advise the users to read the accompanying documentation to verify software and hardware compatibility with the user's system, as well as ensuring the presence of a valid agreement or license to install and use the product. Software usage best practices is not a specific document or part of standard operating procedure. Software instructions usually include recommendations for best practices when using the specific software.

Answer 107

A report is a means of formatting and summarizing the records returned by a query. Reports are the best tools for presenting complex or large amount of data in customizable ways. A query allows the user to specify criteria and choose which fields to display in the results, which is more useful than seeing all of the data in the table. However, a query might return a large number of rows and be just as difficult to read as a table. A flat file does not present data in an organized format or provide calculations of total amounts. An input form is a means of getting data into a database, or to specify criteria to run a report.

Answer 108

If a company wants to promote its goods, it will normally trademark its name and/or logo. A trademark must be distinctive within the industry in which the company is selling goods and services. Copyright is legal protection granted to certain types of work that is typically in the domain of publishing, such as books, films, plays, computer software, games, and artwork. A patent is legal protection for some kind of invention. A firewall is used in network security to control how hosts and network applications are accessible to one another. It is used for protecting data, not a company name.

Answer 109

A concurrent license means that a set maximum number of users use the software at one time. Companies with users who use the software at different times can get a concurrent license, which costs less than other licenses for the same number of installations. A site license means that the company can install the software on an agreed number of computers. A site license for 100 computers likely costs more than a concurrent license for 50 users. Group use has the same provisions as a site license. A single use license means that only one computer can use the software. 100 single use licenses cost more than a concurrent license for 50 users or a site license for 100 computers.

Answer 110

ASCII was designed in 1963 using seven bits, which was a significant cost saving over using eight bits. Seven bits of binary can express 128 different values (0 through 127). Modern systems use eight bits instead of seven, giving rise to extended ASCII which can express 256 values, but the original non-extended ASCII can only express 128 values. While the English language has 26 letters, ASCII contains much more, including 2 sets of the English alphabet (uppercase and lowercase), 10 digits (0 to 9), and special characters. Decimal notation contains 10 values (0 to 9), which is included in ASCII, as are letters (uppercase and lowercase) and special characters.

Answer 111

Some devices are not connected to the computer via a peripheral port but accessed over a network. The device vendor provides an IP (Internet Protocol) address to open a web configuration page in a browser, where the device options can be set. It is possible to have a cable that runs through an entire building, installed in ways that keep it from being a safety hazard. With wireless networking, it is no longer necessary to have such elaborate, and often costly, ways of connecting devices. Moving the computer closer to the access point is not always feasible. Moving the access point closer to the computer is not necessary. Considerations for access point placement are different from those for computer placement.

Answer 112

Multifactor authentication is strong and combines the use of authentication schemes that work on the basis of something you know, something you have, or something you are. Single Sign-On (SSO) means that a user only has to authenticate to a system once to gain access to its resources. The disadvantage is that compromising the account also compromises multiple services. Single-factor authentication systems can easily be compromised: a password could be written down or shared, a smart card lost or stolen, and a biometric system could be subject to high error rates. A software token is an example of an authentication factor of something you have and is generated by an application and stored on the user's device as a cookie.

Answer 113

A digital camera stores images on a flash memory-based card. There are a number of ways to transfer the images stored on the card from the camera to the computer, including connecting the camera to a USB port, which mounts the camera storage as a Windows drive and the pictures can be copied or moved using Explorer. HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface) is for graphic displays such as a monitor. Even though digital cameras have screens, in this case they are used for data input, not output. 3.5mm jacks are used to connect audio. The pink jack is for the microphone (audio input). The black 3.5mm jack is for rear speakers in a surround sound system (audio out).

Answer 114

The code in a compiled programming language needs to transform to an executable binary before it can run. This is the process of compiling, which converts the source code into machine code. The CPU (Central Processing Unit) can only process machine code. A compiled program can run on multiple platforms, as long as the source code recompiles for each platform. Compiled programs generally run quickly, compared to interpreted code. Human-readable data is encoded as text, and machine-readable data (machine code) is the binary representation. The source code of compiled programming languages is human-readable, and the compiled executable binary is machine-readable.

Answer 115

The application code executes programs in memory as a process, which is the main unit governing a program and managing the memory resources allocated to it by the OS (Operating System). Killing the program, or ending the task, can be done in the Task Manager utility under the Processes tab. Disk management refers to operations such as formatting drives and partitioning disks, which allow a single disk to be divided into multiple drives. Device management is for adapters and peripheral components, not application programs. A service is a Windows process that does not require any sort of user interaction and thus runs in the background (without a window). Microsoft Word is not a service.

Answer 116

An access point creates a Wi-Fi wireless network between computers and mobile devices equipped with suitable adapters, and also switches communications between the wired and wireless networks. A switch connects four or eight computers together in an Ethernet LAN (Local Area Network) using RJ-45 network ports and twisted-pair cabling. A modem connects the wired and wireless network clients to the Internet via a WAN (Wide Area Network) link, by transmitting frames across the WAN link. A router connects the wired and wireless network clients to the Internet via a WAN link, by forwarding packets between the local network and the Internet.

Answer 117

DSL works over an ordinary telephone line, providing the line is of sufficient quality. Providing a fiber cable all the way to customer premises requires substantial investment by the telecom providers and is not widely available. Residential DSL services support uplink speeds of up to 1.4 Mbps. Fiber optic services use VDSL (Very High Bit Rate DSL) which supports an uplink of up to 16 Mbps. Residential DSL services support downlink speeds of up to 24 Mbps. VDSL supports a downlink of up to 52 Mbps. Fiber optic cables perform much better than DSL over long distances and are not affected by noise in the way that affects electrical signals over copper cable.

Answer 118

Computers operate through these four functions: input (the intake of information into the system), output (the presentation of information to the user), processing (the manipulation of information into a new form), and storage (the preservation of information for later use). Typing, editing, copying, and printing are functions related to documents, which is a small part of what computer systems are used for. Addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication are arithmetic functions. Computer systems have much greater capabilities beyond these basic operations. Automation, replication, optimization, and recovery are functions of data management, not the entire functionality of a computer system.

Answer 119

The guest is borrowing the computer, so the action needs to be unintrusive. Disabling the add-ons is something that can be reversed quickly, by enabling them once the guest is done using the computer. Removing the add-ons means that the guest should add them back later, in case the friend who owns the computer needs them. The guest needs to remember these add-ons, because removing them clears them out of the browser's settings. Disabling them leaves them in the system, and enabling them again is very easy. Removing the add-ons means uninstalling them, which is not the best course of action. Some browsers have settings to block the installation of new add-ons. It will not affect already installed add-ons.

Answer 120

SSDs (Solid State Drives) are designed to replicate or supplement the function of the hard drive. Solid state storage uses a type of non-volatile memory technology called flash memory. HDD (Hard Disk Drives) host data that is encoded magnetically on specially coated glass or plastic platters accessed by drive heads. The platters are spun at very high speeds, giving rise to the term "spinning disk" drive. A tape drive is a data storage device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape. Magnetic tape data storage is typically used for offline, archival data storage. Disc-based storage formats for consumer multimedia (music and video) are called "optical" drives because a laser is used to read data from the discs.

Answer 121

Various hardware and software password managers or "fillers" can store passwords for multiple accounts. Users only have to remember one “master” password and prevent the use of the same password for different services. Reusing a password for different services prevents the user from having to remember different passwords but it is unsecure; your security becomes dependent on the security of other (unknown) organizations. A system may keep a history of previously used passwords and prevent the user from choosing the same one again but not from writing down the passwords. If a note containing a password is lost, the IT department should be informed to reset the password quickly. This will not stop users from writing down passwords.

Answer 122

Most database management systems provide stored procedures that invoke the BACKUP and RESTORE commands at a database or table level. The BACKUP command does not work at the field level. If some fields need to have a backup without the entire table, the administrator can make another version of the table with just those fields, and use the BACKUP command on the new table. The BACKUP command does not work at the record level. If some records need to have a backup without the entire table, the administrator can make another version of the table with just those records, and use the BACKUP command on the new table. Applications are collections of programming code, and not part of a database.

Answer 123

With the AND operator, both conditions must be true at the same time. In this example, the first condition of "i is equal to 0", and the second condition of "i is not equal to 0", cannot be true at the same time, so the branch sequence never executes. If the operator was OR, then the whole statement would be true at all times, since i is always either equal to, or not equal to, 0. If this example had only the first condition, then the branch sequence would execute when i is equal to 0. If this example had only the second condition, then the branch sequence would execute when i is not equal to 0.

Answer 124

With collaboration software, multiple users can work together on the same file or project. Email software allows users to compose, send, and receive messages from others, and is considered to be collaboration software. Productivity software refers to applications that help users complete typical office tasks. A web browser can be used for information and research, and is considered to be productivity software. Specialized business software is designed to assist with a particular business process or consumer demand, not general office functions and tasks covered by productivity software. Open source software makes the program code used to design it available to the public. There are open source email clients, as well as those with proprietary code.

Answer 125

In Windows 10 version 1803 and newer, the location for the basic user-configurable settings for peripheral devices is the Devices page within the Settings app. In Windows 7, Windows 8, and early versions of Windows 10, Devices and Printers is the location for the basic user-configurable settings for peripheral devices attached to the computer. Device Manager is the page used to perform functions such as updating device drivers or uninstalling devices, not setting a device to be the default. Device Drivers is not a page in Windows. Drivers are accessed from the Device Manager page.

Answer 126

Compiling converts the source code into machine code, which is strings of ones and zeros for the CPU to process. This conversion takes place prior to the execution of the program, resulting in fast execution time compared to interpreted code. Scripting languages are interpreted languages, which means that the programs run within the context of an interpreter. The interpreter's process adds to the overhead of running the program, resulting in slower execution time than compiled programs. Scripted languages are interpreted languages, and they have the same execution process as scripting languages. A markup language is not a programming language but a means of making data in a document accessible to a program.

Answer 127

SDRAM has a 64-bit data bus, meaning that in each clock cycle, 64 bits of information can be delivered to the CPU. If the bus is running at 100 MHz, the bandwidth available to the memory controller is 100*64 or 6400 megabits per second. To calculate the bandwidth in MBps, this number is divided by 8 and equals 800 MBps. The calculation is 6400 Mbps (megabits per second), which needs to be divided by 8 to determine MBps (megabytes per second). 100 MHz is the speed at which the bus is running, not the available bandwidth in MBps. 1600 would be the correct answer if the question was about DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory).

Answer 128

Binary numbers can be calculated from right to left, with each position being worth twice the previous one. 100011 is 1 * 1 + 1 * 2 + 0 * 4 + 0 * 8 + 0 * 16 + 1 * 32 = 35. 11111 is 1 * 1 + 1 * 2 + 1 * 4 + 1 * 8 + 1 * 16 = 31. Alternately, it can be calculated as 100000 - 1, or 32 - 1 = 31. 100101 is 1 * 1 + 0 * 2 + 1 * 4 + 0 * 8 + 0 * 16 + 1 * 32 = 37. 1000001 is 1 * 1 + 0 * 2 + 0 * 4 + 0 * 8 + 0 * 16 + 0 * 32 + 1 * 64 = 65.

Answer 129

IoT for motor vehicles include embedded systems for in-vehicle entertainment, which share major elements with IoT home automation's streaming media. Their function is to play content stored on a storage device through smart speakers and screens. Embedded in-vehicle sat-nav (Satellite Navigation) uses GPS (Global Positioning Systems) to identify the vehicle's precise location. There is no need for this in IoT home automation. Some vehicles are now fitted with a "black box", which is an event data recorder that can log the car's telemetry (acceleration, braking, and position). There is no need for this in IoT home automation. There are now sophisticated systems to control the vehicle on behalf of the driver, including automatic collision detection and avoidance, and parking assist.

Answer 130

When data is transferred between components in the computer or between computers over a network, the throughput rate that a connection can sustain is measured in bits per second (bps). The speed at which a computer's processors work (processing speed) is measured in units of time called Hertz (Hz). 1 Hz represents one cycle per second. The display resolution of a computer monitor or display device is measured in pixels. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) performance is partially determined by the speed at which the disks can spin, measured in revolutions per minute (RPM).

Answer 131

With data in transit (or data in motion), data can be protected by a transport encryption protocol, such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)/Transport Layer Security (TLS). With data at rest in persistent storage media, it is usually possible to encrypt data using techniques such as whole disk encryption. With data at rest in persistent storage media, it is usually possible to encrypt data using techniques such as database encryption. With data at rest in persistent storage media, it is usually possible to encrypt data using techniques such as file- or folder-level encryption.

Answer 132

Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) is not a substitute for backups. A disaster, such as a fire, that destroys the whole array will result in total data loss without a backup. To guard against data loss from a natural disaster, you must consider implementing service and data replication between multiple data centers. If a system goes down, if a component or system is not available, redundancy means that the service can failover to the backup either seamlessly or with minimum interruption. Data can either be restored from backup or by switching over to another system, to which data has been replicated. To guard against data loss from a natural disaster, data should be synchronized between servers and between sites.

Answer 133

Performing regular system updates and using anti-malware software will protect against many malicious file attachment threats. Unsolicited file attachments should be confirmed with the sender first. Any features, services, or network protocols that are not used should be disabled to reduce the attack surface of a network device or OS for applications that are already installed on the device. New computers ship with a large amount of pre-installed software, often referred to as bloatware. These applications should be removed if they are not going to be used. Most device exploits depend on the attacker having physical access to the unit. However, some vulnerabilities, such as unsolicited email file attachments, can be exploited over a network link.

Answer 134

Heatsinks are bulky objects with a lot of height, and cannot be used in computers with thin cases. Computers with thin cases, such as laptops, use a heat spreader, which is less bulky than other cooling systems. Heatsinks are not more expensive than heat spreaders, and are used in many types of computers, including budget models. A heatsink is a passive cooling device. Passive cooling means that it does not require extra energy (electricity) to work. A heatsink is a block of metal with fins, and not a liquid-based cooling system.

Answer 135

With interpreted languages, the program does not need to compile prior to running. It runs within the context of an interpreter, which is a computer program that directly executes instructions written in an interpreted programming language. Interpreter code is usually in a lower-level language than the programs that they interpret, for better performance. The tools which convert machine code into a human-readable format are called disassemblers or decompilers, not interpreters. Interpreted programming languages can run on platforms for which there is an interpreter. Interpreted programming languages can run on a variety of platforms, as long as there is a corresponding interpreter.

Answer 136

While the mainstream browsers are more standards-based than they used to be, compatibility problems can still arise. Computers may need to have more than one browser installed, in case a web application is not fully supported by the preferred browser. Finding another web application that performs the same functions is not always possible, nor is it necessary. Running the preferred web application from a different browser that's fully supported is much simpler. Waiting until the next version of the preferred browser comes out can take months, and there is no guarantee of added compatibility with web applications. Upgrading to the Windows 10 operating system takes extra work, include a learning curve for new features, and requires re-installation of many programs.

Answer 137

Temporary loss of access to data can lead to high costs for an organization, such as a banking institution not having access to financial transactions. Technologies that enable them to ensure their data is available in the event of one or several failures of hardware or software components within their infrastructure are referred to as fault tolerance. Data capture refers to collection of data points from many different sources as part of data analytics. Access control system is a way to control access to stored data, using methods such as user or group-based permission assignments and usage restrictions (read-only vs. edit). Data exfiltration is when an attacker removes data from a network without authorization.

Answer 138

With hexadecimal notation system, 16 numbers can be expressed using a single digit from 0 to F, resulting in fewer digits for large numbers. Binary notation system uses 2 values: 0 and 1, which works well with computers to represent the off/on states of transistors but uses many digits to represent large numbers. Octal notation system uses digits from 0 to 7. Octal was widely used in legacy computing platforms but is not as efficient for expressing large numbers as hexadecimal notation. Decimal notation system, the most commonly used numbering system, uses a single digit from 0 to 9. It is not as efficient for expressing large numbers as hexadecimal notation.

Answer 139

Object properties represent a way of accessing a field publicly, instead of the overhead of using methods. Properties allow external code to ask the object to show or change the value of one of its fields. Object attributes are private variables which other programs cannot access directly. An object needs to have a method which allows another part of the program to access a field, adding extra overhead to the process. Setting up the EmailAddress field as its own object adds unnecessary overhead and duplication of information. It is much easier to set it up as a property of the Customer object. An array of variables is an inefficient way to store data, compared to objects.

Answer 140

SSID is the name for the WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network). It is what devices will connect to, so it should be unique to the network, to avoid confusion with nearby networks, but not contain sensitive or personal information. It is a good idea to change the SSID from its default setting, usually the device vendor's name, to something related to the network. SSID is visible to other wireless devices, so it is not advisable to set it to anything that identifies someone personally, or to the physical address of the device. SSID is not the password used to configure the device or connect to the network, so there is no need to make it secure like a password.

Answer 141

A constant is a specific identifier that contains a value that does not change within the program. In this example, the value of MinutesPerHour is always 60 and will not change. A variable contains a value that can change during the execution of the program. There is no reason to ever change the MinutesPerHour identifier after its declaration. An array is a type of identifier that can reference multiple values; it's a set of elements. MinutesPerHour is a single identifier. A primary key is an element of a database, not a pseudocode identifier.

Answer 142

Impersonation is an attack where a person will attempt to figure out a password or other credentials to gain access to a host. An obvious way to perform an impersonation attack is to capture password packets in transit and work out which bit is the password. Snooping is a confidentiality concern and is any attempt to get access to information on a host or storage device (data at rest) that you are not authorized to view. Eavesdropping/wiretapping/sniffing is a confidentiality concern and is essentially snooping on data or telephone conversations as they pass over the network. Social engineering is a confidentiality concern and refers to getting users to reveal confidential and personally identifiable information.

Answer 143

In a computer system, data is shown or played to the user through an output device, such as a monitor, printer, or loudspeaker system. User input is when the computer receives data entered by the user through peripheral devices, such as mice, keyboards, scanners, digital cameras, and microphones. Video input devices, such as digital cameras or camcorders, webcams, image or fingerprint scanners, and barcode readers, are used to digitize images or video into the computer. Optical disc is a storage device, to which data may be written for future use.

Answer 144

The basic unit of computer data is the binary digit or bit, which can represent two values (zero or one). Computer memory and file sizes in Windows are measured in multiples of bits. A byte is a collection of eight bits, which can store a single ASCII character, such as letters, numbers, and symbols. KB stands for KiloByte, which is 1000 bytes in the context of storage capacity. Small files are often measured in KB. MB stands for MegaByte which is 1,000,000 bytes or 1000 KB in the context of storage capacity. Many files are measured in MB.

Answer 145

Storage capacity is typically calculated using decimal measurements (base 10), so 10,000 TB (TeraBytes) equals 10 PB or 10,000,000 GB or 10,000,000,000 MB. It is larger than the other choices in this list. 3,000,000 GB (GigaBytes) equals 3 PB or 3,000 TB or 3,000,000,000 MB. It is not as large as 10,000 TB. 2,500,000,000 MB (MegaBytes) equals 2.5 PB or 2,500 TB or 2,500,000 GB. It is the smallest amount in this list. 5 PB (PetaBytes) equals 5,000 TB or 5,000,000 GB or 5,000,000,000 MB. It is not as large as 10,000 TB. It is

Answer 146

Constraints restrict the data which goes into a table, by placing conditions on a given field. A constraint can make sure that a field conforms to the format of a valid email address. A primary key is a type of constraint, in the way that it ensures the uniqueness of the field within the table. It is not the type of constraint that restricts the format of the Email field. A foreign key is the field in a table which references a primary key in another table. Data persistence refers to storing data when the application that uses the data terminates.

Answer 147

-Users can use the application without a network connection-Application virtualization software is installed and executed on a network server. Client workstations access the application using a remote terminal or viewer, with a local network connection to the server. Locating the application and its data files on a server is easier to secure. Security is implemented in one location, the server, instead of each workstation running a locally installed application. Having the all of the application's data files on one server is easier to back up, than having local installations and corresponding sets of data files. Application virtualization software allows applications to run in environments that do not suit the native application, meaning that they can run from different operating systems without being developed as a cross-platform application.

Answer 148

Network redundancy provides fault tolerance to the connections to the network, if a network adapter fails, but will not avoid unavailable service if one or more disks fail. Combining hard disks into an array of disks can help to avoid service unavailability due to one or more disks failing. A Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) offers a variety of fault tolerant solutions. To help protect against losing access to a computer system when a component fails, you must implement fault tolerance. Fault tolerant systems are those that contain additional components to help avoid single points of failure. Vulnerabilities in critical workflows and resources can be mitigated by creating contingency plans and resources that allow the system to be resilient to failures and unexpected outages.

Answer 149

A user can belong to one or more group accounts and inherit security permissions through privileges allocated to the groups. User accounts can be assigned directly to security policies, but if there are a large number of users, this can be difficult to manage. In a Windows workgroup, the only group accounts are Computer Administrators and Standard Users. The use of additional group accounts is associated more with domain networks. The guest account is disabled by default but should not generally be used. If the guest account is enabled, anyone can use the computer without needing to enter a password.

Answer 150

Data at rest means that the data is in some sort of persistent storage media. In this state, it is usually possible to encrypt the data using techniques such as whole disk encryption. HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) web pages are considered data in transit which is protected by a transport encryption protocol. Data transmitted over a network is considered data in transit (or data in motion), such as communicating with a web page via HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure), and is protected by a transport encryption protocol. Sending an email is considered data in transit (or data in motion) and is transmitted over a network, which is protected by a transport encryption protocol.

Answer 151

FAT32 (File Allocation Table, 32-bit version) is used for formatting removable drives and disks, by default, as it provides the best compatibility between different types of computers and devices. FAT32 allows for maximum file size of 4 GB, so the drive needs to be reformatted into NTFS (New Technology File System) which allows file sizes of up to 16 ExaBytes. The flash drive is already formatted as FAT32 by default. HFS (Hierarchical File System) is used for Apple Mac computers, so a flash drive using this format does not work with Windows systems. FAT32 allows a maximum partition size of 32 GB, but each file can only be 4 GB, so increasing the size of partitions will not help.

Answer 152

For individuals or organizations, computer data can be considered an asset, which is something of commercial value, and therefore needs to be protected. Computer data may or may not be confidential, depending on its contents or circumstances. Regardless of whether a specific set of data is confidential or not, it is likely of value to its owner. The degree of difficulty to collect a specific set of data can range widely and does not necessarily correlate to its value. Much of computer data is intended to be shared, at the discretion of its owner. The owner of the data needs to be the one who decides when, how, and at what cost (if any) to share the data.

Answer 153

Whether the house number is part of the address field together with the street name, or its own field, it's best to use the string data type. Besides being able to easily link the house number with the street name, house numbers can contain non-numeric characters such as "123 A" or "5555 1/2". Even if the house number contains only digits, there will need to be conversions into string for much of the processing. For non-integer examples of house numbers such as "5555 1/2", storing it as "5555.5" would make no sense, so the float data type is not appropriate. Most house numbers contain more than one digit, so storing them as a char data type does not work.

Answer 154

Shareware is software that is free of charge for a limited period, usually for the purpose of evaluation. After this period, the user must register it to continue using it, usually for a fee. Often there are extra features and support available after registration. With subscription-based licensing, organizations pay a per-user monthly fee to get access to the software. In this model, regular upgrades are part of the subscription. Freeware is software that is available for free, without time limits. There are usually restrictions for its use, such as no redistribution or resale. Open source is software that makes the program code available, so that other programmers can investigate the program and make it more stable and useful.

Answer 155

Scripted languages are general purpose interpreted programming languages such as JavaScript or Perl. Scripting languages support the automation and configuration of a particular operating system, i.e., the Windows Command Prompt, Windows PowerShell, or Linux Bash. Both scripted and scripting languages are interpreted languages, which means that the program does not need to compile prior to running. Scripted and scripting languages run within the context of an interpreter, a computer program that directly executes instructions written in an interpreted programming language. Scripted and scripting languages can run on platforms for which there is an interpreter, with each scripting language geared toward a particular operating system.

Answer 156

All the way through the troubleshooting steps, it is important that information about the problem, tests performed, and attempted resolutions are recorded. That way, when a problem is resolved, a complete record exists documenting the symptoms, possible causes investigated, and the ultimate resolution. The last of the 8 steps in CompTIA's troubleshooting model is to document findings/lessons learned, actions, and outcomes. Step 7 in CompTIA's troubleshooting model is to verify full system functionality and, if applicable, implement preventive measures. Part of step 7 in CompTIA's troubleshooting model is to implement preventive measures. Step 5 in CompTIA's troubleshooting model is to establish a plan of action to resolve the problem and identify potential effects.

Answer 157

DDL (Data Definition Language) commands refer to SQL (Structured Query Language) commands that add to or modify the structure of the database. DDL commands include ALTER TABLE, to add columns to a table. DML (Data Manipulation Language) commands refer to SQL commands that access or modify the contents of the database. DCL (Data Control Language) mainly deals with the rights, permissions, and other controls of the database system, with commands such as GRANT and REVOKE. XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable.

Answer 158

The downside to digital products is that they are quite easy to copy and steal. Various copy protection systems have been invented to try to enforce "pay-per-use" for digital products. A digital product is one that is sold or distributed as binary computer data. Examples of digital products include software, computer games, ebooks, music tracks, streaming video, video downloads, and so on. Digital products typically have low manufacturing and distribution costs. With the huge strides in modern technology and lowered costs of high-capacity computer systems, the quality of many digital products has become extremely high, e.g., a home-theater system with streaming movies.

Answer 159

A type II hypervisor runs as a software application within a host operating system. VirtualBox is a third-party virtualization software which can be installed on host systems including Linux. For both type I and II hypervisors, the physical machine (or host) provides the resources, such as CPU and memory, for the virtual environment. Both type I and II hypervisors manage the virtual machine environment and facilitate interaction with the host hardware and network. The Linux OS is installed directly on the computer, but it serves as the host to the type II hypervisor which is the VirtualBox software.

Answer 160

OneDrive is a cloud storage client that is built into the Windows 10 OS (Operating System), and can be accessed via File Explorer. There is also OneDrive for Business, for users to store, sync, and share work files in the cloud. Both OneDrive and DropBox are cloud-based storage solutions. DropBox is not built into the Windows OS; it is an online file hosting service that offers cloud storage, file synchronization, personal cloud, and client software. Both OneDrive and DropBox can be operated with an app for the smartphone or tablet.

Answer 161

An assembly language is any low-level programming language in which there is a very strong correspondence between the program's statements and the architecture's machine code instructions. Assembly code is very difficult to follow and is only really used by specialists trying to solve a very particular problem with an application. A markup language consists primarily of nested tags, which have very few rules, so they can be very programmer-friendly and easy to follow. Compiled programming languages range from low-level to high-level, but even the lowest level is easier to follow than assembly languages. Query languages represent a more structured form of the English language, and are very easy to follow.

Answer 162

If there is a company policy saying that visitors to the workplace must be escorted at all times, the organization needs to create written policies and procedures to help staff understand and fulfill their responsibilities and follow best practices. While the rise in consciousness of identity theft as a serious crime and growing threat is important, it deals with the handling of personal or sensitive data appropriately. An Acceptable Use Policy, or Fair Use Policy, sets out what someone is allowed to use a particular service or resource for. Monitoring data means analyzing data communications to measure an employee's productivity.

Answer 163

Integrity means that the data being stored and transferred has not been altered without authorization. Threats to integrity include Man-in-the-Middle (MitM), replay, and impersonation attacks. Confidentiality means that information is only revealed to authorized people. This can be compromised in snooping, eavesdropping/wiretapping, and social engineering/dumpster diving attacks. Availability means keeping a service running so that authorized users can access and process data whenever necessary. Availability is often threatened by accidents and oversights as well as active attacks. Social engineering refers to means of getting users to reveal confidential information or obtaining unauthorized physical access to a resource.

Answer 164

A database dump is a copy of the database or table schema along with the records in the form of SQL (Structured Query Language) statements, which another database can use to create the tables and import the information. Flat files with full contents of all tables are backups, not dumps. Dumps contain SQL statements to recreate the schema and data. Formatted reports of table contents are not very useful for backup and restore purposes. A hard disk with an exact copy of the database is a full backup, not a dump.

Answer 165

Tethering is when a cell phone, which uses cellular radio service, shares its Internet connection with a computer that has no other means of Internet access. A computer that needs to connect to the Internet by tethering to a cell phone has no other means of Internet access, such as wi-fi. Radio Frequency is a means of provisioning a wireless local network using Wi-Fi standard equipment. While this isn't a means of Internet service provision in itself, it is a means for a client to connect to a wireless router offering Internet access. A computer that needs to connect to the Internet by tethering to a cell phone has no other means of Internet access, such as a satellite link.`

Answer 166

Code written in a query language, such as SQL (Structured Query Language), is designed to retrieve specific records from a dataset. The code does not need to be compiled. Query languages can be used on many platforms. Query languages typically work together with other programming languages, which process the data retrieved by the queries. The basic structure of query languages has a smaller set of commands than most programming languages. There are advanced components and extended vocabularies in some query languages, but the basic set of commands is sufficient for most operations. Human-readable data is encoded as text, and machine-readable data (machine code) is the binary representation. Query languages represent a more structured form of the English language.

Answer 167

Single Sign-On (SSO) means that a user only has to authenticate to a system once to gain access to all its resources. The disadvantage is that compromising the account also compromises multiple services. Single-factor authentication systems can quite easily be compromised: a password could be written down or shared, a smart card could be lost or stolen, and a biometric system could be subject to high error rates. An authentication product is considered "strong" if it combines the use of more than one authentication data type. This is called multifactor authentication. Two-factor authentication combines something like a smart card or biometric mechanism with "something you know," such as a password or PIN.

Answer 168

Replication doesn't protect you from errors such as accidentally deleting a record. If the error is accepted as a valid transaction, it will be propagated amongst all the replicas at the next scheduled replication interval. When configuring backups, you need to understand that not all critical data may be stored in files within a user folder or shared folder. When configuring backups, critical data could be stored in a settings file outside of the normal data areas or be located within a database or message store. When configuring backups, you have to consider that critical data might include confidential, proprietary, and/or personal information.

Answer 169

When converting to binary you must understand that each column can have one of only two values: 0 or 1. Just as with decimal format, you add from right to left. The first column is the far right one; each column has a value two times that of the column to the right. So, as you look at each column, the values go 8 | 4 | 2 | 1. For example, the binary value for 10 is 1010. Base 10, or decimal notation, assigns each single digit one of ten different possible values. When you assign each digit one of 16 different possible values, you are using hexadecimal notation. The use of graphics to add emphasis to your code is called secondary notation.

Answer 170

When converting to binary, you must understand that each column can only have two values, 0 and 1. Just as with decimal format, you add from right to left. The first column is the far right one, and each column has a value two times the value of the column to the right. So, as you look at each column, the values go 8 | 4 | 2 | 1. The binary value for 10 is 1010. 1111 is 15 if you notice every column has a 1, which means 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 = 15. 1234 is not written in binary. 1 is actually 1 in binary.

Answer 171

ASCII code represents text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, although they support many additional characters. Unicode is the standard maintained by the Unicode Consortium, and as of June 2018 the most recent version is Unicode 11.0. Xerox Character Code Standard (XCCS) is a historical 16-bit character encoding that was created by Xerox in 1980 for the exchange of information between elements of the Xerox Network Systems Architecture. Devanagari is a South Asian writing system used by many languages, including Hindi, Konkani, Marathi, Nepali, Sanskrit, Sherpa, and Sindhi. It is not a coding language.

Answer 172

A character set is a collection of characters that might be used by multiple languages. A character set translates letters, numbers, and symbols into binary values that the computer can understand, much like the service an interpreter provides for a foreign dignitary. Computers are able to differentiate binary data through character sets. Letters, numbers, and symbols can't be read by a computer without a character set in place for translation. A computer can use dictation programs as input devices for the handicapped but not for translating letters, numbers, or symbols into binary values.

Answer 173

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) and Unicode are the most common character sets used to present data when programming computers. Computers need character sets to translate letters, numbers, and symbols into binary values. Character sets are necessary when programming computers. UCS-2 and UTF-8 are both legacy character sets and are no longer in use. The Xerox Character Code is a legacy character set from the 1980s. It is no longer widely used. The Western Standard Character Set never existed—it is a fabricated standard.

Answer 174

4B is how you would write 75 in hexadecimal notation. Hexadecimal notation is often indicated using 0x to precede the hexadecimal digits, so you may also see this written as 0x4b. For hexadecimal, you only need 16 and 1 (75 divided by 16 is 4 remainder of 11, which is represented as "B" in hexadecimal). 0100 1011 is how you would write 75 in binary notation. 7x10e1 + 5x10e0 is how you would write 75 in decimal notation. 5C is how you would write 92 in hexadecimal notation, not 75. (92 divided by 16 = 5 with a remainder of 12, which is represented as "C" in hexadecimal.)

Answer 175

UTF-8 is used by over 91 percent of websites throughout the world. UCS-2 is obsolete because it is limited to the basic multilingual plane (BMP). Many Unicode characters are beyond the reach of UCS-2. It is the precursor to UTF-16 and is not used for websites. The Xerox Character Code is also obsolete and is not used for websites. UTF-16 is used internally by systems such as Windows and Java and by JavaScript, and often for plain text and for word-processing data files on Windows. It is rarely used for files on Unix/Linux or macOS. It never gained popularity on the web, where UTF-8 is dominant.

Answer 176

The numbers 0-9 represent decimal notation. It is the basic math notation that we typically use, where every digit has the possibility to represent ten numbers or ten times the number to its right. On and off representation is characteristic of binary notation where there are only two digits represented. Binary notation allows the computer to determine whether something is on or off because an "on" is represented with a "1" and an "off" is represented with a "0." Hexadecimal notation gives you the ability to assign more than ten values to a column (up to 15), with alpha characters (a-f) used for 10-15. Hexadecimal notation allows you to represent large numbers. Secondary notation, like italic and bold characters, is used in programming to bring attention to the code to make it easier to detect important information.

Answer 177

The notational system that presents the largest numbers using the fewest digits is hexadecimal. With hexadecimal notation, each digit can store 16 bits of information. Because of this efficiency, hexadecimal is ideal for handling large values. Hexadecimal is also referred to as base 16. In a decimal system, a single digit stores four bits of information. Decimal is also referred to as base 10. In binary notation, a single digit stores only one bit of information. Binary is also referred to as base 2. A kilobyte is a unit of measure and not a notational system.

Answer 178

Hexadecimal notation gives you the ability to assign more than ten values to a column (up to 15), with alpha characters (a-f) used for 10-15. Hexadecimal notation allows you to represent large numbers. On and off representation is characteristic of binary notation where there are only two digits represented. Binary notation allows the computer to determine whether something is on or off because an "on" is represented with a "1" and an "off" is represented with a "0." The numbers 0-9 represent decimal notation. It is the basic math notation that use, where every digit has the possibility to represent ten numbers or ten times the number to its right. Secondary notation, like italic and bold characters, is used in programming to bring attention to the code to make it easier to detect important information.

Answer 179

The numbers 0-9 represent decimal notation. It is the basic math notation that we use, where every digit has the possibility to represent ten numbers or ten times the number to its right. On and off representation is characteristic of binary notation where there are only two digits represented. Binary notation allows the computer to determine whether something is on or off because an "on" is represented with a "1" and an "off" is represented with a "0." Hexadecimal notation gives you the ability to assign more than ten values to a column (16 total values where 0 is the first value up to 15). Alpha characters (a-f) are used for 10-15. Hexadecimal notation allows you to represent large numbers. Secondary notation, like italic and bold characters, is used in programming to bring attention to the code to make it easier to detect important information.

Answer 180

When single or double quotes are used to delimit a string, then quotes are not part of the string itself. To represent a quote character within a string, you must use an escape character. In this example, the backslash (\) is used as an escape character preceding the single quotation (‘). The escape character must precede the quote character. The inner portion ‘\Hello World’\ is incorrect because the escape characters follow the quotes. Double backslash (\\) inserts a literal backslash into the string, which is not what this string requires. Without escape characters, the statement “John said “Hello World” then left again.” is interpreted as two strings: “John said ” and “then left again.”

Answer 181

Boolean values are a special numeric data type which indicate that something is either TRUE or FALSE, represented with a binary 1 or 0, and consume only a single bit of storage space. The data type that consumes between 1 and 8 bytes of storage is an integer. The wide range is due to variances in system architectures (32-bit vs 64-bit) and the integer itself (short vs long). The data type the consumes between 4 and 8 bytes of storage is the floating point number. The range is due to the differences in the floating point number (standard float vs a double). The data type that consumes a single byte of storage is the character.

Answer 182

An integer is a whole number with a range of storage formats (short or long, signed or unsigned). It consumes between 1 and 8 bytes of storage, depending on the format, as well as the system architecture (32-bit or 64-bit). The data type that consumes a single bit of storage is a Boolean value. The data type the consumes between 4 and 8 bytes of storage is the floating point number. The range is due to differences in the floating point number (standard float vs a double). The data type that consumes a single byte of storage is the character.

Answer 183

A Boolean is a special numeric data type that indicates something is either TRUE or FALSE. Boolean values are stored using a single bit with 1 representing true and 0 representing false. Of the data types listed, a Boolean value is the only one that cannot contain the number 3. An integer is the ideal data type to store the number 3. When stored as an integer, mathematical operations can be performed on the number. A floating point number can also store the number 3; however, it will likely include the decimal point resulting in 3.0. A character, or char, can also store the number 3. A char can store a single letter of the alphabet, number, or symbol; however, numbers stored as a char cannot have mathematical operations performed on it.

Answer 184

Data types specify the type of information (such as number, string, picture, date) that can be stored in a column or a variable. Numbers can be used as a character data type, but when you write code and set a number as a character value other than a numeric one then that number cannot be used to compute mathematical operations. The ability to set numbers as a character data type allows flexibility and the ability to enumerate your information while coding. There are many limitations on character data types. A number can be entered as a character data type.

Answer 185

There are no storage limitations for a string. However, best practice policies can be put in place to standardize how a string is written and how much space it takes up. It would be impractical to limit a string to only two storage units. Strings don't require defined storage limitations. As stated before, best practice policies can define limitations for standardization purposes. Every data type takes up storage, whether it is a number, string, picture, or date. Even if the item contained only one bit of information, that bit would require storage space.

Answer 186

A floating point number represents decimal fractions, such as 4.0, 26.4, or 5.62. This data type consumes between 4 and 8 bytes of storage, due to differences in the represented precision, i.e., a standard float is a single precision (32 bit) floating point data type, and a double is a double precision (64 bit) floating point data type. The data type that consumes a single bit of storage is a Boolean value. The data type that consumes between 1 and 8 bytes of storage is an integer. The wide range is due to variances in system architectures (32-bit vs 64-bit) and the integer itself (short vs long). The data type that consumes a single byte of storage is the character.

Answer 187

Floating point numbers or "floats" contain decimal points. In general, floating point numbers are represented approximately to a fixed number of significant digits and scaled using an exponent in some fixed base; the base for the scaling is normally 2, 10, or 16. Whole numbers are used for integer notation, as in standard math. Boolean numbers are characteristic of binary notation. This is especially important for computers because Boolean numbers can represent on or off states. Irrational numbers cannot be used for floating point numbers.

Answer 188

Integers are represented using whole numbers, as in standard mathematical notation. For example, the numbers 5, 21, and 65536 are integers. Boolean numbers are characteristic of binary notation, but they do not represent integers. Floating point numbers contain decimal points and fractions, but do not represent integers. Integers cannot be irrational numbers.

Answer 189

A character data type is a single textual character that consumes one byte of storage space. It can store a letter of the alphabet, a symbol, or a number, i.e., b, B, 7, $, or 1. The data type that consumes a single bit of storage is a Boolean value. The data type that consumes between 1 and 8 bytes of storage is an integer. The range is due to variances in system architectures (32-bit vs 64-bit) and the integer itself (short vs long). The data type the consumes between 4 and 8 bytes of storage is the floating point number. The range is due to differences in the floating point number (standard float vs a double).

Answer 190

Boolean numbers are characteristic of binary notation where a choice of either on or off (0 or 1) needs to be made. This is especiall1y important for computers because Boolean numbers can represent on or off states. Irrational numbers are not used in binary notation. This is especially important for computers because Boolean numbers can represent on or off states. Whole numbers are used for integer notation, as in standard math. Whole numbers, with the exception of 0 and 1, are not used in binary notation. Floating point numbers contain a decimal point. In general, floating point numbers are represented approximately to a fixed number of significant digits (the significand) and scaled using an exponent in some fixed base; the base for the scaling is normally 2, 10, or 16.

Answer 191

The value “CompTIA” is a representation of the string data type. A string is a collection of text characters. Booleans are special numeric data types that indicate a value is either TRUE or FALSE using either a 1 or a 0. In this example, “CompTIA” is composed of several characters forming a string, not a TRUE or FALSE value. Characters (or chars) are single textual values that are one alphabet, symbol or numerical character in length. The value “CompTIA” is a string composed of seven character values. Integers are only numerical. The value “CompTIA” is not numerical and is therefore not an integer.

Answer 192

Data types are required to convert our language into one that a computer can understand, and they determine what sort of operations can be performed. Computers can process more than one data type; they are not limited. Computers do not process language as we do. Our language has to be converted into a data type that computers understand. A program is necessary for the computer to process specific data.

Answer 193

A computer receives data from a user via input, which is defined as the way a human interfaces with a computer through a peripheral device such as a keyboard, mouse, camera, or other such device. The Internet is not a way for a user to input data, but rather an application that a computer runs. Printers and computer screens are typically output devices, not input devices. Users do not tend to write data to memory directly. The user requires input devices, which then enable processing through the CPU, therefore creating output.

Answer 194

A user receives information from a computer via output, which is how a computer displays the information that it has processed. This is usually displayed through a peripheral device that produces an image or sound, such as a monitor, printer, or speaker. Interfacing with a keyboard is an example of input, not output. The Internet is an application, and still requires the use of an output to send the information to a user. A hard drive or flash drive does store data, but this data is not transferred to the user without the use of an output.

Answer 195

Memory is also known as primary storage, primary memory, main storage, internal storage, main memory, or Random Access Memory (RAM); these terms are used interchangeably by computer experts. Memory is the part of the computer that holds data and instructions for processing regardless of whether the computer is on or off. Keeping track of where a given instruction or piece of data is stored is a part of the address register. Registers are not a part of memory; rather they are special additional storage locations that offer the advantage of speed. Registers work under the direction of the control unit to accept, hold, and transfer instructions or data and perform arithmetic or logical comparisons at high speed. A computer must write to memory to save data; otherwise, it would be lost when the power is turned off. Caches enable the CPU to work on simple or common activities quickly, but they still need other memory functions.

Answer 196

Computer data is information processed or stored by a computer using nothing more complicated than the binary digits 1 and 0. This information may be in the form of text documents, images, audio clips, software programs, or other types of data. Computer data may be processed by the computer's CPU and is stored in files and folders on the computer's hard disk. Information presented as unprocessed facts and figures without any added interpretation or analysis is considered raw data. Information transferred between people either through speaking or writing, using words in a structured and conventional way, is language. Information that references something else in design or origin is referential data.

Answer 197

The task model requires that you have three things: hardware to do the work, software to tell the hardware what to do, and the computer user to interface with the computer. The task model does require software and hardware (such as keyboards and printers), but a computer user is also needed. Programmers tend to write the software and technicians tend to fix both hardware and software. They are not part of the task model. The task model does require a computer user and hardware (including a monitor), but software is also needed.

Answer 198

A peripheral device is generally defined as any auxiliary device, such as a computer mouse or keyboard, that connects to and works with the computer in some way. Other examples of peripherals are image scanners, tape drives, microphones, loudspeakers, webcams, and digital cameras. The parts within the case are usually considered the integrated circuits of the computer. The motherboard, CPU, graphics card, and other integrated circuits within the case are not peripherals. The monitor itself is a peripheral device, but not the parts within it, and this is not the only type of peripheral device that exists.

Answer 199

Software refers to a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work. The physical hardware (the computer) actually performs the work. Computer hardware and software require each other, and neither can be realistically used on its own. Software tells the computer how to work and hardware is the equipment that performs the work. For example, the computer monitor you are using to read this text and the mouse you are using to navigate this web page are both considered computer hardware. The operating system that your computer is running on is considered software. There is a clear difference between hardware and software. In simple terms, software acts as the brain and hardware does all the work.

Answer 200

The computer does its primary work in a part of the machine we cannot see, a control center that converts data input to information output. The central processing unit (CPU), is a highly complex, extensive set of electronic circuitries that executes stored program instructions from the operating system and application software. All computers, large and small, must have a central processing unit. Output is the process whereby a computer displays the information that it processed. A computer writes data to memory because it would otherwise be temporary. A computer depends on input from a user to process information for an output.

Answer 201

A peripheral device is any auxiliary device that connects to and works with the computer in some way. Most common uses are for entering information as input (i.e. a keyboard or a mouse) and delivering it to the user as output (i.e. monitors, printers, or speakers). The computer components that generate the graphics are integrated graphics processors on the motherboard or graphics cards. Add-on graphics cards can be considered to be peripheral devices, as they are not essential to the function of a computer, but they are not as commonly added to a computer as a keyboard is. Processing the input information and preparing it for output is the function of the CPU and other devices within the integrated circuits, which are all essential components and not peripheral devices. There are peripheral storage devices, such as thumb drives and external hard drives, but storage that is contained within the computer case is part of the computer essentials and not a peripheral device.

Answer 202

A Central Processing Unit (CPU) and memory are used by all types of computers, including servers, desktops, and laptops. The CPU retrieves each instruction or data file from memory and processes it. Afterward, the CPU writes the results back to memory and directs other components to perform actions. Servers are computers that use a CPU and system memory, as are desktops and laptops. Desktops are computers that use a CPU and system memory, as are servers and laptops. Laptops are computers that use a CPU and system memory, as are servers and desktops.

Answer 203

Patent infringement occurs when someone uses, makes, sells, or imports your patented invention without your permission. An intellectual property crime is one in which you can prove that an idea was originally yours even though you may not have placed a copyright or patent on it. Copyright infringement happens when somebody reproduces your copyrighted property or distributes unauthorized copies of works either online or by manufacturing and distributing infringing CDs or DVDs. Technocrime is the term used by law enforcement agencies to denote criminal activity that uses (computer) technology not as a tool to commit a crime, but as the subject of the crime itself.

Answer 204

Audits and inventories are important activities for measuring accountability within your organization, but they are not specific security controls. Access controls are security controls that limit the use of a computing device to an authorized person, such as its owner. Access control on workstation operating systems is usually enforced by the restrictions of user accounts. Backups are security controls that ensure business integrity and continuity in the event of a data loss. Having a backup enables you to restore your data when needed. High availability is a preventive security control that ensures users always have access to their data. When a system is regularly non-functioning, information availability is affected, significantly impacting users.

Answer 205

Uncontrolled peer-to-peer transactions make it easier to sell information without the oversight of an institutional set of rules. This is how the online black market was created with the development of underground economies like Silk Road. One of the key traits of data in terms of value in information stems from that fact that a digital product is one that is sold or distributed as binary computer data. Due to technical advancements, digital products typically have low manufacturing and distribution costs. The ability to sell information via hosting has increased the availability and accessibility of information even though infrastructure costs can be high.

Answer 206

The traditional way of storing data in a relational database actually creates a disadvantage for semi-structured data models. The popularity and ease with which the ready-made query language is written keeps people from migrating to new systems. Programmers who place objects from their application into a database do not need to worry about object-relational impedance mismatch, but can often serialize objects via a lightweight library. Support for nested or hierarchical data often simplifies data models representing complex relationships between entities. Support for lists of objects simplifies data models by avoiding messy the translations of lists into a relational data model.

Answer 207

A patent allows you to protect an idea or invention without even having to create it. A copyright is an automatic legal protection granted to certain types of work, but before a copyright can be applied the work must have been created and a sample has to be shown. A trademark is a protection applied to a name and/or logo so that a company can promote its goods without someone else taking their name and/or logo. The practice of sending a copy of your own work to yourself is sometimes called a “poor man’s copyright.” It does not guarantee protection.

Answer 208

Data becomes information when it is applied to some purpose and adds value for the recipient. For example, a set of raw sales figures is data. For the sales manager tasked with deciding the future focus of a sales drive, the raw data needs to be processed into a sales report. It is the sales report that provides information. Data that is presented unprocessed, without any added interpretation or analysis, is considered "raw data." Data that arrives after you have made your decision is of no value. Data must be readily available for processing into information.

Answer 209

A copyright is an automatic legal protection granted to certain types of work, indicating that the copyright holder owns the right to control the use of the work, including rights of publication, distribution, or sale. A trademark is a protection applied to a name and/or logo so that a company can promote its goods without someone else taking their name and/or logo. A patent allows you to protect an idea or invention without even having to create it. The practice of sending a copy of your own work to yourself is sometimes called a “poor man’s copyright.” There is no provision in copyright law regarding any such type of protection, and it is not a substitute for registration.

Answer 210

Data correlation is the analysis of the whole data set to find connections and links between data points. The ability of software to perform data correlation without much human intervention is greatly boosted by the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning systems. Data capture and the collection of information is done prior to data correlation. The presentation of information in a meaningful output is the outcome of data correlation. The raw data is the data collected during the data capture phase.

Answer 211

In IT terminology, ROSI refers to Return on Security Investment. To determine ROSI, we simply subtract what we expect to lose in a year (ALE) from the annual cost of intrusion. T is the cost of the intrusion detection tool. E is the dollar savings gained by stopping any number of intrusions through the introduction of an intrusion detection tool. R is the cost per year to recover from any number of intrusions. (R - E) + T = ALE and R - (ALE) = ROSI. ROSI does also stand for Return on Spending Index, but this is a marketing tool and not an IT term. ROSI does also stand for Report of Safety Information, but this is an OSHA safety report and not an IT term. ROSI is a signal protocol for radio communication, but this is not an IT term.

Answer 212

For organizations, and even for individuals, computer data can be considered an asset. An asset is something of commercial value. Therefore, it is important that you take the steps necessary to protect this asset. Regardless of whether or not data has a material substance, it still has value and it certainly isn't free (unless released as free for use). Without protection, anybody can take data without your knowledge. You may want to invest in private clouds. They are a bit more expensive, but they tend to have more stringent safety measures and fewer points of entry for hackers. To assume that hackers only go after big corporations is a fallacy. The truth is that over 70% of cyberattacks are made against businesses that employ fewer than 100 people.

Answer 213

A data breach is an incident that involves the unauthorized or illegal viewing, access, or retrieval of data by an individual, application, or service. It is designed to steal and/or publish data to an unsecured or illegal location. If your anti-virus software picks up an attack and informs you that it was blocked, then you are relatively safe from a data breach. If a technician accesses your computer using remote desktop software to assist you, they are not committing a data breach. If your network is attacked by a denial of service attack and you are unable to access your cloud data, then it is an issue of availability and not necessarily a data breach.

Answer 214

A trademark protects a name and/or logo so that a company can promote its goods without someone else taking their name or logo. A copyright gives its owner the rights of publication, distribution, or sale, but is not used to protect names and/or logos. A patent allows you to protect an idea or invention without even having to create it. The practice of sending a copy of your own work to yourself is sometimes called a “poor man’s copyright.” There is no provision in copyright law regarding any such type of protection, and it is not a substitute for registration.

Answer 215

There are three systems associated with the data-driven business decision: data collection, data correlation, and meaningful reporting. It all starts with data collection. This is the step in which you collect all the data before analysis is done (often referred to as raw data). While data correlation is a part of the data-driven business decision process, it does not necessarily have to be set up at the beginning. In fact, you cannot begin correlating data until you have that data. Meaningful and understandable reporting is the necessary endpoint of the process. Every business decision should be data driven.

Answer 216

To make data-driven business decisions you must capture data, correlate it, and convert that data into meaningful reports. Data without correlation or meaningful reporting remains "raw data" and cannot be used to make a data-driven business decision. While it may sound like a good marketing phrase, data-driven business decisions do not require you to know "what you are doing, where you are going, and how you are going to get there." The authority to make the decision ultimately lies with the person making the decision, often the CEO. A data-driven business decision provides a meaningful report that allows the CEO to make an informed decision.

Answer 217

Data exfiltration occurs when an intentional data breach has been conducted and information is illegally copied out of your organization without your approval. Malicious code usually comes in the form of a virus and is an infiltration rather than an exfiltration. When a hacker uses software that looks legitimate but it takes over your computer, it is called a Trojan Horse or Trojan Virus. This is a type of virus, though it can result in an exfiltration of data without your knowledge. Hiding something within an image with the intent of damaging a computer is a type of viral attack called steganography.

Answer 218

Intellectual property consists of items you have created that are unique and that provide you with an economic benefit. It includes inventions, designs, original works of authorship, and trade secrets. How you protect your intellectual property depends on what types of intellectual property you have. It can be protected through trademarks, copyrights, and patents. Intellectual property doesn't have to be physical property to be protected—an idea can be protected as well. A warranty needs to be registered with the manufacturer, but this is related to items you purchase, not intellectual property. Intellectual property may be protected even if it does not have substance.

Answer 219

Digital rights management (DRM) is a set of access control technologies for restricting the use of proprietary hardware and copyrighted works. "Pay-per-use" policies were meant to prevent intellectual property from being copied freely, just as physical locks are needed to prevent personal property from being stolen. There are actually many different types of DRMs in place to enforce copyright protection for digital products, specifically music, movies, and video games. Digital Protection Enforcement systems (DPE) are not actual access-control technologies. Although a privacy screen protector may prevent wandering eyes from seeing intellectual property, it will not enforce copyright protections.

Answer 220

A digital product is one that is sold or distributed as binary computer data. Digital products typically have low manufacturing and distribution costs, though hosted products can have substantial infrastructure costs. Examples of digital products include software, computer games, eBooks, music tracks, streaming video, and video downloads. A computer case is an example of physical hardware. Software support documentation is used to assist you in loading, running, and troubleshooting a program. It is not considered a digital product. A computer monitor is an example of an output peripheral device.

Answer 221

A trademark allows a company to protect a distinctive name and/or logo so the company can promote its goods. A patent allows you to protect an idea or invention without even having to create it. A trade secret law does not protect a name or logo; it can, however protect any formula, pattern, device, or compilation of information that is used in one's business and that gives one an opportunity to obtain an advantage over competitors who do not know or use it. A business plan can help you develop your path toward success, but it does not protect your name or logo without a copyright.

Answer 222

To inform human decision making at the insights layer, the information identified by the analytics system must be presented in ways that humans can analyze and interpret. While it is important to collect all of the raw data and information prior to data correlation, the meaningful report is not intended to confirm this process. Data correlation is the analysis of the whole data set to find connections and links between data points. Data-driven business decisions need meaningful reports. They are the product of the whole process.

Answer 223

Cybersecurity is important because the numbers of threats are rising, the severity of attacks is increasing, and the future outlook indicates that cybersecurity risk will continue to be a concern. The effectiveness of defense methods is not decreasing. The number of cybersecurity attacks is increasing every year. From a total cost of $445 billion in 2014, the cost of cybercrimes reached $600 billion in 2017. In addition to more attacks, the severity of attacks is also on the rise. Risks will continue to be a concern in the future, and many companies recognize that cybersecurity is an area worthy of commitment and are taking preventative action against threats.

Answer 224

Patent infringement occurs when someone uses, makes, sells, or imports your patented invention without your permission. An intellectual property crime is one in which you can prove that an idea was originally yours even though you may not have placed a copyright or patent on it. Copyright infringement happens when somebody reproduces your copyrighted property or distributes unauthorized copies of works either online or by manufacturing and distributing infringing CDs or DVDs. Technocrime is the term used by law enforcement agencies to denote criminal activity that uses (computer) technology not as a tool to commit a crime, but as the subject of the crime itself.

Answer 225

Audits and inventories are important activities for measuring accountability within your organization, but they are not specific security controls. Access controls are security controls that limit the use of a computing device to an authorized person, such as its owner. Access control on workstation operating systems is usually enforced by the restrictions of user accounts. Backups are security controls that ensure business integrity and continuity in the event of a data loss. Having a backup enables you to restore your data when needed. High availability is a preventive security control that ensures users always have access to their data. When a system is regularly non-functioning, information availability is affected, significantly impacting users.

Answer 226

Uncontrolled peer-to-peer transactions make it easier to sell information without the oversight of an institutional set of rules. This is how the online black market was created with the development of underground economies like Silk Road. One of the key traits of data in terms of value in information stems from that fact that a digital product is one that is sold or distributed as binary computer data. Due to technical advancements, digital products typically have low manufacturing and distribution costs. The ability to sell information via hosting has increased the availability and accessibility of information even though infrastructure costs can be high.

Answer 227

The traditional way of storing data in a relational database actually creates a disadvantage for semi-structured data models. The popularity and ease with which the ready-made query language is written keeps people from migrating to new systems. Programmers who place objects from their application into a database do not need to worry about object-relational impedance mismatch, but can often serialize objects via a lightweight library. Support for nested or hierarchical data often simplifies data models representing complex relationships between entities. Support for lists of objects simplifies data models by avoiding messy the translations of lists into a relational data model.

Answer 228

A patent allows you to protect an idea or invention without even having to create it. A copyright is an automatic legal protection granted to certain types of work, but before a copyright can be applied the work must have been created and a sample has to be shown. A trademark is a protection applied to a name and/or logo so that a company can promote its goods without someone else taking their name and/or logo. The practice of sending a copy of your own work to yourself is sometimes called a “poor man’s copyright.” It does not guarantee protection.

Answer 229

Data becomes information when it is applied to some purpose and adds value for the recipient. For example, a set of raw sales figures is data. For the sales manager tasked with deciding the future focus of a sales drive, the raw data needs to be processed into a sales report. It is the sales report that provides information. Data that is presented unprocessed, without any added interpretation or analysis, is considered "raw data." Data that arrives after you have made your decision is of no value. Data must be readily available for processing into information.

Answer 230

A copyright is an automatic legal protection granted to certain types of work, indicating that the copyright holder owns the right to control the use of the work, including rights of publication, distribution, or sale. A trademark is a protection applied to a name and/or logo so that a company can promote its goods without someone else taking their name and/or logo. A patent allows you to protect an idea or invention without even having to create it. The practice of sending a copy of your own work to yourself is sometimes called a “poor man’s copyright.” There is no provision in copyright law regarding any such type of protection, and it is not a substitute for registration.

Answer 231

Data correlation is the analysis of the whole data set to find connections and links between data points. The ability of software to perform data correlation without much human intervention is greatly boosted by the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning systems. Data capture and the collection of information is done prior to data correlation. The presentation of information in a meaningful output is the outcome of data correlation. The raw data is the data collected during the data capture phase.

Answer 232

In IT terminology, ROSI refers to Return on Security Investment. To determine ROSI, we simply subtract what we expect to lose in a year (ALE) from the annual cost of intrusion. T is the cost of the intrusion detection tool. E is the dollar savings gained by stopping any number of intrusions through the introduction of an intrusion detection tool. R is the cost per year to recover from any number of intrusions. (R - E) + T = ALE and R - (ALE) = ROSI. ROSI does also stand for Return on Spending Index, but this is a marketing tool and not an IT term. ROSI does also stand for Report of Safety Information, but this is an OSHA safety report and not an IT term. ROSI is a signal protocol for radio communication, but this is not an IT term.

Answer 233

For organizations, and even for individuals, computer data can be considered an asset. An asset is something of commercial value. Therefore, it is important that you take the steps necessary to protect this asset. Regardless of whether or not data has a material substance, it still has value and it certainly isn't free (unless released as free for use). Without protection, anybody can take data without your knowledge. You may want to invest in private clouds. They are a bit more expensive, but they tend to have more stringent safety measures and fewer points of entry for hackers. To assume that hackers only go after big corporations is a fallacy. The truth is that over 70% of cyberattacks are made against businesses that employ fewer than 100 people.

Answer 234

A data breach is an incident that involves the unauthorized or illegal viewing, access, or retrieval of data by an individual, application, or service. It is designed to steal and/or publish data to an unsecured or illegal location. If your anti-virus software picks up an attack and informs you that it was blocked, then you are relatively safe from a data breach. If a technician accesses your computer using remote desktop software to assist you, they are not committing a data breach. If your network is attacked by a denial of service attack and you are unable to access your cloud data, then it is an issue of availability and not necessarily a data breach.

Answer 235

A trademark protects a name and/or logo so that a company can promote its goods without someone else taking their name or logo. A copyright gives its owner the rights of publication, distribution, or sale, but is not used to protect names and/or logos. A patent allows you to protect an idea or invention without even having to create it. The practice of sending a copy of your own work to yourself is sometimes called a “poor man’s copyright.” There is no provision in copyright law regarding any such type of protection, and it is not a substitute for registration.

Answer 236

There are three systems associated with the data-driven business decision: data collection, data correlation, and meaningful reporting. It all starts with data collection. This is the step in which you collect all the data before analysis is done (often referred to as raw data). While data correlation is a part of the data-driven business decision process, it does not necessarily have to be set up at the beginning. In fact, you cannot begin correlating data until you have that data. Meaningful and understandable reporting is the necessary endpoint of the process. Every business decision should be data driven.

Answer 237

To make data-driven business decisions you must capture data, correlate it, and convert that data into meaningful reports. Data without correlation or meaningful reporting remains "raw data" and cannot be used to make a data-driven business decision. While it may sound like a good marketing phrase, data-driven business decisions do not require you to know "what you are doing, where you are going, and how you are going to get there." The authority to make the decision ultimately lies with the person making the decision, often the CEO. A data-driven business decision provides a meaningful report that allows the CEO to make an informed decision.

Answer 238

Data exfiltration occurs when an intentional data breach has been conducted and information is illegally copied out of your organization without your approval. Malicious code usually comes in the form of a virus and is an infiltration rather than an exfiltration. When a hacker uses software that looks legitimate but it takes over your computer, it is called a Trojan Horse or Trojan Virus. This is a type of virus, though it can result in an exfiltration of data without your knowledge. Hiding something within an image with the intent of damaging a computer is a type of viral attack called steganography.

Answer 239

Intellectual property consists of items you have created that are unique and that provide you with an economic benefit. It includes inventions, designs, original works of authorship, and trade secrets. How you protect your intellectual property depends on what types of intellectual property you have. It can be protected through trademarks, copyrights, and patents. Intellectual property doesn't have to be physical property to be protected—an idea can be protected as well. A warranty needs to be registered with the manufacturer, but this is related to items you purchase, not intellectual property. Intellectual property may be protected even if it does not have substance.

Answer 240

Digital rights management (DRM) is a set of access control technologies for restricting the use of proprietary hardware and copyrighted works. "Pay-per-use" policies were meant to prevent intellectual property from being copied freely, just as physical locks are needed to prevent personal property from being stolen. There are actually many different types of DRMs in place to enforce copyright protection for digital products, specifically music, movies, and video games. Digital Protection Enforcement systems (DPE) are not actual access-control technologies. Although a privacy screen protector may prevent wandering eyes from seeing intellectual property, it will not enforce copyright protections.

Answer 241

A digital product is one that is sold or distributed as binary computer data. Digital products typically have low manufacturing and distribution costs, though hosted products can have substantial infrastructure costs. Examples of digital products include software, computer games, eBooks, music tracks, streaming video, and video downloads. A computer case is an example of physical hardware. Software support documentation is used to assist you in loading, running, and troubleshooting a program. It is not considered a digital product. A computer monitor is an example of an output peripheral device.

Answer 242

A trademark allows a company to protect a distinctive name and/or logo so the company can promote its goods. A patent allows you to protect an idea or invention without even having to create it. A trade secret law does not protect a name or logo; it can, however protect any formula, pattern, device, or compilation of information that is used in one's business and that gives one an opportunity to obtain an advantage over competitors who do not know or use it. A business plan can help you develop your path toward success, but it does not protect your name or logo without a copyright.

Answer 243

To inform human decision making at the insights layer, the information identified by the analytics system must be presented in ways that humans can analyze and interpret. While it is important to collect all of the raw data and information prior to data correlation, the meaningful report is not intended to confirm this process. Data correlation is the analysis of the whole data set to find connections and links between data points. Data-driven business decisions need meaningful reports. They are the product of the whole process.

Answer 244

Cybersecurity is important because the numbers of threats are rising, the severity of attacks is increasing, and the future outlook indicates that cybersecurity risk will continue to be a concern. The effectiveness of defense methods is not decreasing. The number of cybersecurity attacks is increasing every year. From a total cost of $445 billion in 2014, the cost of cybercrimes reached $600 billion in 2017. In addition to more attacks, the severity of attacks is also on the rise. Risks will continue to be a concern in the future, and many companies recognize that cybersecurity is an area worthy of commitment and are taking preventative action against threats.

Answer 245

The Kilobyte (KB) is used to represent 1000 bytes and is used for small files and older computer files. Kbps, or 1000 bits per second, is not a measurement of the size of a file but of the speed at which data is transferred between devices on the bus. One bit takes one storage location in memory. It is the smallest unit of data storage. A collection of eight bits is called a byte. It is used to store a single character. The capacity of the memory or the storage is expressed in terms of bytes.

Answer 246

The Kilobyte (KB) is used to represent 1000 bytes and is used for small files and older computer files. Kbps, or 1000 bits per second, is not a measurement of the size of a file but of the speed at which data is transferred between devices on the bus. One bit takes one storage location in memory. It is the smallest unit of data storage. A collection of eight bits is called a byte. It is used to store a single character. The capacity of the memory or the storage is expressed in terms of bytes.

Answer 247

Slow network links and older legacy computers measure their throughput in Kbps. The Gigabyte is not a throughput unit of measurement. It is commonly used to represent disk capacity. Gbps is used as a measurement of throughput speed, but it is not used to refer to slow network links or older legacy computers. The latest PC bus standards and networks use Gbps as the standard for throughput speed. A Megabyte is not a throughput rate. It is a unit of storage representing 1000 x 1000 bytes, and is commonly used to measure medium to large files.

Answer 248

A collection of eight bits is called a byte. It is used to store a single character. The capacity of memory or storage is expressed in terms of bytes. A computer works with binary digits. These digits are in the form of 0s and 1s. A binary digit is called a bit. One bit takes one storage location in memory. It is the smallest unit of data storage and not a multiple at all. The Kilobyte represents 1000 bytes, so it is not the smallest multiple. The Megabyte represents 1000 x 1000 bytes, so it is not the smallest multiple either.

Answer 249

Gigahertz (GHz) or 1000 million cycles per second Unselected Petabyte 1000 TB Unselected Megabyte (MB) 1000 x 1000 bytes Unselected Megahertz (MHz) or 1 million cycles per second

Answer 250

MHz, or 1 million cycles per second Unselected Kbps, or 1,000 bits per second Unselected GB, or 1000 x 1000 x 1000 bytes Unselected Gbps, or 1,000,000,000 bits per second

Answer 251

A Terabyte represents 1000 GB and it is the unit of measure for newer hard disks and other large storage networks. A bit is a unit of measurement for capacity, but it is the smallest unit and can't be used for large storage networks or newer hard drives. Megahertz is not a unit of measurement for storage. It is a measurement of the frequency at which you transmit data or the speed at which the hard drive spins to process data. Mbps does not represent disk capacity, but is a representation of speed.

Answer 252

The Petabyte is currently the largest storage capacity unit of measurement. It represents 1000 Terabytes and is used for large storage networks and cloud storage. A Megabyte represents 1000 x 1000 bytes and is used to measure medium to large files. Megahertz is not a unit of measurement for storage. It is a measurement of the frequency at which you transmit data or the speed at which the hard drive spins to process data. Mbps is not a measurement of storage. It is commonly used for wireless networks and residential internet links as a measurement of throughput speed.

Answer 253

A computer works with binary digits. These digits are in the form of 0s and 1s. A binary digit is called a bit. One bit takes one storage location in memory. It is the smallest unit of data storage. A collection of eight bits is called a byte. It is used to store a single character. The capacity of the memory or storage is expressed in terms of bytes. A Gigabyte is 1000 x 1000 x 1000 bytes and is therefore not the most basic unit of computer data. A Megabyte is 1000 x 1000 bytes, and like a Gigabyte it is too big to be the most basic unit of computer data.

Answer 254

Major telecommunications links between data centers, cities, and countries are measured in Tbps, or 1,000,000,000,000 bits per second. Slow network links and older legacy computers measure their throughput in Kbps, or 1000 bits per second. This measurement is too small for major telecommunications links. Wireless networks and residential internet links typically use Mbps, or 1,000,000 bps, as a throughput speed. This measurement is too small for major telecommunications links. The latest PC bus standards and networks can support Gbps, or 1,000,000,000 bits per second as a throughput speed. This measurement is too small for major telecommunications links.

Answer 255

Medium to large files are measured in Megabytes, or MB. One MB is one million bytes, or 1000 x 1000 bytes. Megahertz, or MHz, is not a unit of measurement for file storage, but of the frequency at which data is transmitted, or the speed at which the hard drive spins to process data. Mbps stands for megabits per second and is a way to measure the throughput or speed of a network, not file storage. Kbps stands for kilobits per second and is a way to measure the throughput or speed of a network (typically for slower network links or older legacy computers), not file storage.

Answer 256

The Gigabyte is commonly used to represent disk capacity. Gbps is used as a measurement of throughput speed. The latest PC bus standards and networks use Gbps as the standard for throughput speed. Gigahertz (GHz) is not used as a unit of measurement for disk capacity. Gigahertz is a measurement of the frequency at which you transmit data and is commonly used to describe the speed of modern CPUs and bus types and the frequency at which fiber optic network equipment can transmit data. Kbps does not represent disk capacity but is a representation of speed.

Answer 257

Wireless networks and residential Internet links typically use Mbps, or 1,000,000,000 bps as a throughput speed. One bit is the smallest unit of data storage and takes one storage location in memory. It is not a measure of throughput speed. The Kilobyte is not a throughput unit of measure. It is a storage unit of measurement commonly used for small files and older computer files. A Megabyte is not a throughput rate. It is a unit of storage representing 1000 x 1000 bytes, and is commonly used to measure medium to large files.

Answer 258

Gigabits per second (Gbps), or 1,000,000,000 bits per second, is the throughput speed that the latest PC bus standards and networks can support. Wireless networks and residential internet links typically use Megabits per second (Mbps), or 1,000,000 bps, as a throughput speed. The latest PC bus standards and networks are faster. A Megabyte (MB) is not a throughput rate. It is a unit of storage and represents 1000 x 1000 bytes commonly used to measure medium to large files. Gigahertz (GHz) is not a throughput rate. It is a measurement of the frequency at which data is transmitted, or the speed at which the hard drive spins to process data.

Answer 259

The throughput rate that a particular connection can sustain is measured in bits per second (bps). This is the basic unit of measure that is used to measure data when it is transferred between components in the computer or between computers over a network. The Kilobyte (KB) is not a throughput rate. It is a unit of storage representing 1000 bytes and is used for small files and older computer files. A Megabyte (MB) is not a throughput rate. It is a unit of storage representing 1000 x 1000 bytes and is commonly used to measure medium to large files. Megahertz (MHz) it is not a throughput rate. It is a measurement of the frequency at which you transmit data or the speed at which the hard drive spins to process data.

Answer 260

The first step of the troubleshooting model is to identify the problem. This involves the actions mentioned in the scenario, but the action that is missing is to determine if anything has changed. Researching the knowledge base is part of the second step of the troubleshooting model, which occurs after identifying the problem. Establishing a theory of probable cause is the third step of the troubleshooting model, which occurs after conducting research. Testing the theory is the fourth step of the troubleshooting model, which occurs after establishing a theory of probable cause.

Answer 261

The ipconfig /renew command will re-establish a TCP/IP connection on all network adapters. This command is often used after the ipconfig /release command, which frees up the IP addresses on all adapters. This command requires that the client is configured to use DHCP. Ipconfig /refresh is not a command, but a refresh can be done by typing ipconfig /release and ipconfig /renew. Ipconfig /request is not a command for the same reason. Ipconfig /update is not a command, but if you would like to see everything about your active TCP/IP connection, you can type ipconfig/ all.

Answer 262

Disable your onboard graphics card to prevent any conflicts between the two. The exception to this rule is if you're going to operate two separate monitors, one attached to a separate graphics card. Your antivirus program does not influence the use of your onboard or third-party graphics card. It may be necessary to scan the storage media on which the driver is located. Disabling your BIOS password would put your computer at risk and has nothing to do with the use of your new graphics card. Installing a firmware update on your system's motherboard may affect the onboard graphics card but you are trying to install a third-party graphics card.

Answer 263

The third step of the process, in which you establish a theory of probable cause, is the one in which you would question the obvious. Never let assumptions guide you down the wrong path. In the first step you are still gathering information, so you shouldn't try to establish a theory or probable cause yet. Documenting your findings, actions, and outcomes is the last step of the process. It is meant to help you avoid the problem the next time. If you are still questioning the obvious, you have not fixed the problem. Establishing a plan of action to resolve the problem happens prior to implementing the solution. However, you should be past the point of questioning the obvious at this stage.

Answer 264

If there are errors during the Power-On Self-Test (POST), the system will alert you through a series of beeps. Different sequences of beeps indicate specific types of problem. For example, you might hear a single beep, then three beeps, then a single beep again. You would then look up the codes for the manufacturer of the BIOS to determine what problem a code of 1-3-1 indicates. A Windows error message tells you what is wrong with the operating system, so it would not appear after Windows has finished loading. If there were issues in the POST, the operating system may not have even started. Safe Mode is used as an alternate boot-up mode for Windows. The screen displaying a color sequence is part of a monitor's self-test.

Answer 265

When technicians replicate a problem, they are trying to recreate the issue to validate the claim made by the user and also see first-hand the results of the issue. Replicating an issue does not involve trying to diagnose the issue and determine an appropriate solution. Replicating an issue does not involve trying to figure out what the root cause is. It merely involves attempting to get the same problem to occur by repeating the steps that the user claims caused the problem. Countermeasures are implemented after you determine what the root of the problem is.

Answer 266

Device Manager is a tool used to manage and configure system devices. If there is an issue with a specific component, it will be indicated with a small icon in the hardware list. If you see a red X next to a device, it means that the device has been disabled. If you see a yellow question mark next to a device, it means that the device has been detected, but a driver is not installed. It may also mean that there is a resource conflict. If you see a yellow exclamation mark, it means that there is a problem with the device that must be resolved, such as no networks being in range. A resource conflict will not cause alerts to display in Device Manager for a wireless adapter.

Answer 267

A flickering monitor can be the result of several different problems. The first thing you should do is ensure that the cable is securely connected. If it is, the problem might be that the screen refresh rate is too high or too low. A typical refresh rate for a computer is 60-70 hertz (Hz). Flickering might also be the result of old or incorrect drivers being used. You can use the Device Manager tool to determine the manufacturer of the display adapter. At that point, you can go to the manufacturer's site and download the most current display driver. The power management setting would not cause the screen to flicker. Dead pixels on the display would not flicker because they no longer work. If the video cable is unplugged, then there is no connection to the computer which results in no output to the screen whatsoever.

Answer 268

The ipconfig /release command will terminate any active TCP/IP connections on all network adapters and free up those IP addresses. You can optionally drop IP addresses for only a particular connection and not others by specifying the name of the connection in quotation marks after the command. The ipconfig /all command will display all of the current TCP/IP network configuration values and can modify Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP and Domain Name System DNS settings. It will not free up IP addresses, however. There is no such command as ipconfig/ cancel. There is no such command as ipconfig/ drop.

Answer 269

If your built-in Ethernet port doesn't work after checking connections, drivers, hardware discovery, power, grounding, and other troubleshooting paths, you should check the BIOS settings under Integrated Peripherals to be sure that the device is enabled. A skilled friend would be helpful as long as they have you check the BIOS settings under Integrated Peripherals. The instruction manual doesn't usually provide in-depth troubleshooting procedures. The manufacturer's website may be helpful but, much like the instruction manual, it usually doesn't provide in-depth troubleshooting procedures. It would most likely have you check the BIOS settings first.

Answer 270

You should read your manufacturer's documentation prior to attempting to fix a problem yourself because you might void your warranty and be unable to return the item for replacement if there is evidence of tinkering. The manufacturer's documentation would certainly tell you what tools you would need to use to work on their hardware systems, but it is not the primary reason for reading the information. Warnings, caveats, and guidelines for dismantling and repairing your system are usually meant for a trained technician. The safety information will be provided in your manufacturer's documentation, but they are not the primary reason for consulting the documentation.

Answer 271

If you can hear loud grinding sounds coming from the inside of the computer, this is most likely a sign of physical damage to the hard drive. Continuing to use the computer is risky, as the damage is likely to get worse with additional use. The safest thing to do would be to immediately backup the data, then shutdown the computer, and then replace the damaged drive. Note that solid state drives (SSDs) are not susceptible to this type of problem, since there are no moving parts. The hard drive would fail to operate if it was not connected correctly. If the data on the drive is corrupted, then you would not hear it. You can run system checks to discover whether the drive is corrupted or has bad sectors on them. Bad data sectors will not cause a loud grinding noise.

Answer 272

Consider the possible outcomes of your fix action before you act on them. You need to make sure that you know how to deal with problems that you may create. Documenting your findings, actions, and outcome is the last step of the process and performed after putting the plan into action. It creates a record of the event that will help you avoid the problem in the future and acts as a reference if the problem occurs again. You should have asked the user what might have changed prior to developing your fix action. Collecting more information about the problem may be helpful, but this should have been done before you developed the plan.

Answer 273

You have to start somewhere. The best way to approach troubleshooting when there are multiple levels of problems is to consider multiple approaches, prioritize each level, and then divide and conquer. Experienced users can be helpful in gathering information, but they generally don't help with troubleshooting. If you really need assistance while troubleshooting, contact another technician or escalate to your boss. You should never ignore a problem. If solving it is beyond your abilities, do some research or escalate the problem. You cannot fix every problem at once. After gathering all the information you will need, it is best to identify a starting point (usually the last point at which you knew the system was functional) so that you can pinpoint the solution.

Answer 274

If you plan on diagnosing a problem by searching technical forums or other Internet resources, it helps if you know the exact text of the error message. This allows you to search word-by-word for more information on the error. There may be articles where other people have gotten the same error message. It is possible that a resolution exists for this error. If you are unable to use the computer, you may not be able to see the error message and may not be able to diagnose the problem. Just because you were able to complete a task before, doesn't mean that there is a problem now because you can't perform the task. Knowing what changed is helpful in troubleshooting the problem; however, it will not aid in conducting an online search.

Answer 275

When you first hear about a problem, you should ask the user questions to help you classify the problem in terms of nature and scope. This will also help you prioritize your work. While you certainly do not want to offend a user, your purpose is not to make them feel better. Gaining information will help you determine the cause of a problem, but you should not expect the user to identify it. The user may have witnessed the actual event that caused the problem, so asking questions is important.

Answer 276

When connecting an external monitor, the default display of the monitor is sometimes a copy of the laptop screen. This means that whatever you do on your laptop screen is reflected in the external monitor. This is helpful if you want to present something to others and want others to see the same thing that you do. When you want the monitors to function independently of each other, though, you need to change the Display options. Select the display option that allows you to extend your desktop across all displays. This will let you have certain folder or applications open on one screen, and different content on the other screen. It is not necessarily a requirement that the second monitor be set to the same screen resolution of the laptop display. In the Display properties, you can specify the resolution and even the physical placement of each display device. Mirroring the display will continue to display the same thing that is on the laptop screen. This rarely requires special drivers for the external monitor, as the laptop display adapter should be capable of recognizing an external display when it is connected.

Answer 277

The most important question to ask the customer (or even yourself) is “What might have changed?” Sometimes the thing that changed is responsible for the problem. Even if you suspect that the user has done something to cause the problem, placing the blame on them does not help solve the problem. The user called the help desk because they are looking for help; that's all you need to know about this. Turning the computer off and back on again may fix the problem, but you won't know what caused the problem, and there is a chance that it will return. Furthermore, rebooting the computer may cause more problems.

Answer 278

If after implementation of your fix action you still have a problem, you need to establish a new theory or escalate. You may be tempted to give up, but this is not advisable. Documenting your findings and lessons learned, actions, and outcomes is the last step of the process, only to be done after a working solution is implemented. It creates a record of the event that will help you avoid the problem in the future and acts as a reference if the problem occurs again. Accepting the outcome is not a good option, as ultimately full system functionality is what you are after. Once you fix the problem, you should then implement preventative measures if necessary.

Answer 279

When a power supply begins to fail, it can cause the computer to randomly reboot because the voltage falls below the required amount to sustain the hardware and operating system. Applications freezing and a lack of response from the display are symptoms of CPU, memory, overheating, or software problems. Computers can be set to automatically log out and lock the screen for security purposes. If your power supply fan makes a loud noise it would not necessarily indicate a failure. An object may be impeding the fan. You should still power off your computer and have the fan either cleaned or replaced.

Answer 280

Step 4 of CompTIA's troubleshooting model is to test the theory to determine cause, and once the theory is confirmed, to determine the next steps to resolve the problem. Step 5 of CompTIA's troubleshooting model is to establish a plan of action to resolve the problem and identify potential effects. The potential effects refer to the possible outcomes of the proposed solution, meaning that a fix to the problem could cause new problems elsewhere. But first, you must determine the next steps to resolve the problem. Step 4 of CompTIA's troubleshooting model also includes that if the theory is not confirmed, to establish a new theory or escalate. But here, the premise is that the theory is confirmed. Step 6 of CompTIA's troubleshooting model is to implement the solution, which is putting your plan into action. This step can happen only after the preceding steps have been completed.

Answer 281

When a computer overheats, the symptoms are random lock-ups, application or operating system freezes, or complete shutdown. Also, visible smoke and a burning smell may indicate a temperature-related issue. A BIOS error does not get generated by the computer when it overheats. Computers do not normally notify the manufacturer. When an application fails, it may ask permission to send a crash report but this would not occur if a computer overheats. The computer not powering on may be the result of a failed power supply. Plugging the computer into a surge protector can help prevent damage during a surge or low power condition.

Answer 282

If you want a computer to always look for a bootable CD before looking to the local hard drive, you should set the BIOS boot sequence to check the optical drive before the hard disk drive. You can configure the boot sequence at startup in the system BIOS, not with the Computer Management tool. You can set the properties of the optical drive to be the first device in the boot order in the system BIOS, not in Device Manager. Simply placing a bootable disc in the optical drive before starting the computer does not guarantee that the computer will boot from the disc.

Answer 283

It is not uncommon for a program to lock up and become unresponsive. If you see "(Not Responding)" in the title bar of the application, it is possible that the application has locked up. You can manually end the program by pressing Ctrl+Alt+Del and starting the Task Manager. From the Applications tab, select the unresponsive program and then click the End Task button. If an application is locked up, clicking the Minimize or Maximize icon is unlikely to create a response. Pressing Alt+Tab will switch between applications, but if the program is locked up switching to another application and then back to the frozen application will not solve the issue. Holding down the power button will manually shut the computer down, and you will lose your other work.

Answer 284

The last step in the troubleshooting process is documenting your findings, lessons learned, actions, and outcomes. This creates a record of the event that will assist in avoiding the problem in the future or acts as a reference if the problem occurs again. Discussing the issue with your team is a good practice, but it doesn't necessarily prevent future occurrences. Following up with the user to make sure the problem is resolved comes before documentation of findings, actions, and outcomes. System updates can prevent some problems, but they also can create more problems.

Answer 285

After an issue is resolved, it is good practice to document the problem and resolution in a database or some other type of knowledge repository. Not only will this benefit you if another user has a similar problem in the future, but it will spare other technicians who have not yet encountered this type of problem from having to independently research a solution that is already known. Once the fix is implemented, turning the machine on and off will not solve anything else, and it does not do anything to avoid future issues. If other users are not yet experiencing the problem, implementing the fix will not do anything. The fix should be documented and implement only if and when problems arise again in the future. Because the fix was successful, there is no need to develop another theory.

Answer 286

When a newer version of a driver is released for a piece of hardware, the manufacturer of the hardware makes it available on its website. These drivers are typically found on a page titled Support, Downloads, or Drivers. The original CD-ROM will have the original driver that was included with the hardware when it was shipped. This will not have any future driver updates on it. The Windows Task Manager tool is a very useful performance-monitoring tool, but it would not be the best place to look for driver updates. The Windows Update section of the Microsoft website provides the latest updates for a Windows operating system, but not updates for drivers.

Answer 287

When using the CompTIA troubleshooting model, the very first step is to identify the problem. Identifying the problem starts with gathering information about the problem. The second step in the CompTIA troubleshooting model is to establish a theory of probable cause. This is where you would question the obvious. The third step in the CompTIA troubleshooting model is to test the theory to determine the cause. The fourth step in the CompTIA troubleshooting model is to establish a plan of action to resolve the problem and implement the solution.

Answer 288

While troubleshooting, the best way to approach a problem with multiple issues is to zero in on the problems and address each one individually. You cannot fix every problem at once. After gathering all the information that you will need, it is best to identify a starting point (usually the last point at which you knew the system was functional) so that you can pinpoint a solution. You should never ignore a problem. If it is beyond your abilities, do some research or escalate the problem. Experienced users can be helpful in gathering information, but they generally don't help with troubleshooting. If you really need assistance while troubleshooting, contact another technician or escalate to your boss.

Answer 289

The Check Disk utility is used to verify the logical integrity of a file system. You can check the integrity of a specific drive by specifying the letter of the drive: chkdsk E:. If you use the /f switch, the Check Disk utility will also repair any errors that are found: chkdsk E: /f There are additional options that you can specify if you want the utility to perform other functions. These can be found on the Microsoft Technet forums. chkdsk /fix E: is in the wrong format to accomplish a local integrity check on the E drive. E: chkdsk /f is not a command used to fix errors. The program executable must come first then the parameters. E: f/ chkdsk will not repair errors either because the program executable name must come first.

Answer 290

The first thing that you should do when a computer does not power on after pressing the power button is to check physical connections and power sources. In some cases, a device is simply not plugged in, or it is connected to a power strip that has not been turned on yet. Check all cables as well to ensure that the issue is not simply the result of a loose connection. Once you have verified these basic things, then you can start to use software tools to diagnose the issue. Opening the Device Manager will help you identify the problem, but it isn't the first step. Unplugging all USB devices is not the first step, and if you unplug them unsafely, you can do further damage. Using the Help and Support Center to investigate related issues is a process performed later in the troubleshooting.

Answer 291

When you first talk to a user about a problem, you need to have them describe the symptoms of the problem and give you the status of the computer, including any error messages or unusual conditions. Turning the computer off and back on again may fix the problem, but you won't know what caused the problem, and there is a chance it will return. Furthermore, rebooting the computer may cause more problems. The user should definitely avoid using the computer if they have problems, but you need them to provide information about the computer. This requires that they continue to monitor the problem. Calling someone else for help would escalate the problem. Whether escalation is warranted depends on the help desk standard operating procedures.

Answer 292

Manufacturers do not often deal directly with end users or customers. They do supply driver software, manuals for their products, and knowledge bases for troubleshooting and repairs. Beta hardware, beta software, and experimental drivers should not be placed in your network unless you are specifically testing them. They are not meant for general use. Software development kits, remote control technical assistance, and tech forums are good sources of information, but they are not provided by manufacturers. Manufacturers are not required to provide troubleshooting guides, personalized customer service, or certification materials unless previously paid for through programs like enterprise agreements.

Answer 293

Apple developed Mini-DisplayPort (MiniDP or mDP) for its equipment and licensed the technology to other vendors for a royalty fee. VESA, the organization largely representing PC graphics adapter and display technology companies, created DisplayPort technology. It is a royalty-free standard intended to "complement" HDMI. Intel developed the Thunderbolt (TB) interface for use on Apple workstations and laptops. It connects display devices (like DisplayPort) and peripheral devices (like USB). IBM created many of the earlier computer standards and equipment but did not develop DisplayPort or Mini-DisplayPort.

Answer 294

You would use USB Type A to connect to a host. The connector and port are both shaped like flat rectangles. USB Type B Mini is used to connect to a device such as a printer. Both ends are square with a beveled top. There are small form factor versions. USB Type C is a new reversible connector for devices. It is very small and flat. USB Type B Micro is used to connect to smaller devices like smartphones and tablets and is much flatter than the Mini connector.

Answer 295

Both ends of a Firewire cable use the same design of a 6-pin connector, which slightly resembles the USB connector but has a beveled edge on one side. Some Apple Mac computers have Firewire ports, but these cables never received mainstream PC support. Firewire uses the IEEE 1394 communication standard. Firewire is based on the Small Computer Systems Interface communications protocol. Firewire has a maximum transfer rate of 400 Mbps for Firewire 400, and the IEEE 1394b Firewire 800 has a maximum transfer rate of 800 Mbps and uses a 9-pin connector. The maximum transfer rate for USB 1.1 is 12 Mbps.

Answer 296

DisplayPort was developed by VESA, the organization largely representing PC graphics adapter and display technology companies. It is a royalty-free standard intended to "complement" HDMI. It uses a 20-pin connector and allows connection with various types of devices. Intel developed the Thunderbolt (TB) interface for use on Apple workstations and laptops. It connects display devices (like DisplayPort) and peripheral devices (like USB). Apple developed Mini-DisplayPort (MiniDP or mDP) for its equipment and licensed the technology to other vendors. AMD develops various types of computer chips.

Answer 297

Personal Area Networks (PAN) use Bluetooth to share data. Bluetooth is a radio-based technology designed to work over close range, but a Bluetooth Class 1 device has a range of up to 100 meters (300 feet). For this reason, it would be used for industrial purposes only. For a wireless printer, you would use a Bluetooth Class 2 device with a range of up to 10 meters (30 feet). For a wireless keyboard, you would use a Bluetooth Class 3 device with a range of up to 1 meter (3 feet). For an automobile hotspot, you would use a Bluetooth Class 2 device with a range of up to 10 meters (30 feet).

Answer 298

IBM created the Video Graphics Array (VGA) standard, which specifies a 640x480 resolution with 16 colors (4-bit) at 60 Hz and is long obsolete. The Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) created the Super VGA (SVGA) standard at 800x600 resolution with 4-bit (16) or 8-bit (256) color. The XGA standard is an extension of SVGA at 1024x768 resolution with 16-bit (65K) and 32-bit (4 million K) color and higher refresh rates. The High Definition (HD) standard specifies a resolution of 1280x720 to 1920x1080 (Full HD) with 16-bit or 32-bit color.

Answer 299

The Universal Serial Bus (USB) has become the standard means of connecting peripheral devices to a computer. USB Type C is a new reversible connector that can be inserted with either side facing up. USB Type B has a square connector and port with a beveled top. USB Type B Mini is smaller than other connectors. It was used by early digital cameras, but is no longer widely used. USB Type B Micro is an updated connector for smaller devices, such as smartphones and tablets, but it is not reversible.

Answer 300

Small Outline DIMM (SODIMM) is a form of Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM) DRAM used in laptops. This memory stores each data bit as an electrical charge and needs refreshing by an electrical charge. The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is one example of PC firmware located in a chip attached to the motherboard of the computer. Solid State Drives (SSD) are designed to replicate or supplement the function of the hard drive. Solid state storage uses a type of non-volatile memory technology called flash memory. SATA (Serial ATA) is a computer bus interface that connects to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives, optical drives, and solid-state drives.

Answer 301

The DVD-10 is Single-layer Double-sided with a maximum capacity of 9.4 GB of data and is the best choice to hold the data with little leftover free space. The CD Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) has a capacity of 700 MB and would not have enough space to hold the data on a single disc. The Blu-ray Disc (BD) has a capacity of 25 GB per layer. This disc would leave too much free space on the disc. The DVD-18 is Dual-layer Double-sided, and with a maximum capacity of 17.1 GB of data, there would be too much free space on the disc.

Answer 302

Near Field Communications (NFC) is a very short-range radio link based on Radio Frequency ID (RFID) technology. It is mostly used in contactless payment readers. A wireless router would use radio signals to transmit signals over the air to connect to a network. Wireless keyboards, mice, printers, or headsets would use Bluetooth to create a Personal Area Network (PAN). The High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is the most widely used graphical device interface. It is ubiquitous on consumer electronics, such as televisions and Blu-Ray players, as well as on computer equipment.

Answer 303

Human Interface Devices (HID) are peripherals that enable the user to enter data and select commands. Examples include keyboards and mice. A monitor is the most common display device, not a data entry device. A Network Interface Card (NIC) connects a computer to a wired network. Some computers have the card built into the motherboard and have a connection port soldered to the back of the board, but they are not HIDs. A printer is a device that produces hard copy documents. Some printers have built-in functions such a scanning and faxing, but they are not HIDs.

Answer 304

An Ethernet network adapter used with twisted pair cable will have an RJ-45 port to connect the computer to the network, via another RJ-45 port in the network equipment. The RJ-11 jack is the standard telephone jack in the United States. You would plug this into a telephone or fax line port on the back of a multifunction printer. The PS/2 interface, which had a round connector with pins, is an older connector used to attach keyboards and mice to a computer. The High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is the most widely used graphical device interface. It is ubiquitous on consumer electronics, such as televisions and Blu-Ray players, as well as on computer equipment.

Answer 305

High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) does not provide power to a device. Interfaces such as USB or Thunderbolt provide power. HDMI provides a video stream through the cable and is ubiquitous on consumer devices like televisions and Blu-Ray players. HDMI provides an audio stream through the cable so connected devices do not need an additional cable or audio card. HDMI provides content protection between devices so users cannot copy the data stream. This is usually between a video streaming device (like a Blu-Ray player) and a television or computer monitor.

Answer 306

USB 2.0, also known as USB Hi-Speed, has a nominal data rate of 480 Mbps. USB 2.0 uses the same connectors as USB 1.1, but a USB 1.1 device plugged into a USB 2.0 port will operate at the lower speed. The data rate for USB 1.0 is 1.5 Mbps, but this standard was rarely used. The first released version was USB 1.1. The data rate for USB 1.1 is 12 Mbps in full speed mode. This was the first widely-used version of the standard. The USB 3.0 standard introduced a SuperSpeed mode. SuperSpeed improves the bus bandwidth tenfold (to 5 Gbps or 5000 Mbps) and makes the link full duplex.

Answer 307

HDMI Type C is the compact version of HDMI connector, also called the Mini HDMI connector, which was introduced in HDMI 1.3. It's used on portable devices, such as camcorders, and has the same number of pins as earlier versions, despite its smaller size. HDMI Type D is an even smaller version, called the Micro HDMI connector, introduced in HDMI 1.4. This connector also uses the full 19 pins of earlier versions. HDMI Standard 2.1 is the most recent update of the HDMI specification (at the time of this writing) and supports a range of higher video resolutions and refresh rates. The HDMI Type A connector is the standard large size connector that uses a proprietary 19-pin connector.

Answer 308

Bluetooth creates a so-called Personal Area Network (PAN) to share data with a PC, connect to a printer, use a wireless headset, or connect to a wireless mouse/keyboard. Wireless (Wi-Fi) data connections use radio signals to transmit signals over the air. With Wi-Fi, a node usually connects to an access point at a range of up to about 30m. Near Field Communications (NFC) is a very short-range radio link based on Radio Frequency ID (RFID). NFC works at up to 4cm at data rates of 106, 212, and 424 Kbps. Radio Frequency ID (RFID) is the technology used in Near Field Communications (NFC) to create very short-range radio links. It is mostly used in contactless payment readers.

Answer 309

Thunderbolt is a display interface (like DisplayPort) and a general peripheral interface (like USB or Firewire) developed by Intel and primarily used on Apple workstations and laptops. Older mice use the PS2-type of connector to plug into a computer using a 9-pin connector. Computers use a Network Interface Card (NIC) to connect an RJ-45 cable to a wired network. Some computers have the card built into the motherboard and have a connection port soldered to the back of the board. Computers use various types of wireless cards and devices, some of them internal, to connect to a wireless network.

Answer 310

Digital Visual Interface (DVI) is a high-quality digital interface designed for flat-panel display equipment. You would connect the DVI port to the corresponding port on the back of the monitor. A Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitor is a very old style of monitor that uses a 9- or 15-pin VGA port. An oscilloscope is a scientific device used to measure signal output. There are many ways to connect to this device, but a DVI is not used. A Blu-Ray player would use a High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) or DisplayPort/Thunderbolt connection.

Answer 311

Each picture element (pixel) in a color monitor comprises cells (or subpixels) with filters to generate the three primary colors (red, green, and blue) and transistors to vary the intensity of each cell. A Network Interface Card (NIC) connects a computer to a wired network and does not work to display colors. The keyboard is the longest serving type of input device. Historically, keyboards used the PS/2 interface, which had a round connector with pins. This device does not display colors. A mouse is another form of an HID and does not work to display colors.

Answer 312

To adjust screen resolution, you would open Settings, click System, and then select the Display tab. Here you would find the Resolution drop-down menu. The Windows Settings tab has many different settings, but it does not have a menu to change the screen resolution. The Devices tab is where you see a list of installed devices. You would go here to uninstall a device or update a device driver. You can customize almost any aspect of how Windows is displayed using options in the Personalization applet, but you cannot change the monitor resolution here.

Answer 313

Digital Light Processing (DLP), developed by Texas Instruments, dominates the top end of the video projector market. Projectors create a large format display suitable for use in a presentation or at a meeting. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screens (monitors), or flat screen displays, are used in portable computers. They have also replaced the old and bulky Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) units as the standard display type for desktops. The mouse is the main type of input device for graphical software. It is an example of a class of input devices described as “pointing devices.” A printer is a device that produces hard copy documents. While some printers do have scanners with a bright light, they do not use DLP technology.

Answer 314

The RJ-11 jack is the standard telephone jack in the United States. You would plug this into a telephone or fax line port on the back of a multifunction printer. A NAS device typically connects to the network through a RJ-45 network connection, commonly known as an Ethernet connector. A wired headset would use a combination of USB and standard audio jack connections on either the front or the back of the computer. A wired keyboard would use a USB and/or PS/2 type of connection on the computer.

Answer 315

Radio Frequency (RF) is a means of provisioning a wireless local network using Wi-Fi standards equipment. While this is not a means of Internet service provision in itself, it is a means for a client to connect to a wireless router offering Internet access. A USB printer would use a USB cable to connect from the computer to the printer. A High Definition monitor would use cables such as HDMI or DisplayPort to connect from the back of the computer to ports on the back or bottom of the monitor. Thumb drives are a form of USB storage device that physically connects to the computer through a USB port.

Answer 316

The 15-pin Video Graphics Array (VGA) port (HD15F/DE-15) is a legacy analog video interface for PC devices. Many graphics adapters and display screens continue to support it. Digital Visual Interface (DVI) is a high-quality digital interface designed for flat-panel display equipment. High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is the most widely used graphical device interface. It is ubiquitous on consumer electronics, such as televisions and Blu-Ray players. DisplayPort was developed by VESA, the organization largely representing PC graphics adapter and display technology companies. It is a royalty-free standard intended to "complement" HDMI.

Answer 317

You would use Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software to convert a text image into a computer-editable text document. Many scanners have this software bundled with the hardware, or it can come as a separate software package. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a method of compression for digital images, particularly for those images produced by digital photography. GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) is a bitmap image format originally used to exchange pictures in the early days of the Internet. WIA (Windows Image Acquisition) is a type of scanning technology built into Windows. It replaced the older TWAIN communication protocol driver for scanners.

Answer 318

The port with the lime collar is the audio out, a low-level (1V) analog signal suitable for feeding into an amplifier. Connecting a low-level audio out signal directly to a pair of passive speakers (speakers without a built-in amplifier) will not work. The port with the orange collar is the audio out signal for the subwoofer in a surround sound system and is not suitable for speakers. The port with the pink collar is the microphone input for a mono analog input into the computer’s sound system. It will not work with speaker output. The port with the light blue collar is audio in (or line in), a low-level (1V) stereo signal supplied by most tape decks, video players, tuners, and CD players.

Answer 319

Historically, keyboards used the PS/2 interface, which had a round connector with pins. A keyboard PS/2 port is colored purple to differentiate it from the otherwise identical mouse connector. The Universal Serial Bus (USB) has become the modern standard means of connecting peripheral devices to a computer, but it would not have been used for an old keyboard. Bluetooth is a radio-based technology designed to work only over close range to share data with a PC, connect to a printer, use a wireless headset, or connect to a wireless mouse/keyboard. Video Graphics Array (VGA) is a video standard created by IBM that specifies a 640x480 resolution with 16 colors (4-bit) at 60 Hz and is long obsolete. It would be used for a monitor, not a keyboard.

Answer 320

The Thunderbolt interface is primarily used on Apple workstations and laptops. Thunderbolt is both a display interface (like DisplayPort) and a general peripheral interface (like USB or Firewire). The Universal Serial Bus (USB) has become the standard means of connecting peripheral devices to a computer. It is not a graphics interface. DisplayPort is a royalty-free standard intended to "complement" HDMI. It uses a 20-pin connector and allows connection with various types of devices, but it is not used on Apple workstations. The High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is the most widely-used graphical device interface. It is ubiquitous on consumer electronics, such as televisions and Blu-Ray players, as well as on computer equipment. However, it is not used on Apple workstations.

Answer 321

To uninstall a driver, you can open Device Manager via the START+X menu, locate the device, then right-click and select “Uninstall.” The Devices and Printers folder is where you configure the user-configurable settings on a printer in Windows. This is the best place to change the printer settings, not delete the device driver. Network Connections is where you can get the status of the network, set up network adapters, and enable/disable network sharing options. Settings is where you set Windows settings for System, Phone, Personalization, Apps, Accounts, and more. These are the settings for Windows itself.

Answer 322

The Thunderbolt (TB) interface was developed by Intel and can be used as a display interface (like DisplayPort) and as a general peripheral interface (like USB or Firewire). RJ-45 is a commonly-used name for the 8P8C modular connector used in Ethernet and other data links on networks. RJ-11 is a commonly-used interface for telephone connections for single-line service. This is the common household connector for regular telephones in a home. The RCA jack is a connector with a distinctive collar or ring used for a variety of Audio/Visual (A/V) functions and equipment. It is named after its developer, the Radio Corporation of America.

Answer 323

Look at the SOHO router's setup guide to find out the router's IP address. Open a web browser and type the router's IP address into the address bar. This should open a management page where you can log on. The WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup) is a way to connect devices "securely" into a wireless network using device-generated security keys. The IP address “0.0.0.0” is not a valid IP address in home networks. Devices do not use this special address. The IP address “255.255.255.255” is a special IP address known as the broadcast address. Devices do not use this special address. Devices do not use

Answer 324

Cameras do not have Ethernet ports. You would typically use an Ethernet connection between a computer and a network using an RJ-45 connection. USB connections are common on digital cameras. Older cameras used USB Mini, while newer cameras commonly use USB Micro or even USB-C. New cameras have a wireless NIC card built into the camera so you can directly download pictures to your home wireless network or to cloud storage. Memory cards are common on cameras and provide copious onboard storage. You only have to transfer the card between the camera and the computer.

Answer 325

A wireless device needs a way to communicate with the computer. Many new wireless devices have a small USB wireless adaptor that needs installing. A NIC card allows for Ethernet network communication between the computer and a network. The PS/2 connection was common on older styles of mice that connected to the computer using a cable. The USB style of connection replaced the PS/2. While mice do use USB connectors, this would be a wired connection.

Answer 326

If no driver is available from Windows Update, you need to obtain one from the device vendor. The device may come with setup software, or you may be able to download a driver from the vendor's website. The device is not defective—it just needs the proper driver to run. Search online for the driver or look for an installation disk that came with the device. It is may be possible to use drivers for a similar device; however, it may not work as expected. You may be able to use the device, but normally not installing the device driver means it either will not work at all or only some of its functions may be available.

Answer 327

“Extend these displays” displays the desktop over both devices. This mode makes more screen "real estate" available and is useful for design, publishing, and programming work. “Duplicate these displays” displays the same image on both devices. This mode is useful for delivering presentations. The “Second screen” setting displays only on the second screen of the two monitors. If you had a laptop and an external monitor, this would turn off the laptop display. The “PC screen” setting displays only on the computer screen of the two monitors. If you had a laptop and an external monitor, this would turn off the external monitor display.

Answer 328

The device vendor will normally provide a tool help you locate the IP address of the device on the network and then open a web configuration page in a browser. Each network interface has a factory-assigned Media Access Control (MAC) address. You would not use this address to access the web configuration. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is the protocol that enables local address discovery to take place and uses the MAC address. You would not use this address to access the web configuration. While the name of the manufacturer might help you find the IP address of the device online, it is not what you need to access the configuration page.

Answer 329

The Devices and Printers folder is where you configure the user-configurable settings on a printer in Windows. This is the best place to change the printer settings. Device Manager provides tools for verifying and configuring devices. You can update drivers, check device hardware properties, and enable/disable devices. In Network Connections, you can find the status of the network, set up network adapters, and enable/disable network sharing options. In Settings, you can set Windows settings for System, Phone, Personalization, Apps, Accounts and more. These are the settings for Windows itself.

Answer 330

Core is Intel's flagship desktop and mobile CPU series. The earliest models (Core Solo and Core Duo) were laptop-only chips. Atom is Intel’s brand designating chips designed for low-power portable devices (smartphones and tablets) using (Advanced RISC Machine) microarchitecture. Opteron is AMD's long-standing version of Intel’s Xeon brand, aimed at the server/workstation market. These CPUs usually have multiprocessing capability and larger memory caches. The Core 2 series introduced desktop versions plus 64-bit and multi-core support. The current range comes in Core i3, i5, and i7 brands with names like Nehalem, Sandy Bridge, Ivy Bridge, Haswell, Broadwell, and Skylake.

Answer 331

Intel refers to its 64-bit instruction set as the EM64T or Intel 64. High-end servers would use this chip for its speed and its ability to address 128 GB or more of memory. Atom is Intel’s brand designating chips designed for low-power portable devices (smartphones and tablets) using (Advanced RISC Machine) microarchitecture. An IA-32 chip is a type of 32-bit chip first developed by Intel in 1985. It is over 30 years old and can only address 4GB of memory. Any chip that only addresses 4GB of memory is a 32-bit chip. High-end servers would use a 64-bit chip.

Answer 332

The system bus, also known as the Front Side Bus (FSB) or local bus, carries system memory data between the Central Processing Unit and system memory. Since most components run at different speeds, the expansion bus carries the timing signal to synchronize different components with the system clock so they can communicate over the bus. The expansion bus carries the address information of the expansion card; this is where the data from the expansion card resides in system memory. The expansion bus carries the information transferred between components to the Central Processing Unit.

Answer 333

While some CPUs have specialized units with larger data buses, the General Purpose (GP) register size makes a CPU 32-bit or 64-bit. Some Pentium chips have a 64-bit data bus to feed data to the CPU faster. It is the GP register of the CPU that determines the chip bit size. RAM size does not determine the bit size of the CPU but rather is limited by it. Any CPU can use less than the maximum amount of memory. The operating system determines the usable size of the hard drive, not the CPU bit size.

Answer 334

Both types of cards operate in the same manner using the same protocols and cable ports. NIC cards come in many different forms and speeds, but both types come in equal speeds. The add-on cards can be upgraded by replacing the card. NIC cards come in many different forms and speeds, but both types come in equal speeds. The onboard cards are usually not upgradable, as they are part of the motherboard. The same type of NIC, whether onboard or add-in, uses the same type of connector. For example, an Ethernet NIC uses the RJ-45 connector.

Answer 335

Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE) was one of the early hard drive connection standards, although most modern computers use the Serial ATA (SATA) standard. Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) is a specification used in systems that provide the Internet across Cable Access TV lines. The High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is the most widely used graphical device interface. It is ubiquitous on consumer electronics, such as televisions and Blu-Ray players, as well as computer equipment. Fiber to the Curb (FTTC) means the provider installed a fiber network terminating at a cabinet somewhere in a nearby street. This is a physical implementation of network cabling, not a data specification.

Answer 336

A Solid State Drive (SSD) uses a type of non-volatile memory technology called flash memory. Flash memory is non-volatile because it does not need a power source to retain information. It is a form of high-capacity data storage. The chipset is a group of built-in processors that perform built-in functions that otherwise would require an adapter card. Upgrade sockets are part of the motherboard. They allow for swapping out and upgrading various components (CPU, RAM, adapter cards, disk drives). Buses are collections of wire built into the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) of the motherboard to connect the various chips and devices together.

Answer 337

Opteron is AMD's long-standing version of Intel’s Xeon brand, aimed at the server/workstation market. These CPUs usually have multiprocessing and larger memory caches. Phenom replaced the Athlon as AMD's premium CPU brand. AMD Fusion and FX brands replaced the latest of the Phenom II chips. Pentium used to be Intel's premium 32-bit CPU brand, and you may still find Pentium 4-based computers in use. The Pentium brand now represents "mid-range" CPU models based on the Core microarchitectures. Turion is AMD’s brand for laptop processors and is the equivalent of Intel Core Solo and Core Duo laptop-only chips.

Answer 338

The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is one example of PC firmware. It provides program code to get the essential components of the PC running after starting the PC and after hardware error checks. BIOS loads before the Operating System, and only runs at the computer startup. The Network Interface Card communicates using device drivers loaded by the Operating System over the motherboard data bus. The Central Processing Unit uses internal data buses and device drivers to send data to the hard drive through cables connecting the motherboard and the drive.

Answer 339

Atom is Intel’s brand designating chips designed for low-power portable devices (smartphones and tablets) using Advanced RISC Machine microarchitecture. The Pentium used to be Intel's premium 32-bit CPU brand, and you may still find Pentium 4-based computers in use. The Pentium brand now represents "mid-range" CPU models based on the Core microarchitectures. This is a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) chip. The Xeon brand is aimed at the server/workstation market. This is a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) chip. The AMD Fusion brand represents chips AMD calls Accelerated Processing Units (APU), which basically combine a CPU and GPU (Graphics Processing Unit). This is a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) chip.

Answer 340

The motherboard has some built-in processors (the chipset), sockets for upgradable components (CPU, RAM, adapter cards, disk drives), and wires (buses) to connect them together. NIC cards connect the computer to the Ethernet network. Each card comes with processors and wires, but they usually lack sockets. Audio cards process digital and analog audio for output to speakers and headsets. These cards have processors and wires, but they usually lack sockets. USB add-on cards allow for more USB ports in a computer. They usually lack specific processors but do have wires (buses) to input data to the computer.

Answer 341

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is one of the basic internal computing components. It is responsible for retrieving each instruction or data file from memory and processing it. The CPU then writes the result back to memory and directs other components to perform actions. The component that receives data entered by users and relays it to the operating system is an input peripheral. The component that provides the principal volatile storage space for computer data and program instructions is the Random Access Memory (RAM). A device that routes packets to the appropriate computer or server based on source and destination IP addresses is called a router.

Answer 342

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is one of the basic internal computing components. It is responsible for retrieving each instruction or data file from memory and processing it. The CPU then writes the result back to memory and directs other components to perform actions. The component that receives data entered by users and relays it to the operating system is an input peripheral. The component that provides the principal volatile storage space for computer data and program instructions is the Random Access Memory (RAM). A device that routes packets to the appropriate computer or server based on source and destination IP addresses is called a router.

Answer 343

PCs contain a number of processors, but the most important is the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU is the "brains" of a computer. The bus between the CPU and memory is often referred to as the Front Side Bus (FSB). This allows the CPU to fetch instructions from system memory as it needs them. The Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) performs display functions and is a dedicated processor that may be part of the CPU package. Alternatively, a more powerful GPU might be available on a plug-in expansion card. The Input/Output (I/O) ports attach peripheral devices and cabling to the computer. While necessary, they are not the “brains” of the computer.

Answer 344

Chipsets for mobile phones/smartphones and tablets are often based on the ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) microarchitecture, such as the Apple A, Samsung Exynos, and nVIDIA Tegra derivatives. Athlon was AMD's long-standing premium consumer CPU for computers. Modern Athlons start with the Athlon 64 and its FX (top-end) and X2 (dual-core) variants. This is a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) chip. Opteron is AMD's long-standing version of Intel’s Xeon brand, aimed at the high-end server and workstation market. This is a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) chip. Celeron is Intel’s budget brand of CPUs for laptops and desktops. This is a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) chip.

Answer 345

The bus between the CPU and memory is often referred to as the Front Side Bus (FSB). This allows the CPU to fetch instructions from system memory as it needs them. The FSB is located on the motherboard. A Network Interface Card (NIC) connects a computer to a wired network and does not have a FSB. A monitor is the most common display device, and although it has computer electronics inside it does not have a FSB. Expansion cards allow the addition of electronics to the computer such as extra USB ports, audio devices, and video display cards—none of which use the FSB.

Answer 346

The 802.11b protocol is one of the many Wi-Fi wireless networking protocols. The 802.11 protocol suite is a common wireless networking specification. Ethernet is the standard protocol for wired devices using the RJ-45 series of jacks. Bluetooth is a radio-based technology, but it is designed to work only over a range of 1 to 10 meters (3 – 30 feet). It usually connects printers, wireless headsets, and other wireless peripherals. Near Field Communications (NFC) is a very short-range radio link based on Radio Frequency ID (RFID). NFC sensors and functionality are appearing in smartphones for contactless payment readers.

Answer 347

The GPU is a dedicated processor for display functions. It works with the CPU to handle complex high-resolution images. CPUs are located on the motherboard in a special mount. GPUs may be part of the CPU or come on a plug-in expansion card. Early GPUs generated analog signals for Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitors but plugged into the motherboard and communicated with the CPU using digital signals. Every computer needs a CPU. While the GPU can perform some functions that the CPU cannot, the GPU does not replace the CPU.

Answer 348

Hard Disk Drives (HDD) are one of the most widely-used types of mass storage devices. A mass storage device provides non-volatile storage where data remains when the power is off. Cache memory is a small-sized type of volatile computer memory that provides high-speed data access to a processor and stores frequently used computer programs, applications, and data. DRAM stores each data bit as an electrical charge within a single bit cell. The electrical charge gradually dissipates, causing the memory cell to lose its information when the power is off. ROM is where data resides on a chip so it cannot change. The computer power-on checks are in ROM memory so that the computer can boot every time.

Answer 349

Solid state storage uses a type of non-volatile memory technology called flash memory. Data on an HDD is encoded magnetically on specially coated glass or plastic platters accessed by drive heads. HDDs are available in a range of capacities, ranging from 100 GB up to 10 TB. It is unusual for SSDs to have capacities of more than 512 GB. Solid state storage uses a type of non-volatile memory technology called flash memory. Data on an HDD is encoded magnetically on specially coated glass or plastic platters accessed by drive heads. While mass manufacturing has seen SSD prices fall to very affordable levels, the cost per gigabyte of an SSD is still considerably higher than that of an HDD.

Answer 350

RAM is a type of volatile memory. It is the main storage area for programs and data when the computer is running. Hard drives and Solid State Drives (SSD) use non-volatile memory and keep large amounts of data for long-term storage. When the computer cannot keep all of the programs and data in RAM, it uses a portion of disk space to create a place to swap data in and out of system memory. This is virtual memory. The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) provides program code to get the essential components of the PC running after you start the PC and after hardware error checks.

Answer 351

A workstation with a 32-bit processor cannot support more than 4GB of memory, while a 64-bit processor can support 128GB or more of memory. These processors are capable of storing data on large external hard drives, such as those that exceed 1 TB in size or even larger. 32-bit processors support various versions of Windows that support both USB 2.0 and USB 3.0 devices. The support is through the operating system, not the chip design. These 32-bit processors do support older versions of Windows, with only the very latest software requiring 64-bit systems.

Answer 352

A liquid cooling system with fans and pumps is common in high-performance systems. The requirement for electricity for the pumps and fans makes this an active system. A heat sink with an attached fan would an active system, but high-performance overclocked systems usually require better cooling than this combination. A passive heat sink system is the type you might find in a laptop where a liquid is in a metal heat spreader on the CPU. This would not provide enough cooling to a high-performance computer. Liquid cooling requires pumps to circulate the liquid inside the tubes. This setup requires electricity to run, so there is no such thing as passive liquid cooling.

Answer 353

A register is a temporary storage area available to the different units within the Central Processing Unit (CPU). It allows the CPU to hold data while it performs calculations. Network Interface Cards (NIC) connect the computer to the Ethernet network but lack the sophisticated processors of the CPU. Monitors are output devices. They have electronics but lack the large processing units of a Central Processing Unit. USB add-on cards allow for more USB ports in a computer. They usually lack specific processors but do have wires (buses) to input data to the computer.

Answer 354

Most laptops now use 64-bit Central Processing Units (CPUs), though budget models might come with a 32-bit chip. Also, older laptops may still be in use that do not have 64-bit processors. A laptop intended for gaming purposes will most likely use a 64-bit CPU to maximize processing power/potential. A laptop that has less than 4 GB of system memory can be either 32-bit or 64-bit. If it is 32-bit, the maximum amount of system memory is limited to 4 GB. Both Intel and AMD manufacture processors capable of 64-bit processing.

Answer 355

A Cable Access TV (CATV) service that delivers cable Internet connection and television programming to your home would use an HFC connection. A fiber cable all the way to your house is Fiber to the Home (FTTH), and is not widely available. Fiber network service to your local area is Fiber to the Curb (FTTC), a compromise solution widely deployed in urban areas. FTTC means that the telecom provider has installed a fiber network terminating at a cabinet somewhere in a nearby street. Providing high-speed Internet over the phone lines is a type of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) that uses existing phone lines and would not come to your house via coax cable.

Answer 356

The RJ-11 ports are on the DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) modem/router appliance used to connect a home network to the Internet. The Internet or Wide Area Network (WAN) port on the router will be the RJ-11 type. An Ethernet network adapter used with twisted pair cable uses an RJ-45 connection on both ends. Coax cable is another type of copper cable manufactured in a different way from twisted pair. The cable modem or modem/router connects by a short segment of coax cable, terminated using an F-connector. The PS/2 interface has a round connector with 6 pins. A keyboard PS/2 port is colored purple to differentiate it from the otherwise identical mouse connector. A mouse PS/2 interface is colored green.

Answer 357

Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) is a specification used in systems that provide Internet across Cable Access TV (CATV) lines. Providing a fiber cable all the way to customer premises is the Fiber to the Home (FTTH) system. This is a physical implementation of network cabling, not a data specification. Fiber to the Curb (FTTC) means the provider installed a fiber network terminating at a cabinet somewhere in a nearby street. This is a physical implementation of network cabling, not a data specification. In Fiber to the Curb (FTTC), each residence connects to the fiber network over the ordinary copper telephone cabling using Very High Bit Rate DSL (VDSL) communications. This specification works with telephone wires, not coaxial cable.

Answer 358

Satellite connections experience severe latency problems, as the signal has to travel thousands of miles more than in terrestrial connections, introducing a delay of 4-5 times greater that of a land link. The antenna is connected via coaxial cabling to a DVB-S (Digital Video Broadcast Satellite) modem. This can be installed in the PC as an expansion card or as an external box connected via a USB or Ethernet port, all of which are standard connections. Satellite systems provide far greater areas of coverage than can be achieved using other technologies. The microwave dishes align to orbital satellites. The widespread use of satellite television receivers allows for domestic Internet connectivity services over satellite connections. No special satellite is necessary.

Answer 359

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a converged 4G standard supported by both the GSM and CDMA network providers. In theory, LTE has a maximum downlink of 150 Mbps. EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) is a precursor to 3G (2.5G) with GPRS offering speeds up to 144–192 Kbps. Evolved High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is a 3G standard developed from GSM networks. HSPA+ nominally supports download speeds up to 168 Mbps and upload speeds up to 34 Mbps. Evolution Data Optimized (EV-DO) is the main 3G standard deployed by CDMA network providers. EV-DO can support a 3.1 Mbps downlink and 1.8 Mbps uplink.

Answer 360

A switch connects four or eight computers together in a Small Office Home Office (SOHO) Ethernet LAN using RJ-45 network ports and twisted-pair cabling. An Access Point (AP) creates a Wi-Fi wireless network (WLAN) between computers and mobile devices equipped with suitable adapters and switches communications between wired and wireless networks. An Internet router/modem connects wired and wireless network clients to the Internet via a WAN link. These devices are often simply referred to as "routers." It is possible for the modem and the router to be separate appliances. Computers use a Network Interface Card (NIC) to connect an RJ-45 cable to a wired network. Some computers have the card built into the motherboard and have a connection port soldered to the back of the board.

Answer 361

Near Field Communications (NFC) is a very short-range radio link based on Radio Frequency ID (RFID). NFC sensors and functionality are appearing in smartphones for contactless payment readers. Cellular data connections use radio transmissions but at greater range than Wi-Fi. Cellular data is more closely associated with Internet access for cell phones and smartphones than with computers. Wi-Fi is considered IEEE's 802.11 standards for Wireless LANs (WLAN), using 2.4 and 5 GHz bandwidth speeds between 11 Mbps and 1.7 Gbps. Satellite systems use microwave dishes aligned with orbital satellites that can either relay signals between sites directly or via another satellite. Satellite services are more common in rural areas where DSL or cable services are less likely to be available.

Answer 362

802.11g acted as an upgrade path for 802.11b, working at 54 Mbps on the 2.4 GHz channel but also allowing support for older 802.11b clients. 802.11ac works only in the 5 GHz range with the 2.4 GHz band reserved for legacy standards support (802.11b/g/n), but it can provide speeds of up to 1.7 Gbps. The 802.11n standard can use either a 2.4 or 5 GHz band and delivers much improved data rates over 802.11b/g (nominally up to 600 Mbps). 802.11b is the legacy standard, providing a maximum transfer rate of 11 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band.

Answer 363

WPA2 implements the 802.11i WLAN security standard. The main difference from WPA is the use of the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) cipher for encryption. AES is much stronger than RC4/TKIP. WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) is an older standard. WEP is flawed and you would only select this if compatibility with legacy devices and software were necessary. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) fixes most of the security problems with WEP. WPA uses the same weak RC4 cipher as WEP but adds a mechanism called the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) to make it stronger. Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) is part of the WPA standard and is not a wireless protocol in itself.

Answer 364

Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) allows the router to use an auto-generated SSID and encryption key, and for these to be communicated to the client without the user having to enter them manually. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) does not automatically generate an SSID and encryption keys. It uses the same weak cipher as the outdated Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), but adds a mechanism called the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) to make it stronger. Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) is part of the WPA standard and is not a wireless protocol in itself. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a cipher for encryption. AES is part of the WPA2 standard, but not a wireless protocol in itself.

Answer 365

Fiber to the Curb (FTTC) is a compromise solution widely deployed in urban areas. FTTC means that the telecom provider has installed a fiber network terminating at a cabinet somewhere in a nearby street. Fiber to the Home (FTTH), which provides a fiber cable all the way to customer premises, requires substantial investment by the telecom provider and is not widely available. Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) combines a fiber optic core network with coax links to customer premises equipment. Cable Access TV (CATV) service is a way to deliver cable Internet connection and television programming.

Answer 366

Small Outline DIMM (SO-DIMM) is a form of Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM) used in laptops. This memory stores each data bit as an electrical charge and needs refreshing from a power source, thus making it volatile. Solid state storage (SDD) uses a type of non-volatile memory technology called flash memory. Flash memory is non-volatile because it does not need a power source to retain information. Hard Disk Drives (HDD) are one of the most widely used types of mass storage device, providing non-volatile storage where the data remains when the power is off. The Compact Disc – Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) is a storage format for consumer multimedia that is non-volatile, as it retains data without power.

Answer 367

UNC format uses a double slash (\\) followed by the server name and then a single slash followed by the shared folder name. The line \\GTSLEARNING\DocShare is an example of correct UNC format. The line \GTSLEARNING\\DocShare is not correct UNC format, as the double slash should be at the beginning of the UNC, not between the server name and the folder name. The line \\GTSLEARNING\\DocShare is not correct UNC format, as the double slash between the server name and the folder name should be a single slash. The line \GTSLEARNING\DocShare is not correct UNC format, as the single slash at the beginning should be a double slash.

Answer 368

Flash memory is common in SSDs and USB thumb drives. The computer uses electricity to write to the transistor memory. Blu-ray Discs (BD) are a form of optical data storage read by laser. They are rapidly replacing DVDs as the media for distributing consumer multimedia and video games. Write Once Read Many (WORM) is a form of optical media that ensures that data areas once written cannot be overwritten. If there is space, the disc can hold a new session, but old data remains. A laser reads data from the disc. DVDs (Digital Video or Versatile Disc), is a storage format for consumer multimedia, such as music and video. A laser reads data from the disc.

Answer 369

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is used to upload and download files between clients and servers. For example, it is widely used to update the files constituting a website from the designer's PC to the web server. NTP (Network Time Protocol) is a network protocol used to synchronize clocks between computers over networks. It is one of the oldest Internet protocols. Telnet is a network protocol that allows users to log on to another computer on the same network, including over the Internet. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a standard that defines how to establish and maintain network connections so applications can exchange data. It works with the Internet Protocol (IP).

Answer 370

Solid State Drives (SSDs) can be hybrid drives in which the SSD portion functions as a large cache, containing data that is accessed frequently. The magnetic disc portions spin up when accessing non-cached data. Hard Disk Drives (HDD) encode data magnetically on specially coated glass or plastic platters accessed by drive heads. They are not hybrids. Blu-Ray is a storage format for consumer multimedia, such as music and video, and is known as an "optical" drive because a laser reads data from the disc. It is not a hybrid. The Compact Disc – Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) is a storage format for consumer multimedia, such as music and video, and is not a hybrid.

Answer 371

Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM) is DRAM used in laptops. This memory stores each data bit as an electrical charge and needs refreshing by an electrical charge. A USB drive, or “thumb drive,” uses flash memory to store the data. The computer writes the data through an USB port to the data stick. Many consumer digital imaging products use memory cards that have flash memory, such as digital still and video cameras. Some examples include Compact Flash (CF), Secure Digital (SD), Sony Memory Stick, and xD Picture Card. Many types of mobile audio players (or mp3 players) use flash memory as the main storage on the device.

Answer 372

A bare metal backup is one applied directly to a partitioned drive without the separate step of reinstalling the Operating System (OS). Depending the type of backup, you may have to reinstall device drivers after restoring a backup. Verifying the backup is done when creating the backup and is not part of the restore process. Every backup needs testing regardless of its type. Every restore job needs verifying to ensure the restored data is not corrupted. This step comes after restoring the data and is done regardless of the type of restore.

Answer 373

A Network Attached Storage (NAS) device is an enclosure with basic server firmware. It usually runs some form of the Linux operating system accessed through a web management page. Windows is Microsoft’s primary operating system for desktops, laptops, and even some mobile phones. It remains one of the most popular operating systems. Android is a variant of the Linux operating system created by Google and designed for touchscreen mobile devices such as phones and tablets. iOS is the operating system created by Apple to run its mobile hardware such as iPods, iPhones, and iPads.

Answer 374

Microsoft built a cloud storage client called OneDrive into Windows 10 and integrated it natively into the Windows file system. DropBox is a business-oriented solution that also provides user-level options. It integrates into the Windows system through an application that allows access through the Windows file system. Apple provides the iCloud system to users of Apple products but also has a Windows application that integrates into the Windows file system. Google provides Google Drive to users of Google products and has applications for Windows, iOS, and Android devices. This product integrates into Google’s various applications as well.

Answer 375

System memory is a type of volatile memory called RAM (Random Access Memory). “Volatile” means that data is only retained in the memory chips while there is a power source. ROM is where data resides on a chip so it cannot change. The computer power-on checks are housed in ROM memory so that the computer can boot every time. Cache memory is a small-sized type of volatile computer memory that provides high-speed data access to a processor and stores frequently used computer programs, applications, and data. Flash memory is non-volatile because it does not need a power source to retain information, even though it is a transistor-based technology.

Answer 376

The NAS device stores files on its hard drives and uses the server firmware and operating system to share the files. This is a local file server. Though you can store files in the cloud through programs on your computer, such as OneDrive or Dropbox, you do not have access to them if your Internet connection does not work. Connecting to a work computer over the Internet allows you to access files, but if the Internet does not work, you have no access. Downloaded files can be stored on a local file server, but they themselves are not local storage.

Answer 377

Microsoft provided a Homegroups feature to try to simplify file sharing with Windows 10, but the Windows 1803 update discontinued the feature. PCs with a Bluetooth adapter can use the new Windows “Nearby Devices” sharing feature to send a file over the network to nearby Bluetooth-enabled devices. Network Troubleshooter is a standard feature of Windows that allows the user to diagnose and fix network problems. It is found in the Network Connections folder. Windows Firewall is part of the Windows Defender Security system. It monitors inbound and outbound network connections for malicious activity.

Answer 378

Using hosted storage means leasing a web server from a service provider. Hosted services can also be provided as a "cloud." The end user pays for the services provided by the cloud. Cloud-based storage is very popular. The hard drive in your computer is local storage. An NAS is a storage device connected to the network inside your home. A USB thumb drive connects to a physical device such as a laptop or desktop. Data is transported through the physical computer connection, not over the Internet.

Answer 379

A workstation computer is designed to sit on or under a desk and requires peripheral accessories such as a keyboard and a mouse. One benefit is that a desktop’s basic design can be modified with higher- or lower-grade components and optional features to fit the needs of a user. The device that has extra copies of components that make the system more fault tolerant is a server. The device that uses different system components that are smaller, lighter, and draw less power is a laptop. The device that is optimized to use an HDTV as the primary display and a wireless controller for input is a gaming console.

Answer 380

Home automation solutions include a hub and appliances that must be able to communicate with each other. To achieve this, the networking or communication standards must be supported by all devices. Most devices support ordinary Wi-Fi but others use low power standards. Internet of Things (IoT) devices operate using a Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum that does not require special permits. IP cameras may be included in a home automation solution; however, it depends on the purpose of the solution. Not all home automation solutions will include cameras. Contracting professionals to pre-wire the facility is not required, as most IoT devices utilize a wireless communication standard.

Answer 381

The Internet of Things (IOT) refers to a world in which many different types of things are embedded with processing and network functionality. These devices use very small chips and can be integrated into a range of consumer products and industrial machines. One low-cost consumer product commonly found with IoT functionality is the “smart” light bulb. A smartphone is packed with functionality and has many different sensors; however, it is not considered an IoT device. A laptop has significant resources and functionality; however, it is not considered an IoT device. It can, however, be used to control IoT devices. A feature phone is the predecessor to the smartphone and does not contain the needed functionality to be an IoT device.

Answer 382

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a world in which many different types of things, such as "ordinary" appliances and systems, are embedded with processing and communications capabilities. IoT streaming media devices have the ability to play stored content through any smart speaker or connected TV. The ability to control HVAC systems from an app installed on a smartphone is functionality provided by IoT thermostats. The ability to see a coverage area through either direct connect or snapshots uploaded to the cloud is functionality provided by IP cameras. The ability to check inventory levels or start a washing machine cycle remotely is functionality provided by IoT home appliance automation products.

Answer 383

The Internet of Things (IoT) includes devices large and small. One of the larger IoT devices is the modern car. Modern motor vehicles use a substantial amount of electronics to perform a variety of functions; however, automatically washing the car is not one of them. Modern motor vehicles have computer systems that control the vehicle’s engine and brakes. Embedded systems for in-vehicle entertainment and navigation are part of many modern cars. These include integrated Global Positioning Systems (GPS). Systems that control the vehicle on behalf of the driver are part of many modern vehicles. These include automatic collision detection and avoidance as well as parking assist.

Answer 384

Home automation uses software and “smart” devices to accomplish certain functionality remotely, often through the Internet. One category of home automation categories is appliances. For example, an IoT refrigerator may report its contents to the owner before the owner goes grocery shopping. The ability to control alarms, locks, lighting, and entry systems is functionality provided by security system home automation products, not appliances. The ability to see a coverage area through either direct connect or snapshots uploaded to the cloud is functionality provided by IP cameras. The ability to control HVAC systems from an app installed on a smartphone is functionality provided by IoT thermostats.

Answer 385

A server is designed to be fault tolerant so that it can continue to provide service to tens or even hundreds of users. To accomplish this, a server often has extra copies of components like power supplies and network interface cards. The device that uses different system components that are smaller, lighter, and draw less power is a laptop. The device that requires peripheral accessories connected to the motherboard via ports is a desktop. Those accessories include a keyboard and a mouse. The device that is optimized to use an HDTV as the primary display and a wireless controller for input is a gaming console.

Answer 386

The use of electronics to remotely monitor and configure medical devices is expanding rapidly. Portable medical devices include cardiac monitors/defibrillators and insulin pumps. An IoT-enabled medical device allows doctors and nurses to adjust dosages and monitor a patient. An IoT-enabled medical device is intended to augment, not replace, the care of a medical professional. Deactivating a medical device for financial purposes would be an unethical practice. It is unlikely that an IoT-enabled medical device would include functionality to control other home automation equipment.

Answer 387

A laptop is designed for portability and uses components that are smaller, lighter, and draw less power. By using these types of components, laptops can operate for longer periods of time before needing to connect to an electrical outlet to recharge. A server is the device that has extra copies of components that make the system more fault tolerant. A desktop is the device whose peripheral accessories, including a keyboard and a mouse, connect to the motherboard via ports. A gaming console is the device that is optimized to use an HDTV as the primary display and a wireless controller for input.

Answer 388

Home automation uses software and “smart” devices to accomplish certain functionality remotely, often through the Internet. Home automation categories include camera systems that provide the owner with a video feed or still images of a coverage area. The ability to control alarms, locks, lighting, and entry systems is functionality provided by security system home automation products. The ability to control HVAC systems from an app installed on a smartphone is functionality provided by IoT thermostats. The ability to check inventory levels or start a washing machine cycle remotely is functionality provided by home appliance automation products.

Answer 389

Home automation uses software and “smart” devices to accomplish certain functionality remotely, often through the Internet. IoT thermostats have the ability to control HVAC from an app installed on a smartphone. The ability to control alarms, locks, lighting, and entry systems is functionality provided by security system home automation products. The ability to see a coverage area through either direct connect or snapshots uploaded to the cloud is functionality provided by IP cameras. The ability to check inventory levels or start a washing machine cycle remotely is functionality provided by home appliance automation products.

Answer 390

A feature phone is an older device with limited software functionality. Many feature phones had clumsy user interfaces and failed to provide the same level of service as modern smartphones. A smartphone is the name of today’s modern device that has roughly the same functionality as a personal computer but can be held in one hand. A tablet PC, more commonly called a “tablet,” is a large version of a smartphone, not a large feature phone. Smartphones are manufactured by many vendors including Apple, Samsung, LG, and Google.

Answer 391

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a world in which many different types of things, such as "ordinary" appliances and systems, are embedded with processing and communications capabilities. IoT security systems can monitor and control alarms, locks, lighting, and videophone entry systems remotely. The ability to control HVAC systems from an app installed on a smartphone is functionality provided by IoT thermostats. The ability to see a coverage area through either direct connect or snapshots uploaded to the cloud is functionality provided by IP cameras. The ability to check inventory levels or start a washing machine cycle remotely is functionality provided by IoT home appliance automation products.

Answer 392

A gaming console contains many of the same components as a workstation but is designed specifically for playing video games. Therefore, the primary display is an HDTV and the input device is a console gamepad or controller. The device that has extra copies of components that make the system more fault tolerant is a server. The device that requires peripheral accessories connected to the motherboard via ports is a desktop. Those accessories include a keyboard and a mouse. The device that uses different system components that are smaller, lighter, and draw less power is a laptop.

Answer 393

The main difference between a laptop and a tablet is the lack of a physical keyboard on a tablet. Some devices attempt to bridge this gap by making detachable keyboards for tablets or adding a flipping or rotating screen to convert a laptop into a tablet. Both laptops and tablets come with touch screens, depending on the make and model of the device. Both laptops and tablets have the ability to run different operating systems. Most devices, however, come preloaded with the operating system designed for the hardware. Wi-Fi is a common set of communication protocols that can be found on most laptops and tablets.

Answer 394

With the Post Office Protocol v3 (POP3), email messages are usually deleted from the server when they are downloaded to an email client. This protocol is intended to be used only when a single device or email client application is used. The Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) keeps a copy of email messages on the server so that multiple devices can access them. The POP3 protocol does not move email messages to different folders based on whether or not they are read. POP3 does not use folders in the same manner as IMAP. The messages are downloaded to the client; however, encrypting them for storage is not part of the protocol.

Answer 395

A TCP/IP network transmits data to the desired recipient using packet switching. To accomplish this, each packet of information has a source and destination address. A router is responsible for analyzing the packet header information and directing the packet based on pre-configured tables. A modem is used to modulate/demodulate a signal, as well as to convert the digital signals from a computer into the appropriate analog signal. It also performs the opposite, returning an analog signal back to digital. A switch receives incoming data and then forwards it out of the appropriate port based on the MAC address. A firewall filters traffic passing into or out of a network depending on several criteria.

Answer 396

The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is responsible for sending messages between mail servers and for sending messages from email client software to the server. SMTP can be used with traditional settings that transmit information in plain text or in coordination with SSL to send messages encrypted. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is a wireless security protocol, not an email protocol. The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is used to locate and manage systems on a network and is not used for sending emails. The Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is used for data encryption and decryption. It can be used to encrypt attachments that are sent via email but it is not used to actually transmit the email.

Answer 397

An IP address is used to logically identify each device (host) on a given network. The address is either a 32-bit binary value (IPV4) or a 128-bit binary value (IPV6). In IPV4, the IP address is broken into four 8-character binary values called octets. This results in a decimal value between 0 and 255 within each octet. In this question, the IP address 192.168.1.256 is NOT valid because the decimal value must be between 0 and 254. The IP address 192.168.0.5 is a valid IP on a private class C network. The IP address 192.168.1.1 is a valid IP on a private class C network and is often the default gateway. The IP address 192.168.200.200 is a valid IP address on a private class C network.

Answer 398

The Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) supports permanent connections to a server and connecting multiple clients to the same mailbox simultaneously. IMAP is used to retrieve emails from a server’s message store. The Post Office Protocol v3 (POP3) is also used to retrieve emails; however, POP3 does not support multiple-client simultaneous access. The Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) is an encoding technique used to transmit text messages and binary file attachments by email. The Message Application Programming Interface (MAPI) is used by email client software to send a message to a Microsoft Exchange email server.

Answer 399

When applying MAC filtering on your network devices, you will need to modify the safe list, often called a whitelist, for each new authorized client device going forward. Filtering traffic is a service performed by firewalls based on a ruleset. MAC filtering uses a whitelist to authorize access to a network. The rate of data packet collisions is not impacted by MAC filtering. Throughput of the client device is not impacted because a device goes through the authorization process only when it is initially connected or when it is disconnected and later reconnected.

Answer 400

MAC filtering is a setting that allows a network administrator to indicate exactly which devices are permitted to access the wireless network, and which devices are not. These devices are identified by their MAC address. Approved devices are part of the "whitelist," and specific blocked devices are part of the "blacklist." Port forwarding is a setting that, when enabled, forwards a network port from one network node to another. Port triggering is a setting that automates port forwarding by specifying triggering ports to which inbound traffic is automatically forwarded. Quality of Service is the feature that allows you to prioritize certain types of network traffic over other types of lesser importance.

Answer 401

Internet service providers deliver services using various technologies. With Cable Access TV (CATV) and Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC), the service is delivered using a coaxial cable, which requires a modem as the first device in the equipment string, so that the signal can be modulated/demodulated for transmission over coax. With a modem as the first device in the equipment string, a switch can be connected as the second or third device. An access point generally refers to a Wireless Access Point (WAP), which provides Wi-Fi service. With a modem as the first device in the equipment string, a firewall hardware device can also be connected in the second or third position.

Answer 402

Latency is the term used to describe the total time it takes a data packet to travel from one node to another. This is often measured in milliseconds (ms). The greater the latency, or "lag," the higher this number will be. Availability refers to how long the network stays up and operational without interruption, and how quickly it can recover should it go down. Bandwidth refers to the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over a medium in a given time. Throughput refers to the actual amount of data that is transmitted over a medium in a given time.

Answer 403

When a user enters a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) into a web browser, the Domain Name System (DNS) resolution process locates the correct IP address for the web server. This is accomplished using the DNS hierarchy. The HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) enables a client web browser to request resources on a web server. DNS resolution must happen before HTTP can be used. The local address resolution process occurs when a new system connects to a network and an IP address needs to map to the hardware, or MAC, address. This uses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a protocol that enables encryption of HTTP and other plain-text protocols.

Answer 404

The advantage of HTTPS over regular HTTP is the additional level of security it provides. A site that uses HTTPS is using Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS) to encrypt data. Just about all web browsers today will support HTTPS communications. Websites often cache data for faster future visits; however, this occurs for both HTTPS and HTTP. Transfer rates between HTTPS and HTTP are the same. Technically, establishing the initial connection via HTTPS may take slightly longer, but the added time is unnoticeably small. TCP/IP is the protocol set that governs how information is arranged and exchanged as packets. TCP/IP is used in both HTTPS and HTTP.

Answer 405

A Small Office Home Office (SOHO) network switch typically has either 4 or 8 ethernet LAN ports. SOHO devices are often multifunction and may include an integrated router, modem, and wireless access point. An enterprise network switch typically has 24 or 48 ethernet LAN ports. This would be excessive for a SOHO network. A Local Area Network (LAN) can typically have up to 254 clients on the network, but this depends the subnet configuration. Regardless, a switch does not have 254 physical ports on the device. A SOHO multifunction device may have one Wide Area Network (WAN) uplink, but it has four or eight LAN ports.

Answer 406

The key difference between a LAN and a WAN is the physical distance that the network spans. The LAN, by definition, is a local network of devices in a particular physical location. A Wide Area Network (WAN) is used to connect devices over great distances, and is often used to network computers in different office branches across the country or even internationally. The connection type of the devices being networked for both LANs and WANs varies between implementations and often involves multiple types of connectors and transmission mediums (i.e., catV, fiber, etc.) The number of devices being networked can range from two to thousands for both LANs and WANs. The device speed varies depending on the equipment being used. This is not the primary difference between LANs and WANs.

Answer 407

Wireless routers are among the most commonly used pieces of networking equipment both in the workplace and in SOHO networks. Wireless routers do not, however, provide access to 3G and 4G networks. These are cellular networks that are used by mobile telecommunications devices such as smartphones. Routers allow many different users to access the network at the same time. Most routers have Quality-of-Service (QoS) options that allow you to prioritize certain types of traffic, such as VoIP, over other types of traffic. A wireless router has physical ports that allow both wired and wireless computers to connect to the Internet.

Answer 408

Packet switching is the ability of one computer to forward information to another using any available pathway. To ensure that information reaches the correct destination, each packet is addressed with a source and destination address. A suite of network transport protocols that work in layers, each having a defined function, is known as the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). The method used to assign names to hosts and networks that are converted into IP addresses is known as the Domain Name System (DNS). An encryption technique used in web browsing to authenticate the client/server and to encrypt in-transit data is the Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS).

Answer 409

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a group of computers and devices that share resources (without a router) within a small geographic area. A LAN can be a few connected computers, or it can comprise hundreds of computers and devices. A Storage Area Network (SAN) is a network that provides access to consolidated data storage. A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network of computers that are spread across a large geographic area. A WAN can also be composed of smaller LANs that are interconnected. A Wireless Access Point (WAP) is a device or software that facilitates communication and provides enhanced security to wireless devices. It can extend the physical range of a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN).

Answer 410

The basic function of a router is to forward TCP/IP packets between dissimilar networks. In Small Office Home Office (SOHO) networks, a router connects to the Internet via a WAN link. In enterprise environments, a router connects to other infrastructure devices including switches, firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). A device that creates the LAN for a set of computers is either a switch for wired networks or a Wireless Access Point (WAP) for wireless networks. Filtering for viruses and malware on a LAN is often performed by the Intrusion Detection System (IDS). Preventing damage to equipment from electrical surges is a secondary function of an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS).

Answer 411

Because IMAP4 stores emails on the server end as opposed to the client end, it allows users to access the same email from many different devices. This means that when you check your email from a different laptop or mobile device, you see the same messages. Both POP3 and IMAP4 allow users to download and send attached files. Saving emails to a local machine is a characteristic of POP3, not IMAP4. It is rare for users of IMAP4 to have an unlimited mailbox size, as emails are stored on a server. Most companies impose a mailbox limit to manage the storage capacity on email servers.

Answer 412

A firewall is a network appliance or a piece of software that uses rules to inspect traffic flowing in and out of a device or a network. Packets can be filtered depending on several criteria such as inbound or outbound, IP address, and port number. More advanced firewalls can examine higher layer information and provide enhanced security. A TCIP/IP accelerator uses protocol acceleration, Quality of Service (QoS), to speed up applications such as file access, email, and web pages. Antivirus software is often able to thwart threats in real time, but it is designed to protect endpoint devices, not full networks. Diagnostic software is used to determine the cause of a problem after it has already occurred.

Answer 413

The best way to verify that you have properly configured a router is to test it out from a wireless device. If the device cannot connect to the router, then this is a sign that your settings still need to be adjusted. Of course, even if your test is successful, you still might want to check your settings again. A wireless router does not have built-in functionality that can simulate a device connecting. This must be done manually by the administrator. A wireless router does not alert you if configurations are not set properly. It is the administrator’s responsibility to ensure that settings are correct and the device is secure. When changing settings, the wireless router may send a pop-up message confirming the change; however, it cannot determine if the settings have been changed successfully.

Answer 414

Wireless standards have evolved since 1999. The most recent standard is 802.11ac, which operates on the 5GHz spectrum band and can achieve a maximum transfer rate of 1.7 Gbps. The number of channels available affects the throughput (i.e., speed). The 802.11b standard was one of the first announced in 1999, and it used the 2.4 GHz spectrum with a maximum transfer rate of 11 Mbps. The 802.11g standard was announced in 2003, and it used the 2.4 GHz spectrum with a maximum transfer rate of 54 Mbps. The 802.11n standard was announced in 2009, and it uses both 2.4 GHz and 5GHz spectrums. It operates at 72.2 Mbps on a single channel or 150 Mbps on bonded channels.

Answer 415

Radio signals pass through solid objects but can be weakened or blocked. One technology that is unlikely to cause interference, however, is Bluetooth. Despite using the same 2.4 GHz frequency range, the modulation technique is different. Other Wi-Fi networks that are nearby can cause interference, especially if operating on the same channel. Particularly dense or thick wall materials, as well as metal, can cause interference with Wi-Fi signals. Fluorescent lighting is a common source of signal interference for Wi-Fi. Fluorescent lighting can also cause interference on wired networks if the network cable is unshielded and comes in close proximity to the light fixture.

Answer 416

Wired Equivalency Protocol (WEP) was developed for the purpose of providing confidentiality over a wireless network comparable to that of a traditional wired network. The problem with WEP is that the implementation is done in an insecure manner that can be easily cracked by malicious attackers. A captive portal is not an encryption method. An unencrypted (i.e., open) access point may redirect to a captive portal so that authorized users can authenticate or submit payment. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) has been updated to WPA2, but it still provides better security than WEP. WPA2 is a more secure and complex security protocol and certification program for wireless devices. WPA2 is the current best option for wireless encryption.

Answer 417

Attenuation is the loss of a signal’s strength. The distance between the wireless client and the access point determines the attenuation of the signal. Each station determines an appropriate data rate based on the quality of the signal. A lower quality signal results in a slower data transfer rate. Increasing the signal strength increases the data transfer rate. Consistency of a signal will not increase the transfer rate. A consistently poor signal strength will always have a slower transfer rate. To achieve a maximum transfer rate, a consistent excellent signal strength is needed.

Answer 418

When configuring a wireless access point, you must always change the default password to prevent unauthorized access. Most devices come from the manufacturer with “default,” “password,” or “admin” as the default password. A quick Internet search will reveal the default password for a specific manufacturer. Selecting the channel used by the access point can be done if interference is caused by nearby access points, but this is not the earliest action to take. An Access Control List (ACL) can help prevent devices from connecting; however, this is of a lower priority than changing the default password. Enabling Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is likely done by default and will not be required when setting up an access point.

Answer 419

The Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) security standard and certification fixed most of the security problems found with Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). WPA still uses the same weak RC4 cipher as WEP but adds a mechanism called the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) to make it stronger. A captive portal is not an encryption standard. It is a mechanism used to force clients connecting to an open access point to provide credentials or payment. Wi-Fi Protected Access III (WPA3) is a newer security standard and certification published in January 2018. It will soon be the best option for securing Wi-Fi, but it will not use TKIP. Wi-Fi Protected Access II (WPA2) is the implantation of the 802.11i WLAN security standard, which uses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) instead of TKIP.

Answer 420

Open authentication may be combined with a secondary authentication mechanism managed via a browser. When the client associates with an open hotspot and launches the browser, the client is redirected to a captive portal to enter credentials or provide payment. Examples of virtual stores where customers can purchase add-ons or apps include the iTunes store, Google Play, or other vendor-specific stores. These are not captive portals. A “tunnel” that connects a client to a private network using encryption is called a Virtual Private Network (VPN). Using a VPN when connecting through an open captive portal helps protect the confidentiality and integrity of the transmitted data. Authenticating to a single system to get access to all its resources is referred to as Single Sign-On (SSO). Captive portals are specific to accessing wireless networks.

Answer 421

The 802.11ac wireless standard allows data throughput of up to 1.7 Gbps at the time of writing. It uses the 5 GHz band. Those planning wireless networks should take into account that most access points have a compatibility mode that will allow older devices to connect using older standards; however, this also reduces the rate of data throughput for those devices. The 802.11a wireless standard supports speeds up to 54 Mbps, but has a limited range of about 60 feet. The 802.11a standard uses the 5 GHz band. The 802.11n wireless standard allows data throughput of up to 600 Mbps. The 802.11n standard uses the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands. The 802.11g wireless standard has a maximum throughput of 54 Mbps. The 802.11g wireless standard uses the 2.4 GHz band.

Answer 422

Wi-Fi Protected Access II (WPA2) improves security by adding Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher-based authentication. This cipher uses strong message authenticity and integrity checking, which provides significantly stronger protection for both privacy and integrity. WPA added the TKIP security protocol, which uses an RC4 stream cipher. AES has replaced TKIP. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) uses an insecure implementation of a stream RC4 cipher, not an AES cipher. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) was developed to replace WEP, which was known to have major security flaws. WPA relies on TKIP, not AES.

Answer 423

The SSID of a wireless browser should be changed to a more unique name or should have its broadcast disabled. It is better to pick a name that does not indicate exactly where the router is. For example, an SSID named "Marketing, 1C" tells potential attackers where the device is. Each wireless router will have a default SSID when you take it out of the box. To improve the security of the router, you should immediately change the SSID to something more unique. Depending on the wireless router configuration, each access point may have a unique SSID. An exception to this a mesh wireless network, in which access points pass traffic from hop to hop.

Answer 424

A Service Set Identifier (SSID) is a string of letters and/or numbers. This is commonly referred to as the network name. Most wireless access points broadcast their SSID unless you specify otherwise. It is recommended that you change the SSID to something more unique or disable SSID broadcasting altogether. The password for the access point is usually configured in addition to the SSID. A list of all currently connected clients can often be found on the Status page of the router, although the exact location will vary depending on the manufacturer. File protection that disguises the data within a message is known as encryption.

Answer 425

An “open” wireless access point does not require authentication to connect. Because of this, all network traffic is sent and received in plain-text unencrypted form, which is susceptible to interception. When using an open access point, connecting to a Virtual Private Network (VPN) is highly recommended. Even if a wireless network is enclosed within a secure building, open authentication allows anyone in the building to eavesdrop on network traffic. Also, RF signals can pass through walls. If a wireless network is only intended for customers of a business, enabling encryption or using a captive portal is recommended. A private network containing sensitive information should use encryption and should not be configured with open authentication.

Answer 426

Servers can be configured to perform a number of roles. The applications that the server is running specify the particular server’s role. Servers typically need services and additional features installed to perform their specific role. The server’s role determines the hardware that server requires. A few common server roles are domain controller, database server, backup server, file server, print server, infrastructure server, web server, and email server. Server operating systems do have simple command-line interfaces, but that isn't why they have multiple roles. The command-line interface makes them more secure and stable. Servers do tend to match the kernel of their workstation equivalent (for example, Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016 are very similar), but this is not why they use multiple roles. Servers are extremely flexible because they tend to have more disk space, more memory, and faster processors.

Answer 427

There is not a lot to configure in terms of memory management. The OS will do the best job it can with the resources available; if there is not enough memory the only real solution is to install more or run fewer programs simultaneously. The systems cache memory on a computer is used by the central processing unit (CPU). The CPU can retrieve the information extremely quickly and use it to process the next batch of information. You can override processes if you know what you are doing. The problem with overriding a process in the Task Manager is that you may override something that the OS needs. Removing a memory card would actually cause more problems. This would certainly reduce the resources available for the OS to manage.

Answer 428

A Type 1 hypervisor doesn't run as a software application "within" a host's operating system; that is an aspect of a Type 2 hypervisor. A Type 1 hypervisor is also known as a "bare metal" hypervisor because it is installed directly onto the computer. Type 1 hypervisors run directly on the host's hardware to control the hardware and to manage guest operating systems. For this reason, they are sometimes called “bare metal” hypervisors because they reside directly on the computer, whereas Type 2 hypervisors reside on the virtual platform. Type 1 hypervisors interact directly with a computer's hardware.

Answer 429

When the OS is first installed, the account created or used during setup is a powerful local administrator account. You should create ordinary user accounts for day-to-day access to the computer. Group accounts are not advisable because there is no accountability of access to the computer. You need to implement access controls on each user account that you create. You should always log off when you leave your computer, as this provides a bit of security to your account. You should not keep the local administrator account open for use as everybody's log-in account because this leaves your computer vulnerable.

Answer 430

You should inspect the properties of the executable file (or a shortcut to it). The Details tab is useful for troubleshooting, as it will let you know whether you are running a version with the latest patches. The Compatibility tab can be used to run the program in a compatibility mode (for Windows 98, for instance) and adjust the display settings. You shouldn't try to reinstall the program without first trying to figure out what is wrong with it. Removing the program is not an option. You need to gather more information and look at the executable file. Applications don't usually fix themselves in a day or so.

Answer 431

The most basic function of an operating system is to provide an interface between user and machine. Accessing video, audio, and office automation all require external software and applications to function. This is not the most basic function of the operating system. Although some operating systems, like Linux, have built-in protection because they were meant for open-source use, an operating system's basic function is not to protect against viruses. In most computer systems this is accomplished with the use of anti-virus software. Wireless connectivity is not a function of the operating system.

Answer 432

Embedded systems are specifically used to operate devices that perform acutely time-sensitive tasks. Examples include drip meters and flow valves. Embedded systems are not general-purpose systems. They are usually not capable of running software to perform multiple tasks. Because they are meant for specific purposes, embedded systems do not usually allow the user to install upgrades. Embedded systems are not used in a dynamic environment and are considered static devices (i.e., they don't change often). Because they are used to perform acutely sensitive tasks, they don't tolerate reboots and crashes well.

Answer 433

A hotfix is an update that is usually issued as an immediate response to a specific flaw or vulnerability. A collection of previously issued patches, which is usually meant to be applied to one component of a system, is commonly referred to as a rollout. A compilation of updates that generally includes functionality enhancements, new features, and patches issued up to a certain point is known as a Service Pack. Patches are small units of code that address a security problem or a functionality issue, but typically the problem is not immediately threatening.

Answer 434

Providing productivity applications, such as word processing and spreadsheets, is not among the basic functions of an operating system. These must be acquired and installed separately. The applications are often written for specific operating systems. For instance, Microsoft Office was coded with a Windows operating system in mind, and might not function on a Macintosh operating system. An operating system enables users to display folder and data directories for data management. An operating system facilitates communication between input devices, output devices, and other hardware components. An operating system is designed to allow a user to interact with a computer without having to understand all of the underlying technologies that allow it to function.

Answer 435

A mobile device OS is one designed for handheld devices, such as smartphones and tablets. Mobile devices by definition are not workstations, so a mobile device OS is the only OS that is not for use on workstations. An enterprise client is designed to work as a client in business networks. A Network Operating System (NOS), or server OS, is designed to run on servers in business networks. A home client is designed to work on standalone or workgroup PCs and laptops in a home or small office. This will also allow each client to run some basic peer-to-peer network servers, such as file sharing.

Answer 436

Windows provides a GUI Disk Management tool to format mass storage devices (disks and USB drives) and manage partitions. Also, each partition must be formatted with a file system so that the OS can read and write files to the drive. Task Manager can monitor the various tasks and see how much memory and what percent of the processing is taken up by each application, but you can't manage the disk from there. Memory is managed by the operating system, not by a memory management plug-in. The C: drive can't be manipulated without the GUI Disk Management tool.

Answer 437

The only open source mobile operating system in this list is Android. It was developed by Google based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software and was designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices. Apple iOS is a proprietary mobile operating system, although it contains open source components. If Apple fails to approve an app or removes it from the app store, you can't use it. Blackberry is a proprietary mobile operating system, although it contains open source components. Windows Phone is a proprietary mobile operating system, although it contains open source components.

Answer 438

Windows Disk Defragmenter is helpful when performance is being affected by used and free storage areas on a hard disk being greatly scattered. Over time, a disk can become fragmented. Files that are saved on a disk are stored in multiple separate blocks, which causes the used and available storage areas to become scattered on the disk. A high degree of file fragmentation can impact the performance of the disk. Disk Defragmenter fixes this problem by rearranging the stored files to be contiguous rather than dispersed. Disk Defragmenter is not helpful for issues involving driver incompatibility. Disk Defragmenter is not helpful for issues involving malware. Disk Defragmenter is not helpful for issues involving a damaged boot sector.

Answer 439

When a yellow alert is displayed next to a device in the Device Manager window, it indicates a problem with that particular device. In most cases, there is a problem with the driver. Installing the most current driver for the device is a recommended first step. A damaged or removed component would be unlikely to appear in the Device Manager at all. A component that has been physically removed from the computer would not be displayed. An alert in Device Manager is unrelated to the amount of hard disk space available.

Answer 440

An operating system is an interface between the user and the computer. It manages communication between input devices, output devices, and peripherals. Application software provides specific functionality, such as word processing, and is generally written to run on a specific operating system. Licensed software is software that requires the user to enter a valid license key before the program will install and/or run. Productivity software is a broad category that often refers to applications that allow users to create typed documents, spreadsheets, and presentations, or to manage projects.

Answer 441

Terminating a process by using the Task Manager utility (rather than the application's Close or Exit function) is often called "killing" the process. The command line option for doing this in Windows is called taskkill. Always try to close or end a task normally before attempting to "kill" it. Trying to open the program again will most likely not work because it's already frozen. Unplugging the computer would certainly kill the process, but it would result in the loss of all the work that you have done since your last save. This is not the best option. Allowing a program to run in the background will occupy resources that you could otherwise use elsewhere.

Answer 442

Task Manager is a basic system-diagnostic and performance-monitoring tool. It provides real-time data of processor and memory usage, as well as a list of all currently running processes and applications. It can be opened by pressing CTRL + ALT + DEL on a Windows machine and selecting Task Manager. Device Manager is useful for managing, configuring, and diagnosing system devices, by allowing users to view and control the hardware attached to the computer. It does not provide real-time statistics of processor and memory usage. Disk Management is a tool with which drives on a disk can be formatted and partitioned. It does not provide real-time statistics of processor and memory usage. Task Scheduler provides a way to automatically perform routine tasks on a specific device, such as running an application or a scan, but not real-time statistics of processor and memory usage.

Answer 443

The embedded OS in an embedded system is called firmware because it is not designed to be continually changed and it provides all the functions for interacting with the device hardware. Workstations, laptops, and servers also use a type of firmware. Such PC firmware provides a low-level interface that allows the OS to load and take control of the PC's components. Firmware is not designed to be a flexible operating system and is not supposed to change continually (that's why it's called firmware). Firmware doesn't support frequent updates. Occasional updates are usually allowed, but frequent changes would disrupt firmware. Graphic adapters, storage devices, and network controllers all tend to come with firmware to operate them.

Answer 444

Windows users navigate to the Control Panel to install new operating system features. Within Control Panel, you navigate to Programs and Features and then to Turn Windows Features on or off. Accessories provides a few tools, such as the Snipping Tool, Character Map, and Steps Recorder, but they don't allow you to navigate to Windows system features. Terminal Services is one of the components of Microsoft Windows that allows a user to take control of a remote computer or virtual machine over a network connection. It does not take you directly to the new Windows system features. The C: Drive is usually the main drive on your computer, and it holds the majority of your files. It will not take you to features.

Answer 445

Most mobile devices run off of proprietary operating systems. The brand of device you buy will determine which operating system it should use. If you purchase an Apple mobile device, whether it is an iPhone, iPad, or Apple Watch, it will use the Apple iOS operating system. This system is proprietary, meaning that other manufacturers can't use it. Blackberry phones run the Blackberry OS. Windows phones use the Windows Phone OS, which was developed by Microsoft. Android mobile devices run the Android OS, which is owned by Google.

Answer 446

The .zip extension indicates that the file has been archived and compressed for Windows, OS X, iOS, and Android by a program called WinZip. WinZip creates archives in zip file format but also provides various levels of support for other archive formats. It is one of the most commonly used programs for compressing files. The .zip extension is not a media file, which would show up in a variety of formats, depending on the application used to view it. Examples of media file extensions include .avi, .mov, .wma, .mp4, and .mpg. The .zip extension is not a small text file containing a list of system commands that execute in a batch. This is commonly referred to as a batch file. Executable files that run a program typically have a .exe file extension.

Answer 447

The Command Line Interface is not a snap-in management tool. It is a means of interacting with a computer program where the user (or client) issues commands to the program in the form of successive lines of text (Command lines). The Control Panel has individual applets to configure various aspects of Windows. It is a legacy interface. The default Computer Management console contains a number of different administrative snap-ins. Each snap-in configures the settings for a different OS subsystem, such as disk management or user management. Increasingly, configuration options are being moved to the touchscreen-friendly Windows Settings app.

Answer 448

Although the latest Mac OS version is being updated to the Apple File System (APFS), Apple Mac workstations and laptops currently use the extended Hierarchical File System (HFS). Linux boxes use the 4th extended file system or Ext4, not HFS. Most computers using the new Windows operating systems use NTFS, not HFS. Android phones use FAT32 or SD cards for their file system.

Answer 449

A service is a Windows process that does not require any sort of user interaction and so runs in the "background" (without a window). You can use the Services snap-in to check which services are running and to start and stop each service or configure its properties, such as whether it starts automatically at system boot time. The Task Manager only monitors the activities and can be used to stop them. You can't use it to schedule services. The Microsoft Event Viewer keeps track of activities on your computer, not services. The System bus will probably have multiple services running through it (almost everything goes through the bus). But the bus is just a means for the data to transfer between circuits. It does not control the services.

Answer 450

The specific limitations you need to consider for file systems are as follows: In FAT32, the max file size is 4 GB and the max volume size is 8 TB. In NTFS, the max file size is 16 EB and the max volume size is 16 EB. In HFS+, the max file size is 8 EB and the max volume size is 8 EB. In Ext4, the max file size is 16 TB and the max volume size is 1 EB. Data storage technology is evolving quickly and there are many options for backing up your data. The use of file systems allows for more cost savings and the ability to purchase more equipment to provide redundancy. Every file system is different, and each has its own benefits and limitations.

Answer 451

In Microsoft Windows, the Check Disk (chkdsk) command verifies the logical integrity of a file system. If you follow it with a drive letter and the /f switch, chkdsk can repair the file system data. For example, chkdsk c: /f In Microsoft Windows, the defrag.exe command will start the Disk Defragmenter tool to defragment a particular volume or disk. In Microsoft Windows, the format.exe command will format partitions to a selected file system. In Microsoft Windows, ipconfig is a console application that displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values and can modify Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS) settings. The ipconfig command will show the current IP settings on the machine.

Answer 452

Some journaling file systems conservatively assume that a device write-reordering always takes place. This is a disadvantage, because the journal system will actually sacrifice performance for correctness by forcing the device to flush its cache at certain points in the journal. The ability to track changes and determine which disk has gone bad is an important benefit of journaling. Journaling will actually provide a faster system restart time after a crash because the computer does not have to examine each file system in its entirety to guarantee its consistency. Journaling file systems can be made consistent by simply replaying outstanding, complete entries in the log. Journaling uses sophisticated algorithms that provide better performance.

Answer 453

When a user running Word 2003 tries to open a .docx file, the file may cause issues, since it is a format that was created in Word 2007 or later. Microsoft Word 2007 and later versions can save documents as either .docx or .doc files. A .docx file is XML-based and is automatically compressed when the file is closed. Users running Word 2003 or older may experience issues opening .docx files unless they have the Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack installed. The file will not open in WordPad by default. Windows should ask you what program you would like to open the document with. The file may not open normally depending on the version of Office you have; the best bet is to have the Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack installed. Word will not automatically prompt the user to upgrade to a newer version to view the file.

Answer 454

A .dmg file is a mountable disk image created in Mac OS X. It contains raw block data that is typically compressed and sometimes encrypted. These files are commonly used for OS X software installers that are downloaded from the Internet and mount a virtual disk on the desktop when opened. The .dmg file extension is not used in a Linux operating system. The .dmg file extension is not used in a Unix operating system. Users running other operating systems, such as Windows 8.1 or later, will likely experience issues trying to open .dmg files. Windows users should consider compression tools such as WinZip and WinRAR.

Answer 455

There was already a folder called New Folder in the directory at the time it was created. When you first create a folder, it is given a default name of New Folder. If you then create another new folder without first changing the default name of the first folder, the next folder will have a default name of New Folder (2). The number in the name does not indicate how many files are actually inside the folder. The word "New" appearing in the title does not mean that the folder was created recently. Regardless of the date it was created, it will still appear as New Folder (2) until it is renamed. The folder name does not indicate the sequence in which the folders in the directory were created. Creation date and time can be found in the folder properties.

Answer 456

Using spaces in the file name can cause issues. Some software will not recognize file names with spaces, and file names with spaces must be enclosed in quotes when using the command line. How you organize and name your files will have a big impact on your ability to find files later and to understand what they contain. A consistent naming scheme will help make names more comprehensible. Descriptive information in the file names will make it easier to figure out your system later. Creating a readme.txt file in a folder with explanations of the contents or, at a minimum, the naming scheme for the files would be helpful.

Answer 457

Device drivers allow the OS to communicate with a peripheral device. You need to go to the Device Manager to view the device drivers. Windows 10 will handle virtually all of your driver updates through the Windows update utility. There is no tool named Driver Manager. Drivers will only be found in the download folder if you had to search for a driver online and downloaded it. If you find that you are missing a driver, you can go to the device manufacturer’s website to find it and download it. Drivers do not reside directly on the desktop. previous

Answer 458

Compression software builds easy-to-distribute packages of files of disparate types and sizes. For example, most software is distributed in one or more compression formats to make it easier for users to store and use. Audio software provides a local output to your computer and will not help you share a file through email. Collaboration software could be used to share a file, but it doesn't require you to use email. Video software provides a local output to your monitor and does not help you share a file through an email.

Answer 459

Tasks can be manipulated by the user through the Task Manager and usually run in the foreground. Processes and services run in the background and are usually managed by programs or by the CPU. There is clearly a difference between tasks and processes/services. They are not analogous terms. Tasks do not run in the background. Processes and services run in the background. Foreground tasks and background processes/services are all running and all have a purpose.

Answer 460

The advantage of FAT32 over NTFS is that FAT32 is the file system used for formatting many removable drives and disks because it provides the best compatibility between different types of computers and devices. FAT32 is smaller than NTFS, which has a 64-bit addressing scheme that allows for much larger partitions (up to 2 TB) than FAT32 (32 GB). NTFS supports extended attributes, allowing for file-level security permissions, compression, and encryption. FAT32 was used on older versions of Windows, not NTFS. NTFS has a 64-bit addressing scheme. FAT32 is limited to a file size of 4GB and a maximum partition size of 32 GB.

Answer 461

An audio clip usually has a .wav extension, which indicates that the file is in the Waveform Audio File Format. An audio clip is not a .jpg file. The .jpg extension indicates the file is an image. Many photographs and Internet graphics are stored in the JPG file format. JPG files are commonly referred to as JPEG images. An audio clip is not a .rtf file. The .rtf extension implies that it is a text file that includes a limited amount of formatting, such as bold and italics. An audio clip is not a .tiff file. Like the .jpg file, the .tiff extension indicates that the file is an image. The TIFF format is widely supported by image-manipulation applications, by publishing and page layout applications, and by scanning, faxing, word processing, optical character recognition, and other applications.

Answer 462

Anti-malware software can be used to prevent viruses, adware, Trojans, worms, and other malicious code from infecting a computer. Disk Defragmenter is used to rearrange stored data on a disk into contiguous blocks to boost disk performance. Remote desktop software is used to access another desktop via the Internet. This software is often used when IT specialists need to diagnose a problem from a different computer. Task Manager is a basic system-diagnostic and performance-monitoring tool that can indicate current CPU and RAM usage, and display all currently running processes and applications.

Answer 463

Compression is the process of making file sizes smaller for the purpose of transferring them from one device to another. WinZip is one of the most popular compression programs available. Collaboration software refers to applications that facilitate the sharing of data. These include email programs, instant messaging software, and video conferencing applications. Productivity software includes applications that are used to create typed documents, spreadsheets, and presentations, or to manage projects. Proprietary software refers to any software that places restrictions on use, analysis, modification, or distribution and is customized specifically for the operations of a particular business.

Answer 464

Because a GUI is much more visually intuitive, users typically pick up on how to use a GUI faster than a Command Line Interface. A GUI interface takes up more resources than a Command Line Interface. A GUI requires more system resources because of the elements that require loading, such as icons and fonts. Video, mouse, and other drivers need to be loaded, taking up additional system resources. Even different iterations of the same GUI, such as Windows, can have hundreds of different changes between each version. Command Line users only need to utilize a keyboard to navigate the interface, often resulting in faster performance. This, however, often requires more training and allocation of resources.

Answer 465

The main advantage of NTFS over FAT is that NTFS has a 64-bit addressing scheme, which allows for much larger partitions (up to 2 TB) than FAT (32 GB). In addition, NTFS supports extended attributes, allowing for file-level security permissions, compression, and encryption. NTFS has a 64-bit addressing scheme, not a 32-bit addressing scheme. FAT32 is the addressing scheme that is limited to a file size of 4GB and a maximum partition size of 32 GB. NTFS is a common file system used for formatting most removable drives and disks; however, FAT32 offers greatest interoperability among different types of computers and devices. NTFS is used on the newer versions of Windows, not the older versions.

Answer 466

An .exe is an executable file that launches a program or application. Many email applications restrict users from sending or receiving files with an .exe extension, as they have been known to carry viruses. The .bmp file extension indicates that the file is an image. In Windows, Paint is an application that can view an image file. The .doc file extension indicates that the file was created in a word processing program, such as Microsoft Word or WordPad. The .png file extension indicates that the file is an image. In Windows, Paint is an application that can view an image file.

Answer 467

Linux boxes use the 4th extended file system or Ext4, not the Hierarchical File System. Ext4 is a 64-bit file system with support for journaling, which means that the file system tracks changes, giving better reliability and less chance of file corruption in the event of crashes or power interruptions. Although the latest Mac OS version is being updated to the Apple File System (APFS), Apple Mac workstations and laptops use the extended Hierarchical File System (HFS), not Ext4. Android phones use FAT32 or SD cards for their file system. Most of the computers using the new Windows operating systems use NTFS, not Ext4.

Answer 468

The System Restore utility creates restore points, which are snapshots of the system configuration at a given moment in time. You can use these restore points to revert to an earlier state of your system settings without affecting user data, such as documents. Defender scans for and removes malicious materials at scheduled intervals. ReadyBoot enables the user to supplement the computer's memory with an external storage device, such as a flash drive. Shadow Copy creates backup copies of the system's data and stores them locally or to an external location of the user's choosing.

Answer 469

In Windows the Task Scheduler, as its name suggests, sets tasks to run at a particular time. The Task Scheduler is accessed via its own console or the Computer Management console. Tasks can be run once at a future date and time or according to a recurring schedule. Similar tools are available in other operating systems. Each Windows machine has its own Task Scheduler, and there is no need to carry it to multiple machines on an external drive. The Task Scheduler has its own GUI. The Task Scheduler will indeed run automatically, and many programs set their own tasks to be completed on a recurring schedule. However, you have access to the Task Scheduler to make sure that tasks aren't running when you need the memory and processing speed for other work.

Answer 470

The file system maintains an Access Control List (ACL) for each file or folder object. The ACL records which user accounts are allowed to read, write, or control the object. Content filters are used to set up parental controls for web access on your network. The file system can automatically encrypt data in a file when it is saved. This means that the file can only be opened when there is access to the encryption key. It does not set permissions. It’s important to understand that encryption is different than permission. The system folder doesn't set permissions for who has access rights.

Answer 471

When double-clicking an .msi file, a program will begin installing. An .msi file is a Microsoft Windows Installer package that specifies particular installation parameters for an application. Fixing the boot sector requires special care. The Bootrec.exe system command can be useful for repairing a bad boot sector. Installed applications are typically launched by double-clicking an .exe or .app file, depending on the program and operating system. There are many ways a disk can be reformatted. The Disk Management tool can be used for this purpose.

Answer 472

A user account uniquely identifies each specific user on a computer or a network. Each user is assigned a set of permissions, which are the rules that determine what that user is allowed to do, and what resources the user is allowed to access. Accessibility in a computing context generally refers to the tools that enable users with visual or hearing impairments to be able to access certain computer features and web pages. An account is a profile that is unique to each individual user. Each account will have a set of permissions assigned to it to govern what the user is allowed to do. Authentication refers to the mechanism that the system uses to verify that the user is who he or she claims to be.

Answer 473

The Windows BitLocker feature provides full disk-encryption protection for the operating system. BitLocker ensures the protection of early startup components and locks volumes in order to prevent access or tampering when the operating system is not running. The Windows BitLocker feature does not create backup copies of the system's data stores on an external device. Older versions of Microsoft Office can be run on newer versions of Windows with the Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack. Windows BitLocker does not enable you to supplement the computer's memory with an external device.

Answer 474

Business-specific software is implemented to cover functions that cannot be performed by "off-the-shelf" software. This might include product design and manufacturing, inventory control, marketing, and sales. Accounting software is specifically designed to support financial and commercial functions, such as order processing, accountancy, and payroll. Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation, and change management. It allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders, and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management, and documentation, and may also be used as an administration system. Database software enables the user to store, organize, and retrieve information. Databases can search thousands of records very quickly and display data in a format specified by the user. They can be used to store many different types of information.

Answer 475

Collaborative software, or groupware, is application software designed to help people involved in a common task to achieve their goals. Screen sharing, video conferencing, instant messaging, and email are collaboration software programs because they are used among many different users simultaneously. While some of these files can be obtained through open sources, they are not all obtained via open source means. A shared portal is the platform on which these programs work, but it is not an example of a collaboration software program. Software as a Service, or SaaS, is a product that provides software as a service on the cloud.

Answer 476

Word processing software helps users write and edit documents. A word processor comes with features that enable the user to edit and review text quickly (automated spell checker, for instance). Spreadsheet software allows users to carry out complex calculations by entering values into cells and applying formulas to them. Spreadsheet packages can be used for many tasks, including tracking and analyzing sales data and working on company accounts. Presentation software enables users to create sophisticated business presentations that can be displayed at a meeting. Pictures, company logos, graphs, and text can be added to the slides, together with a variety of animations. Visual diagramming software provides diagram templates and shapes to help users create different kinds of diagrams.

Answer 477

Skype is an instant messaging application and an example of collaborative software, since it is used to improve the ability to communicate with others. Microsoft PowerPoint and Apple iWork Keynote are both examples of presentation software. Presentation software is a tool used to create visual presentations. It makes it possible to combine text and graphic elements to convey important information to a group of people. Microsoft Excel and Apple iWork Numbers are both examples of spreadsheet software. Spreadsheet software is used to organize, analyze, and store of data in tabular form. Microsoft Word and Apple iWork Pages are both examples of word processing software. Word processing software is used to create documents.

Answer 478

An online workspace is one where a file is hosted on a network and users can sign in to get access to it. Different users might be assigned different permissions for the document. For example, some users may be able to view or print the document or add comments to it; others may be able to edit it. Email is a messaging system and is not considered a shared space. Remote desktop allows a user to connect to a computer over a network, but it doesn't create a shared space. Instant messaging (IM) software allows users to communicate in real time. Unlike with email, there is (virtually) no delay between sending and receiving a message.

Answer 479

Screen sharing software allows you to share an individual program or your entire desktop with a group of other users. It can be used to facilitate online meetings. Desktop publishing software allows individuals, businesses, and other organizations to self-publish a wide range of printed matter to create magazines, newspapers, newsletters, and similar documents. It is not used to control the display during online meetings. Presentation software might be used in an online meeting to give visual cues to the attendees, but it doesn't have the capability to be used as a sharing software program. A software firewall protects a computer from over-the-network threats.

Answer 480

Microsoft SQL is a database application. It is a domain-specific language used in programming and designed for managing data held in a relational database management system, or for stream processing in a relational data stream management system. Microsoft SQL is not an email application, nor is it a newsreader application. Mobile operating systems software is specifically built for mobile devices. It has nothing to do with Microsoft SQL. Remote desktop software is what you would use to log into a desktop remotely. It has nothing to do with Microsoft SQL.

Answer 481

Visual diagramming software provides diagram templates and shapes to help users create different kinds of diagrams. Spreadsheet software allows users to carry out complex calculations by entering values into cells and applying formulas to them. Spreadsheet packages can be used for many tasks, including tracking and analyzing sales data and working on company accounts. Word processing applications help users write and edit documents. A word processor comes with features that enable the user to edit and review text quickly (an automated spell checker, for instance). Presentation software enables users to create sophisticated business presentations that can be displayed at a meeting. Pictures, company logos, graphs, and text can be added to the slides, together with a variety of animations.

Answer 482

Presentation software enables users to create sophisticated business presentations that can be displayed for a meeting. Pictures, company logos, graphs, and text can be added to the slides, together with a variety of animations. Visual diagramming software provides diagram templates and shapes to help users create different kinds of diagrams. Spreadsheet software allows users to carry out complex calculations by entering values into cells and applying formulas to them. Spreadsheet packages can be used for many tasks, including tracking and analyzing sales data and working on company accounts. Word processing applications help users write and edit documents. A word processor comes with features that enable users to edit and review text quickly (an automated spell checker, for instance).

Answer 483

Video conferencing or Video Teleconferencing (VTC) software allows users to configure virtual meeting rooms, with options for voice, video, and instant messaging. Email client software is an application that allows the user to compose and send messages as well as receive messages from others. Email client software works in conjunction with an email server, which handles the business of actually transmitting the messages over the network. Word processing software helps users write and edit documents. A word processor comes with features that enable the user to edit and review text quickly (an automated spell checker, for instance). Presentation software enables users to create sophisticated business presentations that can be displayed at a meeting. Pictures, company logos, graphs, and text can be added to the slides, together with a variety of animations.

Answer 484

Web applications use web servers as their servers and web browsers as their clients. Often referred to as thin clients, web browsers work on any computing device and remove the need to install a local "fat" client that might not be available on all platforms or devices. A database allows users to store data in the form of structured fields, tables, and columns, which can then be retrieved directly and/or through programmatic access. It is not related to web application client/server software. A dynamic link library (DLL) is a collection of small programs that can be loaded when needed by larger programs and used at the same time. It is not related to web application client server software. A script has nothing to do with web applications.

Answer 485

Project management software is used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation, and change management. It allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders, and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality, and documentation. It may also be used as an administration system. Accounting software is specifically designed to support financial and commercial functions, such as order processing, accountancy, and payroll. Database software enables the user to store, organize, and retrieve information. Databases can search thousands of records very quickly and display data in a format specified by the user. They can be used to store many different types of information. Business-specific software is implemented to cover functions that cannot be performed by "off-the-shelf" software. This might include product design and manufacturing, inventory control, marketing, and sales.

Answer 486

Remote Desktop allows a user to assume control of a computer in a different location using an Internet connection Wireless input devices can be used to interact with a local machine via wireless connectivity. While wireless input devices may be used for remote access, they are not required for accessing a remote computer. Remote Desktop software does not allow you to host a video conference for real-time collaboration. Collaboration software is needed for hosting a video conference. The System Restore feature can be used to reset system settings to an earlier state without affecting changes in user data.What business software supports financial and commercial functions, such as order processing and payroll?

Answer 487

Accounting software is specifically designed to support financial and commercial functions, such as order processing, accountancy, and payroll. Database software enables the user to store, organize, and retrieve information. Databases can search thousands of records very quickly and display data in a format specified by the user. They can be used to store many different types of information. Business-specific software is implemented to cover functions that cannot be performed by "off-the-shelf" software. This might include product design and manufacturing, inventory control, marketing, and sales. Project management software is used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation, and change management. It allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders, and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality, and documentation. It may also be used as an administration system.

Answer 488

Spreadsheet software allows users to carry out complex calculations by entering values into cells and applying formulas to them. Spreadsheet software can be used for many tasks, including tracking and analyzing sales data and working on company accounts. Word processing applications help users to write and edit documents. A word processor comes with features that enable the user to edit and review text quickly (an automated spell checker, for instance). Visual diagramming software provides diagram templates and shapes to help users create different kinds of diagrams. Presentation software enables users to create sophisticated business presentations that can be displayed at a meeting. Pictures, company logos, graphs, and text can be added to the slides, together with a variety of animations.

Answer 489

Database software enables the user to store, organize, and retrieve information. Databases can search thousands of records very quickly and display data in a format specified by the user. They can be used to store many different types of information. Project management software is used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation, and change management. It allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders, and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality, and documentation. Also, it may be used as an administration system. Accounting software is specifically designed to support financial and commercial functions, such as order processing, accountancy, and payroll. Business-specific software is implemented to cover functions that cannot be performed by "off-the-shelf" software. This might include product design and manufacturing, inventory control, marketing, and sales.

Answer 490

Email client software is an application that allows the user to compose and send messages as well as receive messages from others. The email client software works in conjunction with an email server, which handles the business of actually transmitting the messages over the network. Word processing applications help users write and edit documents. A word processor comes with features that enable the user to edit and review text quickly (an automated spell checker, for instance). Presentation software enables users to create sophisticated business presentations that can be displayed at a meeting. Pictures, company logos, graphs, and text can be added to the slides, together with a variety of animations. Spreadsheet software allows users to carry out complex calculations by entering values into cells and applying formulas to them. Spreadsheet packages can be used for many tasks, including tracking and analyzing sales data and working on company accounts.

Answer 491

In a three-tier client server application architecture model, the application layer executes the query on the data layer, which resides on a third tier, and returns the result to the client. The client should have no direct communications with the data tier. A two-tier client-server application separates the database engine, or back-end or data layer, from the presentation layer and the application layer, or business logic. The application and presentation layers are part of the client application. The database engine will run on one server (or more likely a cluster of servers), while the presentation and application layers run on the client. If the application front-end and processing logic and the database engine are all hosted on the same computer, the application architecture can be described as one-tier or standalone. An n-tier application architecture can include a two-tier or three-tier application, but it can also operate with a more complex architecture in which the application may use separate access control or monitoring services.

Answer 492

Stateless means there is no record of previous interactions and each interaction request has to be handled based entirely on information that comes with it. Since Chrome OS does not store any files locally on the machine it runs on, is it considered to be a stateless OS. Linux is an operating system that relies on physical disks for storing and managing files and application data. It is not stateless. Mac OS X is an operating system that relies on physical disks for storing and managing files and application data. It is not stateless. Windows 8.1 is an operating system that relies on physical disks for storing and managing files and application data. It is not stateless.

Answer 493

An n-tier application architecture model can operate with a more complex architecture in which the application may use separate access control or monitoring services. In a three-tier client server application architecture model, the application layer executes the query on the data layer, which resides on a third tier, and returns the result to the client. The client should have no direct communications with the data tier. A two-tier client-server application separates the database engine, or back-end or data layer, from the presentation layer and the application layer, or business logic. The application and presentation layers are part of the client application. The database engine will run on one server (or more likely a cluster of servers) while the presentation and application layers run on the client. If the application front-end and processing logic and database engine are all hosted on the same computer, the application architecture can be described as one-tier or standalone.

Answer 494

The advantage of a cloud-hosted system is that it requires very little infrastructure from the client. Cloud-hosted servers are often hosted on well-established, state-of-the-art hosting environments that can be far superior to most corporate server environments. Installing the application locally and saving it locally is one of the costliest methods because it requires that you own and operate the equipment. Local but network-hosted application delivery works well when you want to save your data over the network but run the application locally. However, this requires more infrastructure. "Traditional" PC-type software application delivery can be expensive because it requires a lot of equipment to support everything that resides locally. It does give you the advantage of local processing speed. Launching an application executes it within the computer's memory, and it is then processed by the local CPU.

Answer 495

If data is stored on the server rather than the local workstation, it is easier to apply access controls and to back it up. This type of application delivery does not include cloud services. It requires that your organization control the servers. The cost overhead is not cheaper for your organization. The cost of running your own servers can be very high. Depending on the size of your organization, you run the risk of server expansion taking up room in your data center or data closet. You may have to expand your network storage capabilities. There is no advantage for "remote sites" in this data storage application, because it presumes that everything is located onsite. The remote sites will have to deal with communication latency when trying to reach your systems.

Answer 496

In a stateless operating system, files are all stored on the Internet. This means that if the computer should fail, the loss to data will be minimal or nonexistent. A Chromebook is an example of a device that runs a stateless operating system. While it may be similar to a stateless operating system in that the information is stored elsewhere, a networked drive to store data still requires a physical device that is operated by your organization. A stateless operating system does not rely on a physical device like a local hard disk. A stateless operating system does not rely on a physical device like an external hard drive.

Answer 497

If the network becomes unavailable, you may lose functionality in your application because the files may be stored on the servers and not locally. This type of application delivery does not include cloud services. The network required delivery method does not necessarily imply that servers are managed locally. The server can be anywhere as long as you have connectivity over the network. This type of application delivery requires that your organization control the servers.

Answer 498

If the application front-end and processing logic and database engine are all hosted on the same computer, the application architecture can be described as one-tier or standalone. An n-tier application architecture can be used for either a two-tier or three-tier application, but it can also operate with a more complex architecture in which the application may use separate access control or monitoring services. In a three-tier client server application architecture model, the application layer executes the query on the data layer, which resides on a third tier, and returns the result to the client. The client should have no direct communications with the data tier. A two-tier client-server application separates the database engine, or back-end or data layer, from the presentation layer and the application layer, or business logic. The application and presentation layers are part of the client application. The database engine will run on one server (or more likely a cluster of servers), while the presentation and application layers run on the client.

Answer 499

If you manage the application and files locally, you can protect all of your information and contain it on your local network behind your firewall. While it can give you more control, being responsible for your entire infrastructure requires significant equipment cost and personnel training. The cost overhead is not cheaper for your organization when you store locally. Of all the options, this can be one of the most expensive, and it can result in server sprawl. Storing the files and applications locally does not provide the most flexibility, since remote users will likely not be able to access the data.

Answer 500

A locally-installed application, which means the the app and data exist locally, should be used for any information that is of high value to the user and can’t easily be recreated or downloaded. This model is best for extremely large files that cannot be compressed and would take a long time to download, or applications that have limited latency rates for transmitting/receiving data over the network. A cloud-hosted service for which the user must have Internet access provides a lot of flexibility in terms of provisioning the app to clients located in different regions; however, an Internet outage would prevent the user from accessing the app and data, so it is not the best option for high value information. A cloud-hosted service for which both the user and service provider need Internet service is typical of a cloud-based model. An Internet outage for either the user or the service provider would prevent the user from accessing the app and data, so it is not the best option for high value information. An application delivery model in which an application is installed on the network and the user requires LAN access may be problematic if the LAN experiences an outage, so it is not the best option for high value information.

Answer 501

A two-tier client-server application separates the database engine, or back-end or data layer, from the presentation layer and the application layer, or business logic. The application and presentation layers are part of the client application. The database engine will run on one server (or more likely a cluster of servers), while the presentation and application layers run on the client. If the application front-end and processing logic and the database engine are all hosted on the same computer, the application architecture can be described as one-tier or standalone. An n-tier application architecture can include either a two-tier or three-tier application, but it can also operate with a more complex architecture in which the application may use separate access control or monitoring services. In a three-tier client server application architecture model, the application layer executes the query on the data layer, which resides on a third tier, and returns the result to the client. The client should have no direct communications with the data tier.

Answer 502

A locally-installed application where network connectivity is not required simply doesn't need network access to run. This "traditional" PC-type software application delivery, in which the app is installed locally to the computer's hard drive, can be performed on a standalone machine. When launched, it executes within the computer's memory and is processed by the local CPU. In a "local network–hosted" option, the application is installed locally but services are provided over the network. The "cloud-hosted service with required Internet access" option allows clients to connect to the application servers over the Internet. This method provides a lot of flexibility in terms of provisioning the app to clients located in different regions. The "cloud-hosted with offline capability" option allows the app to run locally, but the app is provisioned on the cloud, which can reduce processing and storage problems on the local machine.

Answer 503

A proxy server can be configured as a firewall and apply other types of content filtering rules. Some proxy servers work "transparently" so that clients can use them without any extra configuration of the client application. Other proxies require that client software, such as the browser, be configured with the IP address and port of the proxy server. Modifying your User Account Control will help block scripts and should keep them from changing the computer configuration without your approval, but it doesn't act as a firewall. You should never disable client-side scripting because it tends to break most of the websites published on the Internet. They depend very heavily on the functionality that client-side scripting allows. There are many different add-ons, each working with a different type of content. Add-ons can also be used to extend or change the functionality of the browser, by adding a custom toolbar for instance, but they won't act as a firewall.

Answer 504

Setting alerts in the UAC allows the browser to block malicious script, so it would not be able to change the computer configuration without your explicit authorization. Setting your proxy settings may help protect against malicious scripts, but setting alerts in the UAC is the most comprehensive solution. Private mode doesn't block scripts. It only limits the browser so it doesn't store cookies or temporary files and doesn't add pages to the history list. Upgrading web applications to modern standards is the best long-term solution to ensure compatibility with today’s web browsers, but it will not specifically protect you against malicious scripts.

Answer 505

If the certificate is untrusted or otherwise invalid, the address bar will be colored maroon and the site will be blocked by a warning message. If you want to trust the site anyway, click through the warning. A padlock icon is shown if the certificate is actually trusted and valid. Your browser will respond with a message saying that the certificate isn't trusted, but it should not slow down your performance—unless you don't heed the warning and end up going to a malicious site. Certificate issues may cause compatibility issues only if you click through the warning and navigate to a malicious site.

Answer 506

The ability to enable/disable add-ons in web browsers resides in browser settings. The exact location is different for each browser, and could be through Options, Tools, or Preferences. Once there, find a link named "Manage Add-ons", then "Enable or disable Add-ons". Removing an add-on manually from the location in which it was installed will not allow you to enable or disable it. The best and simplest way is from the web browser settings. In private mode, the browser doesn't store cookies or temporary files and doesn't add pages to the history list, but it does not affect the enabling or disabling of add-ons. Clearing the browser cache before shutting down or logging off is a good security practice, but it does not enable or disable add-ons.

Answer 507

To fully remove an add-on, you'll need to find the location where the add-on files were installed and delete them manually. Windows users may also be able to uninstall add-on files through Add/Remove Programs. Clearing the browser cache before shutting down or logging off is a good security practice, but it does not add/remove your extensions or add-ons. Proxy settings can be set to route web traffic through another device that provides filtering, but they don't have anything to do with adding or removing add-ons. You should never disable client-side scripting because it tends to break most of the websites published on the Internet. They depend very heavily on the functionality that client-side scripting allows.

Answer 508

In private mode, the browser doesn't store cookies or temporary files and doesn't add pages to the history list. A proxy server can be configured as a firewall and apply other types of content filtering rules, but it doesn't provide the same functionality as enabling private mode. Modifying your User Account Control will help block scripts and should keep them from changing the computer configuration without your approval. This doesn't prevent the storage of cookies or collection of Internet browsing history. Upgrading web applications is actually the best long-term solution to ensure compatibility with today’s web browsers, but it doesn't provide the same functionality as enabling private mode.

Answer 509

Upgrading web applications to modern standards is the best long-term solution to ensure compatibility with today’s web browsers, even though using backward compatibility can save time and money. Internet Explorer 11 has features, such as backward compatibility, that can reduce the number of web app upgrades needed, which ultimately reduces web application testing and remediation costs. On Windows 10, for example, you can use Microsoft Edge for faster, safer browsing and fall back to Internet Explorer 11 only for sites that require backward compatibility. Deactivating client-side scripting may prevent some websites from working properly and will not help with compatibility. A proxy server can be configured as a firewall and apply other types of content filtering rules. It does not affect your long-term compatibility with browsers. Private mode doesn't ensure long-term compatibility. It will limit the browser so that it doesn't store cookies or temporary files and doesn't add pages to the history list.

Answer 510

Many websites depend on client-side scripting. You should not disable client-side scripting, because it tends to break most of the websites published on the Internet. Most websites depend very heavily on the functionality that client-side scripting allows. Upgrading web applications is the best long-term solution to ensure compatibility with today’s web browsers. A proxy server can be configured as a firewall and apply other types of content filtering rules, which is often recommended. By modifying your User Account Controls, you can ensure that malicious scripts won't be able to change the computer configuration without your explicit authorization.

Answer 511

A firewall is a piece of software that acts as a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. A firewall typically establishes a barrier between a trusted internal network and an untrusted external network, such as the Internet. Anti-malware is a type of software program designed to prevent, detect, and repair malicious programming on computing devices; it does not prevent specific types of incoming traffic for a full network. Antivirus software is often able to thwart threats in real time, but it is designed to protect endpoint devices rather than full networks. Diagnostic software is used to determine the cause of a problem after it has already occurred.

Answer 512

You can configure a pop-up blocker in browser settings. Depending on which browser you are using, you can determine specifically how you set the blocker. User Account Control will block scripts from reconfiguring your system without your authorization. A proxy server can be configured as a firewall and apply other types of content filtering rules; it doesn't configure your pop-up blocker. Private mode doesn't configure your pop-up blocker. It will limit the browser so that it doesn't store cookies or temporary files and doesn't add pages to the history list.

Answer 513

When using a public workstation, you should always be alert to the possibility that it could be monitored. Clear the browser cache before shutting down or logging off, and make sure you do not allow passwords to be cached. Many websites depend on client-side scripting. You should never disable client-side scripting because it tends to break most of the websites published on the Internet. They depend very heavily on the functionality that client-side scripting allows. A proxy server can actually be configured as a firewall and apply other types of content-filtering rules. If you are concerned about other people seeing your browsing history, you should immediately use private browsing mode. It should be entered when you sit down, not when you leave. In private mode, the browser doesn't store cookies or temporary files and doesn't add pages to the history list, so it is considered a good practice.

Answer 514

There are many different add-ons, each working with a different type of content. Add-ons can also be used to extend or change the functionality of the browser, by adding a custom toolbar, for instance. Upgrading web applications to modern standards is the best long-term solution to ensure compatibility with today’s web browsers, but it doesn't extend the functionality of your browser. Clearing the browser cache before shutting down or logging off is a good security practice, but it does not affect the functionality of your browser. In private mode, the browser doesn't store cookies or temporary files and doesn't add pages to the history list, which actually limits the functionality of your browser.

Answer 515

If the certificate is valid and trusted, a padlock icon is shown in the browser bar. The address bar is colored maroon if the certificate is untrusted or otherwise invalid. If the site is trusted and your certificate is good, you will see a padlock instead. The "blue screen of death" is usually a sign that a vital process has an issue. If you go to a trusted web site, you will see a padlock in the browser.

Answer 516

A group use or site license allows a large company to install software on an agreed-upon number of computers and have them all using the software at the same time. A concurrent license provides limitations stating that only a set number of users can access software at any one time. Single use license applies the basic restriction that the software may be installed on only one computer. The commercial software license is closed source and does not provide users with the means to access or modify the source code.

Answer 517

The functional strength and performance of JavaScript/HTML5-based apps is at an advanced level. These apps incorporate native capabilities of mobile platforms, consume less energy on mobile devices, are easier to deploy, and have decent support for cloud services. Cross-platform development is complicated by the different hardware interfaces for different computing devices. The interfaces supported by keyboard and mouse input devices for PCs and laptops do not always work well with the touchscreens used by smartphones, for instance. There can be performance problems when software is written for a "platform independent" environment rather than code run natively by the OS. Compatibility issues can affect web applications, as different browser vendors can make slightly different interpretations of open standards that result in applications not working correctly in particular browsers or browser versions.

Answer 518

Boot Camp comes with the Mac, and it allows you to partition a disk so that you can install and run a Windows operating system on a Mac. Accelerating the startup time by bypassing the least commonly used boot processes is not a function of Mac Boot Camp. Boot Camp does not allow you to access your laptop over the Internet from another device. This is a function of Apple Remote Desktop. Boot Camp does not scan the boot sector and fix any errors that are discovered. If you boot up in safe mode, the Mac will automatically run a fsck command line command, which will scan the disk and fix errors that are discovered.

Answer 519

Users of open source software have the ability to access the code and the right to modify it, because open source licensing grants free and legal redistribution of the software. Commercial software is intended to meet commercial needs, and requests that users register their copy within a certain timeframe. Users of this type of software do not have access to the source code or a way to modify it. Shareware is usually provided on a trial basis for a limited time. Users commonly have to purchase the full version after the trial period has passed. Freeware applications can be downloaded from the Internet and used without restriction.

Answer 520

When installing software packages remotely, you must take several factors into consideration. One of those is the destination directory for the application. You should not install a program to the root of the C drive. It is better to install programs to the Program Files directory. To avoid repeated system restarts and unnecessary user interruption, you should specify command-line options to suppress automatic system restarts and also suppress the install interface for each software update. A countdown period of at least 30 minutes gives users time to save documents and review the list of software updates that have been installed. Normal business hours are when most users are actively using the computer and network resources. Performing remote software updates after working hours will limit user interruption.

Answer 521

A concurrent license allows only a set number of users at a company access to the software at any one time. A group use or site license allows a large company to install software on an agreed-upon number of computers and gives them all access to it at the same time. A single use license applies the basic restriction that the software may be installed on only one computer. Proprietary software is owned by a business and customized specifically for that business. It is generally not made available for public use.

Answer 522

A one-time purchase license allows the user to use a software product in its current state of development. Future functionality or versions will require the user to purchase a new license. With a subscription, the user pays an annual fee and receives feature updates as soon as they are available. A one-time purchase license entails fees for new features. The subscription license entails annual fees. Feature upgrades are free with subscription licenses; however, feature upgrades entail additional fees if the license was a one-time purchase. New features are made available as soon as possible with subscription licenses.

Answer 523

You should always ensure that you have a valid agreement or license to install and use the product. Using software without a license is called pirating, which is unethical and also illegal. Most agreements clearly outline what you can do with the software and may explicitly state what you can't do. It is a legal agreement that defines both parties' responsibilities. It is not a good idea to circumvent the agreement. Unless the application is considered open source and is clearly labeled as such, copying and redistributing the application is usually illegal. Software licensing agreements contain important legal information and should always be read.

Answer 524

Because it is tailor-made for a specific platform, the software can perform better and it is easier to check it for errors. This is a benefit of software written for a single platform. Some software applications are written to run only under a particular operating system. This is a limiting factor because portability between devices is important in today’s operating environments. When the software is written using a development environment suitable for only that OS, it becomes difficult to use between platforms. For example, it is not easy to transfer between Microsoft Windows and an Apple iOS. While the developer does write the application in program code using a particular programming language, this is neither an advantage nor a disadvantage; this is simply how software is written.

Answer 525

You should never load software by just running it on your computer or clicking on the executable file. Before you try to install an application, make sure you are following the software installation best practices as detailed by the manufacturer. Before trying to install an application, you should verify that the software is compatible with your operating system. The manufacturer will provide information on what operating systems are compatible with the application. Before trying to install an application, you should verify that your computer hardware meets the application's recommended system requirements. The manufacturer will provide those specifications as well. The manufacturer should have conducted extensive tests on their software. Check for any special installation instructions or known issues.

Answer 526

To ensure that the operating system is up to date on all Windows client machines, set Automatic Updates to download and install as soon as they are available. Configuring Automatic Updates to merely inform the user that updates are available does not guarantee that the user will actually install the updates. The only way to ensure this is by having this happen automatically, as soon as the updates become available. A Windows operating system requires a valid license key regardless of how updates to the OS are managed. Sending emails to all users does not guarantee that they will follow through and install all available updates in a timely manner.

Answer 527

Codecs are compression technologies that are commonly used for streaming media such as videos. Some video files require you to have certain codecs installed in order to be able to view them in a particular program. The Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack is helpful for accessing .docx files on older Word versions. An issue with sending or receiving email is highly unlikely to be solved by installing a codec. Generally, you must have a valid license key to continue using expired software. A codec would not help in this instance.

Answer 528

You should always protect your wireless router from random access by strangers by setting encryption and use a strong Wi-Fi password. This practice protects you from hackers and prevents anyone from leeching off of your connection. Advertising your SSID makes your network visible to everyone. Hiding the SSID is recommended so that people attempting to connect must know the SSID as well as the encryption/access password. Securing your wireless router in a locked room will keep your family members from physically turning it off, but it won't keep hackers out. Renaming your router won't necessarily protect it.

Answer 529

A product key will be a long string of characters and numbers printed on the box or disk case. It may display when the application starts for the first time, and it can be accessed using the About option on the Help menu. The product key may be on the software case, but it will not be saved on the operating system's desktop. The product key will not be displayed every time you run the application; however, it may be displayed during the first run of the application. The key will not be with the warranty information that accompanies the equipment; however, it may be included in other paperwork.

Answer 530

When software updates are needed for a device, the best place to look is the manufacturer of the device. Almost all manufacturers have a support page where users can download updates for their products. The CD-ROM that was originally sold with the product will not have any updates that have been released since the disc was made. It is not necessary to replace the hardware to receive updates for the software that supports it. It is recommended that you avoid websites other than that of the manufacturer, as downloads from other free sites are often infected with malware.

Answer 531

Most software installer packages offer a choice between a default installation and a custom (or advanced options) installation. Usually the default is the most logical choice because it will place the program in the location that the manufacturer has decided is the optimum location for your operating system. An installation that allows you to choose specific settings, such as where to install the software and what icons or startup/autorun options to configure is a custom (or advanced options) installation. This is not typically the installation of choice. An installation that allows you to choose specific feature sets is a custom installation and is not typically the installation of choice. An installation that allows you to choose specific modules within the software package is also a custom installation and thus not typically the installation of choice.

Answer 532

The terms of the license will vary according to the type of software, but the basic restriction is usually that the software may be installed on only one computer (single use license). Open source software has very few restrictions, if any. Licenses do not ensure that a large number of users can install the license; this is the opposite of the basic restriction of licensing. If the software is proprietary or closed source, there will usually be significant restrictions in the license that limit the ways you can use the software.

Answer 533

Open source software enables users to access its source code and gives them the right to modify it. Commercial software is closed source and does not provide users with the means to access or modify the source code. Proprietary software is owned by a business and customized specifically for that business. It is generally not made available for public use. Shareware is usually available in the form of a trial version and is acquired freely over the Internet. Users typically must pay for the full version after a trial period, but do not have the right to modify it.

Answer 534

Windows PowerShell enables you to perform management and administrative tasks in Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016 (and some earlier versions). Windows PowerShell does not have any impact on or association with word processing applications such as Microsoft Word. PowerShell is used to complete administrative tasks, not formatting. Despite the name, Windows PowerShell has nothing to do with adjusting the power settings in the Control Panel of a Windows operating system. PowerShell is a Command-Line Interface (CLI) designed to execute administrative tasks. Windows PowerShell does have the ability to reorganize directories and is often used for that; however, this is not its only purpose. Windows PowerShell does not have a Graphical User Interface; instead it utilizes more of a terminal-style window to run commands.

Answer 535

XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language, which is a markup language that defines a series of nested tags that describe the structure and/or meaning of the tag contents. eXtended Markup Language is not a real term and not what XML stands for. eXaggerated Markup Language is not a real term and not what XML stands for. eXtra Markup Language is not a real term and not what XML stands for.

Answer 536

"

Hello World!

" is properly nested. Nesting code is the process of organizing code based on the proper order defined by HTML standards. For this example, the

is considers a block-level element, and the , which is used to emphasize text, is considered a text-level element. Text-level elements must both open and close within the block-level elements. Although failing to do so may not prevent the code from appearing to execute properly, it will fail validation when checking for errors and warnings. "Hello World!
" has a block-level element nested within a text-level element, which is improper syntax. "
Hello World!
" has a block-level element over-nesting a text-level element, which is improper syntax and may create a validation error. "Hello World!
" has a block-level element over-nesting a text-level element, which is improper syntax. It is does not properly close the tags, which would create a validation error.

Answer 537

Hypertext Markup Language, also known as HTML, is a markup language that is used to present data to a browser utilizing defined structure tags. By organizing the data in this fashion through structured nested tags, it allows greater functionality and for additional rendering capabilities in the browser to create a more user-friendly program. Python is a popular form of interpreted programming language. It is considered a very easy-to-learn high-level programming language. Perl is a popular form of interpreted programming language that shares several similarities with the C programming language. JavaScript is a popular form of interpreted programming language. JavaScript programs have great flexibility when it comes to operating across different browsers, as most major browsers support the language.

Answer 538

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) does not utilize commands when being executed. Object-oriented programming languages use different "objects" that have attributes, methods, and properties. Attributes are one of three primarily used objects in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). Attributes are values and data types that define the object. Methods are one of three primarily used objects in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). Methods define what you can do to an object. Properties are one of three primarily used objects in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). Properties represent an alternative way of accessing a field publicly.

Answer 539

The key difference, in programming terms, between a procedure and a function is that the latter can return a value to whatever called it, whereas a procedure cannot. A procedure cannot return a value to whatever called it; however, a function is able to return a value. A procedure cannot be used by the program for further processing; however, a function is able to be called for further processing. Both a function and a procedure can be used more than once. This allows for programming efficiency and reduced duplicate code.

Answer 540

Compilers and interpreters ignore comments. Comments are part of the programming code that are not executed by the computer but help the developer read and maintain the code. Comments also make the source code easier to read by other developers. Comments are not displayed at runtime; they are hidden and ignored. If you open the code itself, then you would be able to see the comments. They are helpful for developers because they provide clarity to program flow. Comments are not displayed in a prompt window; they are hidden and ignored. Comments are not executed at runtime; they are hidden and ignored.

Answer 541

HTML5 uses tag pairs that are properly opened and closed (with a forward slash: "/"). For example, in "

Hello World

",

is the opening tag,

is the closing tag, and the content between them is displayed using a pre-defined format that corresponds to the tag. In HTML5, tags must be properly nested, meaning that each inside tag must be closed before an outer one is. In this example, the tag is inside the

tag, and needs to be closed first. Improperly nested tags will display in browsers, but might produce unexpected results and/or errors. In HTML5, closing tags use forward slashes, not backward slashes. Instead of <\body>, the correct closing tag for is . In addition to the backward slashes not being the correct closing tags, having the

tag close after the
tag will result in the entire content being formatted as a heading, which is not the likely intention of this piece of code.

Answer 542

The size of the source file is not important when considering which programming language to use for a project. What type of program you are writing is extremely relevant and important to consider in order to achieve the desired functionality of a program. A programmer should be experienced with a specific language so that the capabilities of software can be met, and code can be securely and properly written to prevent bugs and other errors. The devices being used with the program can directly affect which programming language should be used, as each language has its own limitations when it comes to cross-platform designs.

Answer 543

Compiling is the process of converting source code into machine code, which can then be executed directly by the Central Processing Unit (CPU). A software stack is a set of software components needed to create a complete platform. A compiled programming language can be part of such a stack, but the stack is not relevant to the act of compiling the program. Compiling converts the source code into machine code for processing by the computer, not being more readable by humans. The size of a compiled program, as compared to the source file, is not what improves efficiency when executing the program.

Answer 544

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) are utilized in front-end web page development to style HTML elements. They are neither compiled nor do they need to be converted to machine code. C++ is an example of a compiled programming language. You must transform the code to an executable binary before it can run. C# is an example of a compiled programming language. You must transform the code to an executable binary before it can run. COBOL is an example of a compiled programming language. You must transform the code to an executable binary before it can run. You must transform the

Answer 545

A script is generally smaller and targeted at completing a specific task, while a program is designed to execute a series of scripts that are capable of achieving multiple results. Both scripts and programs may allow branching, so this would be considered a common attribute. A script is not larger or designed for multiple tasks. It is typically smaller and focused on a single task. Also, the size of the script would not play a major role in how the script or program operates. Both scripts and programs may allow looping, so this would be considered a common attribute.

Answer 546

Query languages are designed to retrieve specific records from a dataset. Code written in a query language, such as Structured Query Language (SQL), is designed to retrieve specific records from a dataset. The code does not need to be compiled. Query languages are not designed to validate markup language files. This would be a validator. Structured Query Language (SQL) is designed to retrieve specific record sets. Query languages are not primarily designed to scrape web pages, or to act as a web scraper. Query languages load data in the order it is processed. Query languages are not designed by default to load balance data while processing.

Answer 547

The interpreter can either be part of an operating system, or it can be provided as a virtual machine, such as the Java VM. With a Java VM, you develop the programming code in the Java environment and deploy it to your hosts. Each host OS (Windows versus Linux versus Mac OS for instance) has a different Java VM. When you package your Java program, your source code is compiled to bytecode for the Java VM, and the VM converts it to machine code to run on the hardware platform. The Java VM does not execute the source code via the command-line interface. It is used to convert code into machine code to be processed by the hardware platform in a machine language. The Java VM does not convert source code to JavaScript. Despite the similarity in name, Java and JavaScript are two different languages: Java is object-oriented and JavaScript is an object-based interpreted language. A Java VM converts the source code to machine code. The Java VM does not create cross-platform compatibility. This would be done by the programmer when designing and compiling the code. The Java VM is solely used to convert the code to machine code.

Answer 548

A program is a sequence of instructions for your computer to perform that is designed by a programmer. Not all programs contain mathematical equations or use compiled coding languages. A program may have many uses, both personal and commercial. Streamlining tasks is only one purpose a program could serve. While a program could be proprietary, it doesn't have to be. Some software programs are considered open source and are a compilation of contributing developers around the world.

Answer 549

Java is a programming language used to create applications that run in a virtual machine or browser, while JavaScript is a scripting language that can run on a browser only. Java code needs to be compiled, while JavaScript code is all in text. Java is for programming and JavaScript is for scripting. JavaScript is an object-based programming language, not Java. It is a scripting language often executed through the use of a web browser. Java is an object-oriented programming language, not JavaScript. It is considered a high-level compiled programming language.

Answer 550

The tag indicates the main part of the content as a page to show to the client. The tag opens immediately after the closing tag. The tag is the top-level parent element that identifies the type of document. This tag is required for an HTML page to execute properly and identify the coding standard being used, as multiple variations exist. The

tag indicates the content is a paragraph-level block. These are typically used for general text on a web page, and do not have any special formatting unless specified otherwise through CSS3. The

tag indicates that the content is a heading level. This is considered the most important heading title of a web page. There are a total of 6 heading tags (H1- H6).

Answer 551

Using incorrect syntax creates errors, causing the code not to compile or run, so it's important to use the correct structure and syntax of the programming language that is being used to write a program. Proper syntax does not increase the speed of a program during execution, because a program with improper syntax does not run at all. Proper syntax increases a program’s security posture but cannot make it completely impervious to security vulnerabilities. Unlike software applications, programming languages do not offer assistance from support representatives. Most languages are considered open source, and do not have a support team of developers to help troubleshoot programs. Assistance can be obtained from private companies or contractors who specialize in the particular programming language.

Answer 552

JavaScript is known as an interpreted language, which is capable of running on most platforms. PASCAL is a compiled language and tends to be platform specific. To run it on another platform, you must recompile the source code for the new platform. C# is a compiled language and tends to be platform specific. To run it on another platform, you must recompile the source code for the new platform. COBOL is a compiled language and tends to be platform specific. To run it on another platform, you must recompile the source code for the new platform.

Answer 553

Markup language makes data in a document accessible to a program through structured, nested tags. By organizing the data in this fashion, it allows greater functionality and additional rendering capabilities in the browser to create a more user-friendly program. Markup language does not present data in the form of binary code; instead, it uses nested structure elements. These tags are typically in the format of special characters and letters, not numbers. HTML5 presents many tags known as semantic elements. Although semantic elements may assist a developer when building web pages, these elements do not necessarily assist programs at runtime. Markup language elements are defined with letters, not numbers.

Answer 554

The tags tell a client application (such as a browser) how to structure the document. A markup language is not a programming language but a means of making data in a document accessible to a program. A markup language, such as Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) or eXtensible Markup Language (XML), defines a series of nested tags that describe the structure and/or meaning of the tag contents. Tags do assist programmers with locating the correct elements, but this is not their primary purpose. When properly nested and indented, tags can organize code effectively; however, this is not their primary function. Tags and semantic elements do identify what kind of content should be included in an element; however, this is not their primary function.

Answer 555

VBScript is a scripting language based on Microsoft’s Visual Basic programming language. It provides similar functionality to JavaScript. VBScript is often used by network administrators to perform repetitive administrative tasks. Java is an object-oriented high-level programming language that was not used as the basis for VBScript. Python is an interpreted language that is easy to read and work with as a programmer. It was not used as the basis for VBScript. Perl is a high-level interpreted language that shares syntax similarities with the C language. It was not used as the basis for VBScript.

Answer 556

The dollar sign is not a common special delimiter. It is important to use comments in code to assist with maintaining it. A comment line is ignored by the compiler or interpreter. A comment line is indicated by a special delimiter, such as double forward slash (//), hash (#), or apostrophe ('). The double forward slash (//) is considered a special delimiter in programming. Double forward slashes are found in the C and C++ languages. The hash (#) is considered a special delimiter in programming. The hash delimiter is found in Perl. The apostrophe (') is considered a special delimiter in programming. The apostrophe is found in the BASIC language.

Answer 557

VBScript is a scripting language based on Microsoft’s Visual Basic programming language. It provides similar functionality to JavaScript. VBScript is often used by network administrators to perform repetitive administrative tasks. PHP (which stands for the recursive acronym "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor") is a server-side preprocessor language typically implemented in web development. PHP is not similar to VBScript. Ruby is an open source, interpreted, object-oriented programming language. Ruby is not similar to VBScript. C++ is a compiled programming language that must be converted to binary prior to execution. C++ is not similar to VBScript.

Answer 558

A virtual machine is an instance of virtualization where multiple operating systems are installed on a single host PC using a hypervisor, such as Microsoft Hyper-V or VMware. The primary objectives of virtualizing an environment is to utilize resources more effectively and to lower hardware and other operating costs. A virtual machine may be cloud-based or use cloud-based Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) from vendors like Amazon Web Services; however, this is not the only way virtual machines can be accessed. Virtual machines can operate on everything from personal computers to private servers without Internet access. Virtual machines are not typically used to support virtual reality graphic effects; however, they technically are able to do so, as virtual machines still access hardware directly to deliver efficient and reliable computing capabilities. A virtual machine may operate more than two operating systems on one piece of hardware; however, note that hardware resource availability plays a direct role on the computer's ability to store and process multiple operating systems.

Answer 559

The tag is the top-level parent element that identifies the type of document. This tag is required for an HTML page to execute properly and identify the coding standard being used as multiple variations exist. The tag indicates the main part of the content as a page to show to the client. The tag opens immediately after the closing tag. The

tag indicates that the content is a paragraph block-level element. These are typically used for general text on a web page, and do not have any special formatting unless specified otherwise through CSS3. The

tag indicates that the content is a heading level. This is considered the most important heading title of a web page. There are a total of 6 heading tags (H1 to H6).

Answer 560

The

tag indicates that the content is a heading level. This is considered the most important heading title of a web page. There are a total of six heading tags (H1- H6). The tag is the top-level parent element identifies the type of document. This tag is required for an HTML page to execute properly and identify the coding standard being used as multiple variations exist. The
tag indicates the content is a paragraph block-level element. These are typically used for general text on a webpage, and do not have any special formatting unless specified otherwise through CSS3. The tag indicates that the content links to another resource. These are known as anchor tags and are used to represent in internal page link, or to link with an external page.

Answer 561

Windows PowerShell enables you to perform management and administrative tasks in Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016 (and some earlier versions). It is fully integrated with the operating system and supports both remote execution and scripting. To help create and manage your Windows PowerShell scripts, Microsoft provides the Windows PowerShell Integrated Scripting Environment (ISE). ISE was designed to create and manage PowerShell scripts, not to create directories. ISE allows you to create and manage scripts to increase efficiency, not to execute scripts manually. Compiled programming languages must be compiled and converted to machine code prior to execution, but this is unrelated to ISE.

Answer 562

SQL is the acronym for Structured Query Language. Code written in a query language, such as SQL, is designed to retrieve specific records from a dataset. The code does not need to be compiled. Series Query Language is not a valid term and is non-existent in the world of programming languages. Secure Query Language is not a valid term and is non-existent in the world of programming languages. Standard Query Language is not a valid term and is non-existent in the world of programming languages.

Answer 563

The tag indicates that the content links to another resource. These are known as anchor tags and are used to represent an internal page link, or to link with an external page. The tag indicates the main part of the content as a page to show to the client. The tag opens immediately after the closing tag. The

tag indicates that the content is a paragraph-level block. These are typically used for general text on a web page, and do not have any special formatting unless specified otherwise through CSS3. The tag is the top-level parent element that identifies the type of document. This tag is required for an HTML page to execute properly and identify the coding standard being used, as multiple variations exist.

Answer 564

An assembly language is any low-level programming language in which there is a very strong correspondence between the program's statements and the architecture's machine code instructions. Assembly code is converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an assembler. Programs written in an assembly language consist of a series of mnemonic processor instructions, such that machine code is represented in human-readable text. Even though assembly languages are very low-level, they are more human-readable than machine code, so human-readable text is not represented in machine code Compiled languages use compilers, which are computer programs that translate computer code written in a high-level programming language to a lower level language, to create an executable program. Higher level languages are more human-readable than lower level languages. A program that translates from a low-level language, such as machine code, to a higher level one, is a decompiler.

Answer 565

The

tag indicates the content is a paragraph block-level element. These are typically used for general text on a webpage, and do not have any special formatting unless specified otherwise through CSS3. The tag is the top-level parent element identifies the type of document. This tag is required for an HTML page to execute properly and identify the coding standard being used as multiple variations exist. The tag indicates that the content links to another resource. These are known as anchor tags and are used to represent in internal page link, or to link with an external page. The

tag indicates that the content is a heading level. This is considered the most important heading title of a webpage, there are a total of six heading tags (H1- H6).

Answer 566

Programmers (or coders) are individuals who work with one or more programming languages to write code that is used as the basis for the applications that you use on your computing device. Programmers take part in software development as teams with various methodologies, one of which is called DEVOPS. System administrators develop file storage systems for enterprise networks. Web designers create static web pages for informational purposes using only Hypertext Markup Language. Database administrators work with real-time databases in order to manage large quantities of data.

Answer 567

Batch files are a collection of command-line instructions that you store in a .CMD file. You can run the file by calling its name from the command line, or by double-clicking the file in File Explorer. Generally, batch file scripts run from end to end, and are limited in terms of branching and user input. Batch files may be utilized to open a file or directory within a command line; however, this is not their sole purpose. Folders containing multiple related applications from the same publisher would typically be referred to as a collection or suite by a publisher such as Microsoft Office Suite or Adobe Creative Suite. Each Command Line Interface (CLI) has specific commands that provide information regarding different commands. Batch files are a collection of command-line instructions.

Answer 568

Comments are part of the programming code that are not executed by the computer but help the developer read and maintain the code. Different programming languages have different special delimiters that indicate which lines are comments and which are not. Comments do not assist with rendering, as they are ignored by browsers. Comments do not add any visual effects to a web page, as they are ignored by browsers. Coding standards may be documented in a comment; however, in HTML, for example, the code is defined by the initial doctype tag.

Answer 569

Interpreted languages must be converted into machine code, therefore increasing runtime. Overclocking your computer hardware is a manual procedure to push your components at a higher rate than that at which they were designed to operate, which is unrelated to programming. Interpreted languages do not create larger source files than other programming languages. Also, the size of the source file would not be a primary consideration when choosing a programming language to work with. All languages are inherently vulnerable, therefore proper coding and implementation of necessary security policies and procedures are required to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability.

Answer 570

Pseudocode contains comments that are preceded by a special character syntax depending on the language being used. Comments are part of the programming code that are not executed by the computer but that help the developer read and maintain the code. Do keep in mind that each programming language may operate with different comment syntax or special characters. Pseudocode may use the // character for comments; however, the question does not specify which programming language is being used. Pseudocode may use the * character for comments; however, the question does not specify which programming language is being used. Pseudocode does contain comments for maintaining revisions.

Answer 571

Compiling converts the source code that you wrote into machine code. Machine code is the instructions converted to strings of 1s and 0s for the CPU to process. This is the way all electronic signaling communicates, with "0" representing off, and "1" representing on. Programming languages are presented in the original language which it was coded in; however, most languages need to be compiled in order to be converted to machine code for the CPU to process. Machine code is presented in 1s and 0s; therefore it is not easy for humans to read. Machine code is not presented in tag pairs; that is the case for markup languages like Extensible Markup Language (XML) and Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).

Answer 572

The code "Logons(0,1) = find LastLoggedOnUser and get Time" populates the first row and second column of a two-dimensional array Logons. Array elements begin with 0, so the first array coordinate of 0 refers to row #1, and the second array coordinate of 1 refers to column #2. The code "declare Logons(9) as string" creates a one-dimensional array allowing up to ten rows of string data type. The quantity of numbers inside the parentheses corresponds to the dimensions of the array. The code "declare Logons(9,1) as string" creates a two-dimensional array, with 10 rows across 2 columns, of string data type. The code "Logons(0,0) = find LastLoggedOnUser and get Forename" populates the first row and first column of a two-dimensional array Logons.

Answer 573

The code "Logons(0,0) = find LastLoggedOnUser and get Forename" populates the first row and first column of a two-dimensional array Logons. Array elements begin with 0, so Logons(0) is the first element in a one-dimensional array, and Logons(0,0) is the first element, in both rows and columns, in a two-dimensional array. The code "Logons(0) = find LastLoggedOnUser and get Forename" adds a value to the first element in a one-dimensional array. The quantity of numbers inside the parentheses corresponds to the dimensions of the array. The code "declare Logons(9,1) as string" creates a two-dimensional array, with 10 rows across 2 columns, of string data type. The code "Logons(0,1) = find LastLoggedOnUser and get Time" populates the first row and second column of a two-dimensional array Logons.

Answer 574

The code "Logons(0) = find LastLoggedOnUser and get Forename" adds a value to the first element in the array. The variable that is being set represents a one-dimensional array, because there is only one number inside the parentheses. Array elements begin with 0, so Logons(0) is the first element in the array Logons. The code "declare Logons(9,1) as string" creates a two-dimensional array (there are two numbers inside the parentheses) of string data type. The code "Logons(0,0) = find LastLoggedOnUser and get Forename" populates the first row and first column of a two-dimensional array Logons. The code "Logons(0,1) = find LastLoggedOnUser and get Time" populates the first row and second column of a two-dimensional array Logons.

Answer 575

Pseudocode is an informal high-level description of the operating principle of a computer program or other algorithm. Being high-level means that it's readable by humans. Although it's used to write informal code, pseudocode uses the structural conventions of a normal programming language, but is intended for human reading rather than machine reading. Pseudocode generally does not obey the syntax rules of any particular language, which is what distinguishes it from formal programming code. One of the aspects of pseudocode is that variable declarations are typically omitted. This, along with other informal practices that differentiate it from a specific programming language, make it not readable by machines.

Answer 576

The code "declare Logons(9,1) as string" creates a two-dimensional array, with 10 rows across 2 columns, of string data type. The quantity of numbers inside the parentheses corresponds to the dimensions of the array. The code "declare Logons(2) as string" creates a one-dimensional array, with 3 rows. The value of the numbers inside the parentheses is the size of the array, and array elements begin with 0, so this array has 3 rows. The code "Logons(0,0) = find LastLoggedOnUser and get Forename" populates the first row and first column of a two-dimensional array Logons. The code "Logons(0,1) = find LastLoggedOnUser and get Time" populates the first row and second column of a two-dimensional array Logons.

Answer 577

As program complexity increases, it might help to visualize how the program flows through modules and interactions between objects. You could view the sequence as a graphical flow chart to help your team understand the processes. A Venn diagram represents data as circles or closed curves in a graphic to help illustrate overlap between elements. It is not a visual representation of how a program works. A pie chart is typically used to represent data in percentages through a visual aid of a circle cut into slices like a pie. It is not a visual representation of how a program works. A planning report is great for planning; however, these do not provide a visual representation of a how a program works.

Answer 578

The code "declare Logons(9) as string" defines a simple array allowing up to ten rows. The number of possible elements in an array is fixed when the array is declared. The code "declare Logons(9,1) as string" creates a two-dimensional array. An array is an identifier for a group of variables of the same type. The code "Logons(0,0) = find LastLoggedOnUser and get Forename" populates the first row and first column. The first row or column is defined by "0" in programming; all numbers range from 0 to 9, with "0" being the first row/column and "9" being the tenth row/column. The code "Logons(0,1) = find LastLoggedOnUser and get Time" populates the first row and second column.

Answer 579

Programs can be divided into blocks of instructions that each perform some specific task. For example, where there are duplicate steps, you could write those as separate subroutines and then call them whenever needed. This in return reduces confusion from a development perspective. Subroutines may act either as one-time-use blocks of code or can be used on multiple occasions. Subroutines act as a secondary element in pseudocode and are not the primary routine. Subroutines do not act as loops during processing. They are implemented only when they are called and are terminated by an end statement.

Answer 580

Branching is used to instruct the computer to execute a different sequence of instructions, for example, there may be a branch based on a condition. This causes the program to deviate from the main path. Branches are used to control the flow within the program. Code inside an IF statement is an example of a conditional branch. Looping instructs the computer to perform, or repeat, a task until a condition is fully met. The FOR and WHILE statements are examples of looping. A constant is a specific identifier that contains a value that cannot be changed within the program. It has no impact on which sequences of instructions are executed, other than as a possible reference in a conditional statement. A variable contains a value that can change during the execution of the program. The variables can be evaluated inside a conditional statement (for example, looping until the variable "i" reaches a certain value), but variables by themselves cannot execute a different sequence of instructions.

Answer 581

Loops are similar to branches insofar as they deviate from the initial program path according to some sort of logic condition. However, with looping, when the logic condition is met, program flow returns to the initial program path. With branching, the program enters a new path based on a new sequence of instructions. With a loop, you instruct your computer to perform, or repeat, a task until a condition is met. It is not designed for executing one time. Loops are designed to repeat as many times as necessary in order to achieve the desired results during program execution. Both looping and branching are used to segment for different conditions; this is not a difference. They are not identical; however, they are very similar.

Answer 582

An IF conditional statement means that part of the code executes only when certain conditions are true (another part of the code can execute when the condition is false). This statement can be used when information needs to be processed for a variety of different outcomes. All of the code is not executed when there are conditional statements that prove to be false. The code can be used at all times, but certain portions of it will execute only when specified conditions are true. Releasing the code when the programming team approves of it is part of a project cycle. It does not depend on which statements are used in the code.

Answer 583

Your program runs from the start to the end unless you instruct it to deviate from this path. One way of doing so is to create a branch; this is an instruction to your computer to execute a different sequence of instructions. You use branches to control the flow within your program. Branching does not stack conditions; instead it redirects flow out into different "branches" when specific conditions are met. Branching is designed for flow control and organization, not for specific text strings. Branching is not used to condense a program and may utilize different variable types.

Answer 584

Looping instructs your computer to perform, or repeat, a task until a condition is fully met. Branching is used to instruct your computer to execute a different sequence of instructions. A constant is a specific identifier that contains a value that cannot be changed within the program. For example, you might want to reference the numerical value for the screen dimensions or resolution. A variable contains a value that can change during the execution of the program. This value might be a text string, a number, or any other data type.

Answer 585

While is considered a looping statement. A looping statement is a piece of code that repeats over and over until the condition has been fulfilled. Sum is a function used when adding multiple values and strings together. This is a very common function. Write is the function used to output the result. Often this is used to write the result to the display for the user to see. Prompt is the function designed to ask the user for a form of input. An example would be "Please enter your name?" A field would then be presented in which the user could type a name.

Answer 586

A flow chart is used to visualize the graphical sequence of a program. These programs are not completely linear: they consist of different branches and loops. We can use these diagrams to analyze the sequence of instructions and write better code to support that sequence. Flow charts are not used for compiling; they are used for visual representation. Flow charts are not used to present code; they are used to create a graphical sequence of a program. A flow chart may identify where certain placements occur; however, its primary objective is to present the graphical sequence of a program.

Answer 587

Logical operators can combine simple relational statements into more complex expressions. With the XOR (Exclusive OR) logical operator, the whole statement is TRUE when either condition is TRUE, but not both. So, TRUE XOR FALSE == TRUE, but TRUE XOR TRUE == FALSE. With the AND (&&) logical operator, the whole statement is TRUE only when each of the conditions are TRUE. So, only TRUE && TRUE == TRUE, all other combinations are FALSE. With the OR (||) logical operator, the whole statement is TRUE when either condition is TRUE. Both conditions can be TRUE as well with the OR operator. For example, TRUE || FALSE == TRUE, and also TRUE || TRUE == TRUE. The NOT (!) operator is used to evaluate the inverse value of a condition: !(FALSE) == TRUE.

Answer 588

Methods are procedures associated with a message and an object. They define what you can do to an object. Attributes are values and data types that define the object. The attributes are stored within the object as fields or private variables. Properties represent an alternative way of accessing a field publicly. Using a method might be regarded as quite a "heavyweight" means of doing this, so properties allow external code to ask the object to show or change the value of one of its fields. Functions enable you to create segments of code that you will reuse.

Answer 589

Properties allow external code to ask the object to show or change the value of one of its fields. They represent an alternative way of accessing a field publicly, instead of using a method to access an attribute. Methods define what the program can do to an object. They are procedures of an object, which another part of the program can invoke to access or update a field of the object. Attributes are values and data types that define the object, and are stored within the object as fields or private variables. Functions are segments of code that the program can reuse.

Answer 590

A constant is a specific identifier that contains a value that cannot be changed within the program. For example, you might want to reference the numerical value for screen dimensions or resolution. A variable contains a value that can change during the execution of the program. This value might be a text string, a number, or any other data type. A container is a special type of identifier that can reference multiple values (or elements). A vector is a container that can grow or shrink in size as elements are added or removed.

Answer 591

The logical operators for AND (&&) and OR (||) are used to combine simple relational statements into more complex expressions. The NOT (!) operator is used to negate a Boolean statement. With the AND logical operator, the whole statement is TRUE when both conditions are TRUE. With the OR logical operator, the whole statement is TRUE when either condition is TRUE. With the XOR logical operator, the whole statement is TRUE if either condition is TRUE, but not both. The NOT (!) operator is used to evaluate the inverse value of a condition. For a whole statement to be TRUE based on two TRUE conditions where one is the inverse, the OR operator must be used. For example, TRUE || !TRUE == TRUE.

Answer 592

Looping and branching structures depend on logical tests to determine whether to continue the loop or the branch to follow. A logical test is one that resolves to a TRUE or FALSE value. The ">=" operator declares that the value on the left is greater than (or equal to) the value on the right. The "==" operator declares that the two set values are equal to one another. The "<" operator declares that the value on the left is less than the value on the right. The "<=" operator declares that the value on the left is less than (or equal to) the value on the right.

Answer 593

A variable contains a value that can change during the execution of the program. This value might be a text string, a number, or any other data type. A constant is a specific identifier that contains a value that cannot be changed within the program. For example, you might want to reference the numerical value for screen dimensions or resolution. A container is a special type of identifier that can reference multiple values (or elements). A vector is a container that can grow or shrink in size as elements are added or removed.

Answer 594

Logical operators can combine simple relational statements into more complex expressions. With the OR (||) logical operator, the whole statement is TRUE when either condition is TRUE. Both conditions can be TRUE as well with the OR operator. For example, TRUE || FALSE == TRUE, and also TRUE || TRUE == TRUE. With the AND (&&) logical operator, the whole statement is TRUE only when each of the conditions are TRUE. So, only TRUE && TRUE == TRUE, all other combinations are FALSE. With the XOR (Exclusive OR) logical operator, the whole statement is TRUE when either condition is TRUE, but not both. So, TRUE XOR FALSE == TRUE, but TRUE XOR TRUE == FALSE. The NOT (!) operator is used to evaluate the inverse value of a condition: !(FALSE) == TRUE.

Answer 595

A vector should be used when a container is needed that can grow or shrink in size as elements are added or removed. A vector is best defined as an identifier for a group of variables of the same type. The number of possible elements in a vector can vary during program execution. Allowing room for more elements than needed is possible with an array; a vector will grow and shrink dynamically. To statically set the number of container elements, an array should be used. To limit a container to only one element, an array should be used.

Answer 596

Functions enable you to create segments of code that you will reuse. When using a function, you call the function and its value. Once that value is determined, it is then returned back to the main program for further processing. Functions are designed for multiple use, not single use. They are returned back to the program for processing. Functions are not required to be changed manually after each use. They are changed as the program is executed and return each value back to the program. Functions may be used as a template; however, this does not improve functionality.

Answer 597

Arrays can be either single-dimensional or multi-dimensional. An array is an identifier for a group of variables of the same type. The number of possible elements in an array is fixed when the array is declared. Arrays may be either single-dimensional or multi-dimensional. The number of possible elements in an array is fixed when the array is declared. Arrays may be either multi-dimensional or single-dimensional. The number of possible elements in an array is fixed when the array is declared. Arrays have the ability to be either single-dimensional or multi-dimensional. The number of possible elements in an array is fixed when the array is declared.

Answer 598

A container is a special type of identifier that can reference multiple values (or elements). An array is a type of container because it holds, or references, multiple values. Code that tells the compiler to execute a different sequence of instructions is called a branch. An identifier that can be changed during program execution is called a variable. This value might be a text string, a number, or any other data type. An identifier that contains a value that cannot be changed during program execution is called a constant. For example, you might want to reference the numerical value for screen dimensions or resolution.

Answer 599

When writing code, a constant is a specific identifier that contains a value that cannot be changed within the program. Since your code makes multiple references to this unchanging value, you decide to create a constant and use it as an identifier when needed. An array is a type of container construct that holds references to multiple values. An array's values will likely change during program execution. A variable contains a value that changes during the execution of a program. An operator is a method that makes a mathematical comparison or a logical test. For example, the "<" and "!=" operators can be used to compare the values of variables.

Answer 600

Looping and branching structures depend on logical tests to determine whether to continue the loop or the branch to follow. A logical test is one that resolves to a TRUE or FALSE value. The "==" operator declares that the two set values are equal to one another. The "!=" operator declares that the two values are not equal to one another. The "<" operator declares that the value on the left is less than the value on the right. The ">" operator declares that the value on the left is greater than the value on the right.

Answer 601

Looping and branching structures depend on logical tests to determine whether to continue the loop or the branch to follow. A logical test is one that resolves to a TRUE or FALSE value. The "!=" operator declares that the two values are not equal to one another. The "==" operator declares that the two set values are equal to one another. The ">=" operator declares that the value on the left is greater than (or equal to) the value on the right. The ">" operator declares that the value on the left is greater than the value on the right.

Answer 602

A constant is a specific identifier that contains a value that cannot be changed within the program. For example, you might want to reference the numerical value for screen dimensions or resolution. These numbers stay the same and do not change on the fly like a variable would. Values that can be modified in a program are known as variables, not constants. The speed of execution is often constrained by hardware or other software and is not referenced as a constant. Data validation may play an important role in needing constants; however, they are not used to check whether values match.

Answer 603

Attributes are values and data types that define the object. The attributes are stored within the object as fields or private variables. Properties represent an alternative way of accessing a field publicly. Using a method might be regarded as quite a "heavyweight" means of doing this, so properties allow external code to ask the object to show or change the value of one of its fields. Methods are procedures associated with a message and an object. They define what you can do to an object. Functions enable you to create segments of code that you will reuse.

Answer 604

A variable is not a fixed value, but instead one that can change during the execution of the program. Every time you assign it a new value, the variable retains that value until it is modified again. A variable can change during the execution of a program. The value of a variable may be a text string, a number, or any other data type. Variables are usually declared, defined as a particular data type, and given an initial value at the start of the routine in which they are used. It is possible to use undeclared variables, but this can make code harder to read and more prone to errors, so declared variables are more common.

Answer 605

Looping and branching structures depend on logical tests to determine whether to continue the loop or which branch to follow. A logical test is one that resolves to a TRUE or FALSE value. The "<" operator declares that the value on the left is less than the value on the right. The "==" operator declares that the two set values are equal to one another. The ">=" operator declares that the value on the left is greater than (or equal to) the value on the right. The ">"operator declares that the value on the left is greater than the value on the right.

Answer 606

Software is required to create and maintain a database schema and the data inside the actual database. SQL Server, Oracle, MS Access, and MySQL are all examples of Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS). A relational database is created and managed by an RDBMS. A database server is the computer on which an RDBMS is installed and running, as it is used to create and manage databases. A query/report builder may be a feature of an RDBMS—or it may be an additional application software package that can connect to a database managed by the RDBMS.

Answer 607

The rows in a relational database are also called records. The term "record" has a logical meaning: each patient has a record. It is also a term that was originally used for a row in a flat file, and the term continued to be used after the advent of database technology. A column can also be called a field. A table contains rows of data, which are also called records. For example, in a table containing data about a classroom, there would be one row/record in the table for each student. A field is an individual piece of data in a record. For example, a patient's last name would be a field in the patient record in a hospital database.

Answer 608

In the database creation process, the database must be created first. It’s the all-around container for all of the tables and data. Without being housed in a database, a relational table is really a flat file structure. It can't connect with other tables, and the constraints and features provided by a database structure can't be applied. The DML commands are not useful until DDL commands have been used to build an adequate structure. Inserting rows into a table that doesn't yet exist is much like pouring water onto the ground before you build a pool.

Answer 609

Each time a row is inserted into the database, it is added to the end of the appropriate table. Consequently, rows are stored in the order in which they were loaded into the table. Rows can be displayed in ascending alphabetical order by using a query with an ORDER BY clause to sort the results. Rows can be displayed in numeric order if a query is used to sort the output by the values in a numeric field. Rows may appear to be in random order when you glance at the table contents, but they're really in the order in which they were added.

Answer 610

A query’s job is to retrieve only the rows and columns needed, which it does using the SELECT and WHERE clauses. A report’s job is to summarize and format the output for improved readability. Reports can be displayed on the screen or on a printer. Filtering, which is another term for data selection, is done in a query using the WHERE clause. A query is a data retrieval tool that determines what the user sees, whereas a report is a tool to provide formatting and summarization to control how the data is viewed.

Answer 611

The database expects to receive data in a digital format. Importing data is the process of copying existing digital data that is already stored on another device and pasting it into the database. Keying data in via a keyboard is a basic input operation, because the data doesn't exist in digital format until it's keyed in. Voice data, which is sound, must be digitized before it can be input into a database. Data on a paper document must be scanned, which converts it into a digital format, before it can be input into a database.

Answer 612

A database does enforce data types for each field/column in a table; therefore, it can validate that the correct type of data is being entered and stored in each field. When users enter data they don't typically know whether the data is being stored in a database or a flat file. Databases and flat files are both backed up on a regular basis so that there is always a copy of the data that can be restored. The records in a flat file all have the fields in the same order so that it is possible to locate a specific piece of data. The flat file, however, has no data validation capabilities of its own, as a database would.

Answer 613

Persistent data is data that is stored permanently in a database. A copy of the data may be loaded into memory at processing time and lost when processing is complete, but the original data is safely stored in the database. All data stored in the database is persistent, whether or not it is accessed frequently. Although persistent data is often password protected, that isn't what makes it persistent. The time at which an item of data is archived doesn’t affect its persistence—it’s saved permanently even after archival.

Answer 614

A database is organized by relating data together, so its processing speed is much faster than it can be with a flat file. Flat file processing speeds are slower than database processing because each entire row must be read into memory whether or not all of the fields in the row are needed. The data stored in a database always processes more quickly because only the parts of the data that are needed are loaded into memory. A computer with a smaller, slower processor will process data from the database and the flat file more slowly, but the database will still be processed more quickly than the flat file.

Answer 615

Creating a database begins with deciding who will use it, what kind of information they need, and where that information will be stored. You can't always buy a database that suits your needs. Creating a new database, rather than buying an existing one, allows for customization. You can't really measure the size of a database before it exists, and it may be better to have it hosted elsewhere rather than purchasing hardware. Since clients have specific needs, a copy of someone else’s database wouldn’t satisfy those needs.

Answer 616

Structured Query Language (SQL) is the standard relational language, consisting of DDL commands to manage the database structure and DML commands to manage the database contents. Visual Basic (VB) is an application development language that can be used for database access, but only if SQL commands are embedded in the VB code. Translators allow SQL code to be written in many languages. Rather than a language, command line is actually a location (with syntax requirements) where SQL commands can be written and issued directly to the DBMS.

Answer 617

Structured Query Language (SQL) is the standard relational language, consisting of DDL commands to manage the database structure and DML commands to manage the database contents. Visual Basic (VB) is an application development language that can be used for database access, but only if SQL commands are embedded in the VB code. Translators allow SQL code to be written in many languages. Rather than a language, command line is actually a location (with syntax requirements) where SQL commands can be written and issued directly to the DBMS.

Answer 618

A database makes it much easier for clients to manage and access their data since all of the data is related and stored in an organized manner. There are database management software packages that are used to create databases. However, the database itself is a collection of data, and is not considered software. A database is not just one piece of valuable data, but a collection of many pieces of valuable data. The collection of data in a database is all related to a central theme or purpose—like tracking customer information.

Answer 619

Databases are scalable because they can expand in size without increasing in cost at the same rate. For example, if the database triples in size, the cost of managing it does not triple. Data stored in memory during processing is temporary. Persistent data is kept permanently—in a database or flat file—even after the applications that use it are finished. To import data means to populate a database with data that is already stored somewhere in digital format. A relational database stores data in tables that are connected by common values in columns.

Answer 620

A relational table has one row for each entity. For example, if there are five pets in a “Pets” table, it will have five rows. It will have as many columns as it needs to describe each pet. Although it is possible to have an equal number of rows and columns, it will not ALWAYS be equal. Tables almost always have multiple columns. The columns of a table do describe the attributes of that entity. For example, a “Patients” table contains data that describes patients in a clinic. Each patient has a row, and in each row are all of the attributes of one patient (patientID, last name, first name, address, etc.) The columns describe each attribute. A good relational table always has a primary key made up of one or more columns that can uniquely identify every row in the table.

Answer 621

Often, many users will be viewing the same record—a product in an online catalog, for example—at exactly the same time. But, as soon as a user begins the order process, that record is locked from access by other users. If only one user at a time could view a database record, the concept of online shopping would not be possible. At the very least, it would be incredibly slow. The RDBMS will actually provide a message to let the second user know that the record is locked because someone else is in the middle of an update. People time is much slower than computer time. A person may begin an update and take several minutes to complete it. It would be very messy if other users were able to sneak in and update that record before the initial user finished the transaction.

Answer 622

A successful online shopping application would be highly likely to have hundreds or thousands of users hitting the database at any given time. A flat file system is not able to support multiple concurrent users. Rather, it only provides access to one user at a time. The structure of a flat file system is simpler than a database structure, since it has only rows and columns—much like a basic spreadsheet. Both databases and flat files can be used for permanent and long-term data storage. Flat file systems are still supported by most programming languages and continue to have many relevant uses, such as storing simple collections of data and exporting and importing data between systems.

Answer 623

A user can write a query to retrieve or extract exactly the data they need. They can use selection criteria to match values in one or more fields to retrieve only specific rows and columns. Reports—not queries—are typically used to format and summarize data after the query has extracted it. A retrieval query lets users view data, but the data remains saved and unchanged in the database. A query can only extract the data that is already in the database. An empty database would have no data to return in answer to a query.

Answer 624

A highly scalable database would need the ability to grow quickly in size without growing at the same rate in cost. Keeping the database and the application on the same computer, as done in one-tier architecture, would reach limits in terms of storage and processing power. That would mean replacing hardware and software often as the database grows. Two-tier architecture allows the database to be stored on its own server. Three-tier architecture makes it easier to grow the database or the application—or both. N-tier architecture is the most flexible in terms of selecting where parts of the application are stored.

Answer 625

A relational table called “Products” is most likely designed to track the different products a company sells or manufactures. There would be one unique row in the table for each product—twelve products, twelve rows. Each individual piece of data (product number, product description, price, etc.) for each product is stored in a column/field on that product’s row. The number of rows corresponds to the number of products. A table can actually have zero rows of data, especially after its initial creation. Rows are added one by one, whether the data is added with an SQL command at the command prompt or a program is used to add many rows.

Answer 626

A query extracts the data based on the criteria specified in the request, but the resulting data set is not in a user-friendly format. Adding the formatting and summarizing capabilities that reporting provides makes that data more readable for users. A report cannot format the data before the query is run, because the data returned by the query is what gets formatted. The report must run after the query completes, and use the results of the query as the input into the report, with the formatted report being the output. A report does not retrieve a different type of data than a query does. The report uses the results of the query as the raw data, which it converts into a more readable format. The volume of data that a query returns and inputs into the report depends on the criteria that is in the query statement. It is not a constraint or a limit specification of the report, as reports often include massive amounts of data.

Answer 627

A sales manager’s query would use the WHERE clause to specify criteria, such as matching a date field to retrieve and display only those records containing last month’s sales figures. Formatting the output to make it more attractive is not accomplished with a query; rather, it’s a feature of reporting. Summarizing and displaying statistics is a function of reporting. Rows may be hidden from output, but they are never eliminated from a table by a retrieval query. The DELETE command would be required to physically eliminate a row from the table.

Answer 628

Since Extensible Markup Language (XML) provides an easy way to identify individual pieces of data in different types of documents, it’s a good choice for a document database where all the documents may be in different formats—spreadsheets, text files, Word files, etc. One of the great strengths of a document database is that it can store a variety of document types all in one place. XML allows each document to be different and still have identifiable data inside. XML and HTML are both markup languages, but have different purposes. HTML is for web page development. XML is for data storage.

Answer 629

Each of these tables needs a primary key, to uniquely identify each row with the corresponding ID field: ProjectID for the Project table and EmployeeID for the Employee table. Since each employee is assigned to only one project, the Employee table needs the ProjectID field as well, to identify which project each employee is assigned to. This field becomes the foreign key that relates with the Project table, and each ProjectID can appear in several records of the Employee table. If the Project table has a foreign key of EmployeeID, then there could be only one employee assigned to each project, which is not the case. There is no reason for the Employee table to have a primary key of ProjectID. Employees need to be uniquely identified by their own ID field, EmployeeID. A self-referencing design of the Employee table, to have a second EmployeeID field as a foreign key, can work to contain data such as the employee's supervisor. That is not relevant to the goal of establishing an employee-project relationship.

Answer 630

The primary key must be able to uniquely identify each customer from all other customers. In past decades, social security numbers were used for that purpose. Now, a good database designer would create a CustomerNumber field to use as the primary key and generate unique numbers for each customer. Two customers could potentially have the same birthdate, which would make them not unique. Last names can certainly be shared by multiple customers—John and Jane Doe, for example. Phone numbers can also be shared by customers, especially when a landline is shared by customers who live in the same home.

Answer 631

A table contains rows and columns of data, much like a spreadsheet. The columns are the same for all rows. For example, if a “Customer” table includes columns like customerID, lastName, and firstName, then each row in this table includes these columns. A relational table is very structured with specific fields/columns; consequently, fields are never randomly placed. All rows in a relational table include the same columns. There are no rows with a unique collection of columns. All columns in a relational table apply to the same rows. There are no columns with a unique collection of rows.

Answer 632

Comma Separated Values files are commonly used flat files, identifiable by the file extension .csv. They can easily be used to load database tables when they are designed so that the columns in the file match up with those in a database table. A relational table is a component of a relational database, and is not a flat file structure. A spreadsheet is a file that is output from an application program, like Excel, with an identifiable file extension. A BMP file format is a type of graphic file where an image is stored as a matrix of dots.

Answer 633

There are many kinds of constraints that can be used to make sure the data entered into the database is as accurate as possible. A constraint is like a rule or a law that the DBMS enforces for you. A foreign key is a type of constraint used to create a relationship between two tables. A schema is used to view the structure of your database. It does typically display two types of constraints—primary and foreign keys. Permissions can be set to help protect the security of your data.

Answer 634

The column, or combination of columns, that becomes the primary key for the table, must be unique. If no such column exists naturally (i.e., social security number or employee id) then an automatically generated sequentially numbered column can be added to the table. Columns can be in any order in a table. Some columns may be grouped together to make up a logical sequence (i.e., Last Name, Middle Initial, and First Name, or Address, City, State, and Zip Code), but even a random order of columns will work the same way. Each row contains one and only one value for each column, similar to a simple spreadsheet with one cell per row-column combination. Each value for a given column has the same data type. The specifications of the table assign a data type to each column (i.e., string, number, date, etc.)

Answer 635

A column is another name for a field in a relational table. It is a place in the table where a specific piece of data can be stored on each row. Consider a “Student” table, in which data describing each student is stored in one row in the table—250 students results in 250 rows in the table. Every one of the 250 students has a last name in the lastName column/field in that table. A row in a spreadsheet corresponds to a record in a database table. Each student in the student table has one record/row. A cell in a spreadsheet corresponds to the location of one data item in a specific field in one specific record in a table—the last name of one student in one row and one column of the table. Since it contains both rows and columns, a worksheet corresponds most closely to the entire table.

Answer 636

Storage is important, but processing speed is often a critical factor in database applications. Rows must be kept as succinct as possible by carefully choosing field sizes, because each row is read into memory during processing. A query can always be used to filter out any columns that a user doesn't want/need to see. Viewing all of the columns in SQL doesn't require that they all be listed in the SELECT statement. This can be accomplished with the SELECT * command. Even columns that are seldom used may be too important to eliminate from the table. Keep all of the columns needed, but make them as short as possible in terms of field size.

Answer 637

The key/value pair database stores only necessary properties with each object. The relational database requires all of the fields (properties) to be defined for each table (object). Instead of a primary key, the key/value pair database’s key includes an object and an attribute, and that key is stored with the attribute’s value. Key/value pair databases can also store data about multiple themes. Since there are no formal structure to link different data objects and files, a key/value pair database is non-relational, and it does allow searches and queries.

Answer 638

The primary key uniquely identifies each row. The foreign key, in a secondary table, is not necessarily unique, but it does match up with the primary key in the first table to create a relationship between the two tables. That way, related data can be extracted from both tables. The primary and foreign keys are always in separate tables, since they're used to relate two tables. Foreign keys are not necessarily unique. Indexes are the database components that are used primarily for searching and sorting.

Answer 639

The schema shows the structure of the database. It shows the fields in each table, and outlines the relationships among the tables by showing how the tables' primary and foreign keys match up. The basic description of the main purpose of the database would be found in the database design documentation. A project plan would be used to outline the planned (and actual) steps and timeline in the design and development of a database. A UML (Unified Modeling Language) use case diagram is typically used to document which users use the database and which types of data each user requires.

Answer 640

A schema contains the names of all of the tables. It shows all of the columns along with their data types and lengths. It shows primary and foreign keys to demonstrate that the tables are related via common columns. The data values are stored in the actual data tables. Schemas, which define the structure of the database, are used by programmers, database analysts, users, and even the RDBMS itself. Business rules are often used to design a database structure, but they are not displayed in the schema.

Answer 641

The varchar data type provides for a variable-sized field type. If a book title is twenty-seven characters long, twenty-seven bytes are stored. If a title is only three characters long, only three bytes are stored, resulting in a significant savings in storage space. Text and memo fields allow both letters and numbers, although they store a specific number of bytes per row, even if spaces are at the end of the data value. Every row in a relational table has the same number of columns, and if a specific column in one row has a varchar data type, then that column will be a varchar column in all of the other rows as well. Varchar specifies a maximum number of bytes per column as a limit, but stores only the number of bytes used.

Answer 642

When a form contains a common set of information that will be collected from each user, a relational database is the best choice. Data can be organized so that each client has a row in a table. That table could be related to other tables that may include data about the client’s case. A document database is best used when there are a variety of documents to be stored. A flat file is useful, but you wouldn't be able to relate it to other data that may be stored about each client’s case. Since the form is the same for every client, they'll all have the same fields. A key/value pair database is best used when many unique attributes need to be matched to a key.

Answer 643

In a “Student” table, each student would have one row in the table that contains all of his or her data. The 17 columns would be used to store 17 individual pieces of data about each student. The one primary key would be used to uniquely identify each student. In most organizations, a studentID is generated for each student to serve that purpose. The one foreign key would be used to make a relationship to another table—in this case, perhaps a “Program” table. There would be 2,550 individual pieces of information if each of the 150 students has 17 items of data stored in the table.

Answer 644

It is more difficult to store documents and files in fields in a database table. Unstructured and semi-structured databases are made specifically to handle that kind of data. Using any kind of database requires a learning curve and work on the part of the programmer. Since some kind of organization system that supports searching and extracting would be required, unstructured and semi-structured databases require sophisticated database management software as well. It’s highly likely that the storage space used to store the types of data suited to unstructured and semi-structured database would be greater than the storage space required by a structured database.

Answer 645

Microsoft SQL Server is a database management system that can be used to create and manage small- to enterprise-sized databases. It's the software that will create the tables, fields, primary keys, and other components that make up a relational database structure. Microsoft Windows is an operating system that must be installed in order to use SQL Server, but it doesn't manage the database itself. Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet management tool. Although it has some data management features, a spreadsheet is more like a flat file, so Excel is not a fully functional RDBMS. Microsoft Word is document creation software. It creates the types of documents one might find in a document database.

Answer 646

Data Definition Language (DDL) includes commands that can manipulate the structure of a database, rather than the data inside the database. Examples include ALTER, CREATE, and DROP. Adding and deleting tables, changing column names and sizes, as well as adding indexing and permissions, are all functions of DDL. Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands refer to SQL (Structured Query Language) commands such as INSERT and UPDATE, that can add and update data in the tables. The term DDL is used to refer to a subset of SQL for declaring tables, columns, data types and constraints, but it is also used in a generic sense to refer to any formal language for describing data or information structures. Some DDL commands incorporate DML commands as part of their statements, such as CREATE TABLE2 AS SELECT * FROM TABLE1. The SELECT clause is a DML command.

Answer 647

Query and report builders are typically used by those who need to interact closely with a database, but might not want to learn SQL commands. However, programmers also find them useful for quickly extracting data in some situations. Query builders are designed with end users in mind. They're especially useful for people who understand and need to use the data for decision-making, but don't necessarily have SQL knowledge. A database architect is responsible for the design of the structure of the database, and is unlikely to use the data loaded into it. A systems analyst is more interested in the design of the overall computer system, and is unlikely to use queries and reports after the system is complete.

Answer 648

Using an administrative tool to connect and sign directly into the RDBMS provides the greatest level of control over the database. It allows the SQL commands to interact directly with the database, without the use of any other form or application. Report and query builders access the database indirectly through a user interface so that some restrictions can be applied. A programming language must be connected to the RDBMS to access the database. Often, users interact with databases via forms in applications, as in the case of online shopping carts.

Answer 649

The SQL DROP command, which is a DDL command, is very powerful in that it can delete an entire table—or an entire database, which includes all of the data as well. The DELETE command is used to delete one or more rows of data from an existing table. An individual column can be deleted only by using the ALTER command. Importing a flat file into a table would require some programming. However, many of the more full-featured DBMS interfaces provide wizards and other options to assist with imports.

Answer 650

The database processing in a client-server application takes place on a server, while the application resides on the user’s workstation. It's a good example of two-tier architecture. Permissions and the user interface provided to clients are typically what determines the level at which they view data. Clients or users view the data on the database server using the application components on their workstation. In Microsoft Access, the database schema and data are both stored on the same PC as all of the forms, reports, and queries that make up the database application. This is an example of one-tier architecture.

Answer 651

For emergency edits, an experienced user with command-line access permission would likely type the commands in at the command line. But that wouldn't be possible for an end user who typically accesses the data via an application form, or a power user who doesn't have command line permission. With direct access to the database, command-line SQL offers the greatest control over the database. It is not necessarily the fastest and easiest way to manipulate database data. Embedded SQL is the best way for application programmers to provide SQL commands that will access data when the program is being used by authorized users. A GUI interface is often used by programmers and power users who have some SQL knowledge, but prefer the user-friendly interface. The GUI often provides more data validation than command-line SQL, which decreases the possibility of user error.

Answer 652

Database dump is the term used for a copy of the database or table schema along with the data records—all expressed as SQL CREATE and INSERT statements. The dump is used to create an exact duplicate of the database structure and load an exact copy of the data from the original database. Restoring a database or table is accomplished by using a backup copy to replace an original that has become corrupt. Database access methods determine how data is updated and added to existing databases. To database import means to take data in an already digital format and load it into a database.

Answer 653

DELETE is a DML command that works on the data inside a database by deleting rows from a table. DROP is a DDL command that works on the data structure by deleting entire tables. When you use DROP to delete a table, any data in the table is also deleted. Eliminating a column from a table requires the ALTER command. Neither DROP or DELETE is used to manipulate the schema. It’s automatically generated and regenerated by the RDBMS as tables are created, dropped, and altered.

Answer 654

The INSERT command adds a new row to an existing table in the database. For example, a SQL statement that includes INSERT INTO CUSTOMER will add a new row of data to the “Customer” table. A primary key is added to a table at the time the table is created, as an option in the CREATE TABLE command. It can also be added at a later time, using the ALTER TABLE command. A new field is added to a table with the ALTER TABLE command. A new table is added to the database with the CREATE TABLE command.

Answer 655

Data definition statements are SQL statements, such as CREATE DATABASE and CREATE TABLE, that define the structure of a database. The INSERT command adds rows of data into a table, not new objects into a database. Data manipulation statements refer to SQL commands that access or modify the contents of the database. They include operations to add new rows, delete existing rows of data, and update values in the fields inside the table. INSERT is the data manipulation command to add rows of data into a table. INSERT is an SQL statement that can be entered at a command line, inside a program, or using a utility or user interface.

Answer 656

The owner of a table, or the database administrator, can grant SQL permissions that allow users to view, update, and delete existing data, and to create new data, all using SQL commands. An owner or administrator can grant another user permission to use the GRANT and DENY commands on a table, so that this user can assign permissions for that table to other users. An owner of a table has full access to the table, and can grant and deny access to other users. Permissions can be granted even at the data value level. For example, permission could be granted to view any rows in an “Employee” table where the salary is less than $500,000.

Answer 657

The ALTER TABLE command can be used to add, remove, and change table columns, primary keys, and foreign keys. The UPDATE command is not a DDL command because it modifies data values inside a table, but doesn’t modify the structure of a table. CREATE TABLE is a DDL command used to create a new table, and to establish a primary key at creation time. It cannot, however, be used to modify the primary key after it has been created. The INSERT command only inserts data into an existing table and is not a DDL command.

Answer 658

A new database, table, or index is added with the CREATE command: CREATE DATABASE adds a new database, CREATE TABLE adds new tables to the database, and CREATE INDEX adds an index to the tables, by specifying one or more columns which will be used for faster searching and sorting. The INSERT command adds new data rows into an existing table. It is a Data Manipulation Language (DML) command, not a DDL command, because it changes the content of the database, not the structure. The UPDATE command changes data values, and is also a DML, not DDL, command. The ALTER command is used to modify an existing database structure, i.e., adding or removing columns in an existing table.

Answer 659

An ATM machine is an excellent example of a user interface that allows users to access a database. For example, withdrawing $100 from a savings account via an ATM updates the database to decrease your account balance by $100. While a program can be used to create a GUI, its method of database access is not considered programmatic. A programmer created the GUI for an ATM, but users access the ATM through a user interface, not through the programming. Queries and reports are typically used to view data. An ATM would require update capabilities so that amounts could be added and subtracted from accounts. A GUI does not provide direct/manual access to a database. For example, a user could never log directly into the database to issue SQL commands at an ATM.

Answer 660

A database can become corrupted in a variety of ways. A user can enter bad data that corrupts a table, a hacker can introduce a virus that changes permissions, or a program can have a bug that alters the wrong table. Either way, the error could be in the data or the structure, and both are covered by the database dump. Application programs are usually backed up separately, unless, as in MS Access, they are included as objects in the RDBMS. Whether or not a file is compressed, it must be decompressed in order to run the SQL commands. All backups can be scheduled as often as needed. In fact, many databases are journaled, which means they’re backed up at every transaction.

Answer 661

The UPDATE command specifies one or more field values to be updated. If a WHERE clause is added, those fields are updated only for the rows that satisfy the selection criteria. For example, the command could be used to change the grade for one specific student from a B to a C if the studentID was specified in a WHERE clause. A field name can only be changed with the ALTER command. In some cases, the table needs to be dropped and recreated to change a field name. SQL commands are not used to add security updates. A table is dropped from the schema/database with the DROP command, and added with the CREATE TABLE command.

Answer 662

Adding the table name as a prefix (Customer.lastName) tells SQL to extract the lastName from a “Customer” table, even if the same field name appears in another table. To temporarily alter a schema could be dangerous. There may be other programs running that are using the schema at the same time. Those programs could fail if the schema is changed. Columns from two different tables may have the same names, and may be included in one query as long as both table names are included in the SELECT statement, and the column names are prefixed with table names. If common columns between two tables are primary and foreign keys, the values may be the same in both columns. But often values are very different. For example, a query may be displaying the last names of sales reps from a “Salesrep” table and last names of customers from a “Customer” table. Both fields may be called “lastName,” but they have very different values because they describe different entities.

Answer 663

Since the standalone, or one-tier architecture stores all of the database data and schema along with the application, the entire system would be unavailable to all users during an application failure. In a two-tier system, there are often multiple database applications accessing the same database server. That database server would still be usable by anyone using applications other than the one that failed. In a three-tier architecture model, the database would still be available to working applications. Also, it’s possible that portions of the failed application would still work as well. The n-tier category includes two- and three-tier architectures. In both of these architecture types, only the application that failed, or portions of it, would be unavailable to users.

Answer 664

Permissions can be granted by the owner of a database or table—and by anyone to whom that owner has given GRANT permissions. You may have to obtain written permission from the security manager to provide to the database owner, but even the security manager may not have permission to issue the SQL commands. Your supervisor may have to sign off on your request for permissions, but they can’t issue the SQL commands unless they own the database or table. Human Resources may have to approve certain security clearances, but would not issue the SQL commands.

Answer 665

Displaying data to users allows for better decision-making, and it is an important aspect of a database application. Both forms and reports display data, but a form can also allow users to add, delete, or make changes to the data in a database. Both forms and reports can be displayed online or printed on paper. However, most forms are better utilized when they can be filled out online. Reports are only used to display data and often include summaries and supporting information to make the reports more readable and understandable for users. Both forms and reports can be multiple pages long, whether displayed online or on paper.

Answer 666

Without a WHERE clause to specify which rows should be deleted, all of the rows would be deleted. Adding a clause like "WHERE state = ‘MN’" would cause only the rows with Minnesota customers to be deleted. Once the command is submitted, SQL will not automatically double-check to see if you have completed your command. The DROP command would need to be used to delete the structure of the table so that there’s no longer a schema. No error message was returned since the command was valid.

Answer 667

When the application, which includes reports, forms, queries, etc., is hosted on the same computer as the actual database, it’s called a standalone or one-tier database application architecture. Storing the database and the application on two separate servers makes for a two-tier architecture. Two- and three-tier architectures are often referred to as n-tier. In fact, “n-tier” can be used to describe an even more complex structure where parts of the application may reside on different servers. Relational databases are those databases whose structures are made of tables related by common columns, regardless of the application architecture

Answer 668

Adding the ORDER BY clause to a query causes the query output to be sorted in ascending order. Columns always display in the order in which they’re keyed into the SELECT statement. In fact, you can sort by columns that are not even included in the SELECT statement, as long as they’re valid columns in the table you’re querying. Adding the ORDER BY clause will never change the number of columns or rows displayed in the answer. The FROM clause dictates from which table or tables the query will extract data.

Answer 669

When accessing a database via a programming language, database interaction is handled with SQL commands. SQL is the relational database access language. As such, many programming languages even include libraries that provide default code for database connection and queries. The RDBMS is the software that manages the database structure. UNIX is an example of an operating system that an RDBMS may run on. PHP is one of the many programming languages that can be used to connect to and access database data.

Answer 670

A relationship between two tables requires a common column between the two tables. A foreign key is added to a table for the purpose of being that common column that matches back to a primary key in another table. The primary key is added to a table for the purpose of making sure that each row in the table can be uniquely identified. An index on a table is created for the purpose of making sorting and searching easier and faster. Data validation is a feature that helps users by reducing the possibility of errors during data entry.

Answer 671

Most companies rely on the accuracy and timeliness of their data to stay in business. Backing up data ensures that even if the database becomes corrupt or is destroyed, it can be restored and business can resume. Forms and reports might be backed up as a part of the process, but it’s the data that is most critical. Parallel system implementation allows users to return to the previous way of doing things if the new way doesn't work out well. A backup includes the data and the schema. Since the schema describes the data, one is of little value without the other.

Answer 672

The query returns all fields in the “Customers” table, for those rows where the value of the state column is ‘MN’. The asterisk (*) in the SELECT clause specifies that all fields that are in the table are included in the answer. The WHERE clause limits the row selection to only those whose value for the state column is ‘MN’. If the SELECT clause contained the state field instead of the asterisk, then only the state column would be returned, for rows which satisfy the condition in the WHERE clause. There is no way to specify the field selection to contain all fields up to and including one of the fields. Field selection is specified with either the asterisk, meaning all fields, or each field that needs to be returned is explicitly listed in the SELECT clause. If the WHERE clause was not there, then all of the rows and all of the fields would be returned.

tag indicates that the content is a heading level. This is considered the most important heading title of a webpage, there are a total of six heading tags (H1- H6).

Practice Test 1 Flashcards

Hello World

Hello World

Hello World<\h1>
Say hello back to CompTIA<\a>!<\p> <\body> <\html>

Hello World
Say hello back to CompTIA<\a>!<\p><\h1> <\body> <\html>

Hello World

is the opening tag,

tag close after the
tag will result in the entire content being formatted as a heading, which is not the likely intention of this piece of code.

tag indicates that the content is a heading level. This is considered the most important heading title of a web page. There are a total of 6 heading tags (H1- H6).

tag indicates that the content is a heading level. This is considered the most important heading title of a web page. There are a total of 6 heading tags (H1 to H6).

tag do? The

tag indicates that the content is a heading level. The

tag is the top-level parent element identifies the type of document. The

tag indicates the content is a paragraph-level block. The

tag indicates that the content links to another resource.

Practice Test 1 Flashcards

Hello World

Hello World

Hello World<\h1> Say hello back to CompTIA<\a>!<\p> <\body> <\html>

Hello World Say hello back to CompTIA<\a>!<\p><\h1> <\body> <\html>

Hello World

is the opening tag,

tag close after the tag will result in the entire content being formatted as a heading, which is not the likely intention of this piece of code.

tag indicates that the content is a heading level. This is considered the most important heading title of a web page. There are a total of 6 heading tags (H1- H6).

tag indicates that the content is a heading level. This is considered the most important heading title of a web page. There are a total of 6 heading tags (H1 to H6).

tag do? The

tag indicates that the content is a heading level. The

tag is the top-level parent element identifies the type of document. The

tag indicates the content is a paragraph-level block. The

tag indicates that the content links to another resource.

tag indicates that the content is a heading level. This is considered the most important heading title of a webpage, there are a total of six heading tags (H1- H6).

Hello World<\h1>
Say hello back to CompTIA<\a>!<\p> <\body> <\html>

Hello World
Say hello back to CompTIA<\a>!<\p><\h1> <\body> <\html>

tag close after the
tag will result in the entire content being formatted as a heading, which is not the likely intention of this piece of code.